REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

CANTILAN CAMPUS
CANTILAN SURIGAO DEL SUR

GRADUATE SCHOOL
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN TEACHING SCIENCE EDUCATION (MST-SCiEd)
SDSSU-CANTILAN CAMPUS
SUMMER CLASS

Effects of urbanization to agriculture in the Philippines

Submitted to:

Dr. Maria Lourdes Sering

Submitted by:

Regemboy Arienza

Jhadly Philip Buniel

Kyla Rita Mercado

Damsel Enguito
Introduction

As we begin to recognize the scope of human influence on biosphere it is

important to understand how the specific forms of human induced land

transformation affects the dynamics of the earth biological ecosystem. Human

activities , rather than natural forces are the major sources of the contemporary

changes in the state and flow of the biosphere .land transformation due to human

activities have taken many forms , starting with the fire management, herding

practices , development of agriculture and culminating with urbanization including

industrial expansion (Ali,2015).

Economic growth of the industrial, trade and service sectors acts as the

driving force of urbanization. Firman (1992) concludes that urban population growth

is evident not only in the big cities but also in their peripheries and in the areas close

to the regional arterial roads connecting the larger cities. Land transformation did not

decreased but rather accelerated and diversified with the onset of industrial

revolution and globalization of the world economy and the expansion of population.

Firman’s finding confirms McGee’s assertion that rapid urban growth in Asia is

accompanied by the emergence of peri-urban regions and urbanized corridors

joining big cities (McGee, 1991). McGee (1987 and 1990, cited in Firman, 1992,

p.96) identifies six characteristics of such urbanized corridors in Asia: (i) a very high

population density; (ii) generally but not exclusively wetrice regions with very small

landholdings; (iii) enveloping big cities in the regions; (iv) growth of diverse, non-

agricultural activities; (v) considerable interaction between rural and urban activities;

and (vi) an intense land use mix.

 Past studies of the biosphere estimate that about one /third to one /half of the

earth’s land surface has been transformed by human activities. Recent studies have

shown that urban development is taking place on the most fertile and productive

land. We need to understand what has urbanization underpinned in the past and it is

bringing changes in the future. While their numerous issues that could be addressed

concerning urban influences on the biosphere ranging from the conversion of land

itself to a broader context of the ecosystem services required for the recycling urban

metabolic by products . The food security and the loss in the agricultural products is

the most distinct impact of the wide spread expansion of the activities in both rural

and urban areas (Ali,2015).

Moreover, studies on the impacts of urbanization on agricultural development

in peri-urban and corridor regions are rarely conducted in developing nations

(Bhadra and Brandao, 1993, and Firman, 1992). Consequently, the nature of

urbanization and its impacts on the rural service infrastructure and on agricultural

development in such urbanized corridors are not fully understood.

It is within the prevailing situation that the researchers are prompted to

investigate the reason of urbanization as greatly observed in the Philippines.

Moreover, this study will also provide information on what are the effects of

urbanization to agriculture in the Philippines.

Conceptual Framework

This study focuses on investigating the reason of urbanization as greatly

observed in the Philippines and provides information on what are the effects of

urbanization to agriculture in the Philippines. Urbanization has been a dynamic that

has hugely, and quite rapidly, affected the Philippines. Recent estimates have shown

that close to half of the Philippine population is now living in urban areas, and is
 expected to breach the 50% mark by year 2050. Such rapid urbanization, which is

characteristic of urbanization dynamics in much of the developing world, is brought

about not only by demographic means (i.e., the ‘natural’ increase in population of

towns and/or cities), but also by conversion of land (Trinidad, 2019).

Urbanization, it must be noted, has been theorized to have a positive effect on

economic development. Most recent data available from the Philippines attest to

such positive relationship. The Philippine National Report (2016) said further that

stable economic growth rates experienced by the Philippines from 2012-2016 “was

driven mainly by the urban sector,” with NCR contributing “one third of the total

output,” and “the industry and services sectors contributing almost 90% to the

country’s total GDP.”

In this study, the researchers sought ways on validating the aforementioned

ideas in a different setting that are related to the prevailing situation.

Input Process Output

 What are the The general

reasons of information about
urbanization in the reasons of
the urbanization and
Philippines? its effects to the
Data Mining agriculture in the
 What are the Philippines.
effects of
urbanization to
agriculture in
the
Philippines?
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the study

The schematic diagram shown in figure 1 presents the flow of the

variables used in the study. It serves as the foundation of identifying the

reasons of urbanization in the Philippines as greatly observed and what are

the effects of urbanization in agriculture. The second box of figure 1 shows

data mining as the process on how the data gathered. The third box contains

the output of the study which serves as general information about the reasons

of urbanization and its effects to the agriculture in the Philippines.

Research Design Method

The descriptive method of research was employed in this study using data

mining as the main instrument in gathering data of the study. This method is a fact

finding investigation which gathers data, based on the prevailing situation.

Results and Discussion

Table 2. Reasons of urbanization in the Philippines

Reasons of urbanization
Some people will leave and go to an
Political Causes area wherein politics is smooth and
calm.
Some will see more opportunities on a
Economic Causes certain area and causes urbanization.
Opportunities for education at
Education universities and technical colleges draw
young people to the urban centers.
People on a certain area will be doubled
Natural Population Increase or tripled after getting married.
Some would leave a place and transfer
Environmental Degradation to the other where there are more
sources of foods and other needs.
Many young people migrate to urban
Social Causes centers in search of lifestyle changes.

Table 2 shows the different reasons of urbanizations in the Philippines.

Political Causes some people will leave and go to an area wherein politics is smooth
and calm. During times of political unrest, families are forced to leave their area, and
they migrate to other areas in search of shelter, food and employment
(Fitzgerald,2017)

In Economic Causes, some will see more opportunities on a certain area and
causes urbanization. The rise of industry in developing countries has provided more
job opportunities in urban areas, and cities have increased significantly in size due to
this(Urbanization Prospects, 2001)

In terms of Education, opportunities for education at universities and technical

colleges draw young people to the urban cities. The spread of education from big
cities to the small ones encourages urbanization too. Education provides better
prospects for the future for themselves and their families. Urban centers in
developing countries have become hubs of education and training, as they are also
in developed countries. The hubs in the area will be developed and established into
schools and universities (UN, 2015)

Natural Population Increase is observed when people on a certain area will be

doubled or tripled after getting married. And also, there has been a natural increase
of population in many developing countries due to improved medical care,
immunization programs, better sanitation and more widespread education. Death
rates have decreased, and there are fewer infant deaths, resulting in population
growth. As populations grow so does the urban sprawl (The Classroom, 2016)

In Environmental Degradation, some would leave a place and transfer to the

other where there are more sources of foods and other needs. As mining or
industrial expansion happens, they are forced to live in the area for work. Large
amounts of compensation from logging and mining companies provides enough
funds for their families (Stevens, 2012)

Social Causes happens when young people migrate to urban areas in search
of lifestyle changes and with the desire to become associated with the club scenes in
large cities. Such scenes provide employment opportunities (Jahara, 2015)

Table 3. The effects of urbanization to agriculture in the Philippines.

The effects of urbanization to
agriculture
Farm areas will be converted into
Urbanization is associated with the different establishments and owners of
decrease of farm size farm land will multiply.
The fertility of the soil decreases as
Urbanization is associated with greater some unwanted chemicals occurs.
demands of fertilizers
The greater the population, the greater
Stack do not rise with greater the demand. Agricultural products will be
population density used and less will be stored.
Harvest will be priced less due to
Urbanization is associated with a competition and variance.
decrease in farm income per hectare

Table 3 shows what are the effects of urbanization to agriculture. The first is
Urbanization is associated with the decrease of farm size. Farm areas will be
converted into different establishments. As population increases, it needs a larger
area for living. This is to be used not only as home but an economic zone as well. As
the population increases, establishments increase as well. Owners of the farm lands
will multiply as well due to the fact that some will buy a property from the original
owner. The property size will decrease and the owners increases (Ikkerd, 1990).

Urbanization is associated with greater demands of fertilizers. The fertility of

the soil decreases as some unwanted chemicals occurs. The more the people in a
certain community the more products will be used. As the remains of this products
will be thrown away, chemicals will join to the water and will be spread out on an
area. Some will contribute in lessening the fertility of the soil, thus it needs more
fertilizers based on Matsuyama’s (1992).

Stacks do not rise with greater population density. The greater the population,
the greater the demand. Agricultural products will be used and less will be stored.
Since there are lots of consumers in the area, agricultural products will be used for
survival, less to none will be stored. This will require a certain area to look for some
sources in the other areas (IMMAP, 2012).

Urbanization is associated with a decrease in farm income per hectare.

Harvest will be priced less due to competition and variance. Since owners will be
multiplied, they will find ways for their product to be sold. By this, prices will be
lowered from the original price for it to be sold. Different varieties also matters in
terms of pricing the goods (Ho and Lin 2004).
Conclusion

Urbanization is undeniably unstoppable. Even countries from the third world

country are also experiencing this but not as rapid as other. There are positive and

negative effects of this urbanization. But from all of this one thing is sure, nature will

be affected. There could be geographical change, decrease of specific species living

on the area or in the agriculture factor. Area for agriculture will be lessen for it will be

converted to commercial area. Production of foods will be lessen and population

increases. Fertility of the field will be affected and productivity will be lessen. Though

urbanization can help us improve in so many ways, it still affect the environment

especially the one used in agriculture. People should be mindful of this for none is

exempted of its consequence.

References

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https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01098773/document