TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF TEACHER EDUCATION

CENTER OF DEVELOPMENT IN TEACHER EDUCATION
Lucinda Campus
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Re-accredited Level III by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the
Philippines (AACUP), Inc.

SEMI-DETAILED LESSON PLAN

Name : MENESES, ERICA SALUNSON

MENDOZA, JENNIFER LAMORE
VILLARICO, CHARLOTTE ANURAN
GARCIA, FRANZ LIMUEL MANZANO
Section : SOCIAL STUDIES 2D
Course Code : SSM 103 (GEOGRAPHY 3)

IV. URBAN SYSTEM

4.1. Urbanization and Development

What is urbanization?

Urbanization is a process of population concentration and or

transformation of a society from a rural to urban one. Many countries which
define urban areas in terms of population, some countries defined an area with a
minimum population of 5,000 as urban while countries define smaller also as
urban 2,000 population. Urbanization can be flexible due to new advancement of
industrialization in different particular area of in the world in general. There are
many categories to meet the needs and expectations to become an urban area.
Urbanization-Population, person living in cities or towns of 2,500 or more
residents. Urbanized Area one or more places and the adjacent populated
surrounding area that together have a minimum population of 50,000.
Society adopts to this change. It is predominantly the process by which
towns and cities are formed and become larger as people begin. Urbanization is
not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and historic transformation of
human social roots on global scale, whereby predominantly rural culture is being
rapidly replaced by predominantly urban culture.

Traits of Urbanization

- Urbanization is an index of transformation

- It is concentration of population
- Quantification of Urbanization is difficult
- It is a finite process
- Agrarian to Industrial society
- Exciting new opportunities for investors
Causes of Urbanization

Urbanization occurs naturally from individual and corporation efforts to reduce

time and expense in communicating in transportation while improving job
opportunities, education, housing, and transportation. Urbanization permits
individuals and families to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity,
diversity, and market place competition, better services, job opportunity and
greater variety of entertainment and better quality of education.

Reason for Migration in Urban Area

- People were losing their jobs on the farms during the industrialization to
machines. The primary reason is Job opportunities, improved facilities, better
education, transportation and faster access to medical help. The industrialization
in urban had become more huge priority due to its unstoppable demand locally
and internationally. Urbanization spread across the western world and it has
begun to take hold in the developing world.

Benefits of Urbanization

Urbanization occurs either organically or planned as a result of individual,

collective and state action. Living in a city can be culturally and economically beneficial
since it can provide greater opportunities for access to the labor market, better
education, housing and safety conditions and reduce the time and expenses of
commuting like density, proximity, diversity and marketplace competition are elements
of urban environment that deemed positive. The most common benefits in living in the
urban are is Improvement in economy, Growth of commercial activities, Social and
cultural integration, Efficient services, Resources utilization.

Urbanism

Is the study of characteristics ways of interaction of inhabitants to towns and

cities (urban area) with the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such
as urban planning (the physical design and management of urban structure) and urban
sociology (the study of urban life and culture). However, in some contexts internationally
urbanism is synonym with urban planning, and the “Urbanist” refers to an urban planner.

Urbanism is the city way of life, Socio cultural consequences of living in urban
places the human side of urbanization and Social patterns and behavior associated with
living cities.
Urban Problems

Housing and Slums. Acute shortage housing in urban areas and much of the
available accommodation is quantitatively of sub-standard variety. With large scale
migration for urban area, many find that only option that they have is substandard
housing, overcrowding, lack of electrification, ventilation, roads and drinking water
facilities. And other common problems are Environmental Problems, Educational
Problems, Malnutrition, Poverty, and Unemployment.

Development - are natural occurrences in the changing world. When it comes to

urbanization that refers to an increase amount of people from rural area and become a
more urbanize area, it is also the process where the society embrace the changes,
progress and growth which addresses the development. While the area population
becomes larger, the quality of life needs to be arisen to be able to attain their needs.

Development is a procedure of altering from one condition to another. In terms of

geography it refers to the process of change that affects one area and human lives.
Measuring development can be achieve by examining at the economic, political, social
or cultural and environmental factors within an area.

Factors Affecting Development

Economic Factors

In terms of economic factors these can affect the development of a

country. A change from one traditional economy to one based on technology
economy. Traditional economy adverts a person’s survival. The economy of
developing countries which have a large traditional way of living. They rely on
raw materials while developed countries have an advance technology, they are
more diverse and modern. Countries rely on the people and organizations that
have different purposes such as manufacturing, finance, services and any other
specialized task. According to National Geographic, one way to determine what
is the country’s level of development is simply by the total value of goods and
services that the country produces and divided by the number of people in the
country. This is also known as the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita.
Another sectors that relates to the development includes the industrialization, use
advanced technology, high quality of transportation and communication of an
urban area.

Political Factors

The cooperation of the country affects its development. Political factors

have a great amount of impact in one state. It influences the stability by allowing,
supporting, approving and also disrupting and disapproving the development. Its
factors include regime type, political stability or instability, political management,
corruption and trade laws. Either a country is democratic, republic or communist,
the regime type of the government can influence its development within the
nation. For instance, a democratic state can have a small amount of business
loans that allows to increase the income and pay the workers according to their
jobs, while the communist country has a strict rule that only allow the worker to
pay equally which disallow the increase of its economic development. Political
management can be address on how the government controls and enforces their
national and international policies. For example, when a company wants to sell
their works but it is not profitable because it will allow people to copy their works
illegally. Corruption can also disallow country to develop because of dishonesty,
unethical attitude and illegal practices on operating people and business in one
place to another. Another political factor is trade laws which talks about the
importation and exportation of goods and services. Trading that includes fees
and taxes may affects the country, some trades can reduce the tariffs, a tax that
imposed by the government of a one state on another country in importing and
exporting. goods. Trade deals between countries can reduce taxes this happens
between developed and developing country. These factors can affect the area to
be developed and become urbanized.

Social and Cultural Factors

There are lots of social and cultural factors that can contributes and keeps
the level of the development of an area. These can be the discrimination,
population culture and cultural interpretation. Discrimination allows country to
remain stagnant. This may affect the overall country’s productivity and
performance. Racial issues can be a problem, for an instance black people in
Africa don’t political and economic rights as white people and forced to live
separately from them. Population issue can also affect its development. Having
a large family can have a negative impact in a poor household. Large numbers of
children cannot attain needs, healthy condition and a proper education property.
 Culture have a hidden effect. It works in an elusive way when it comes in
business, trading and development. A great example of this is the culture of
China. Nowadays, China may be a powerful country, but it was one of the
developed countries in middle ages and remain stagnated for centuries. A
reason for this was their culture, pride and self-sufficiency led to closing its
borders. Closed down to involvement because of the culture aspects will allow
country to be locking out of its development. Cultural interpretation can also bring
impact on the progress of a country, a best example of this is the religion.
Hinduism was one of the reasons why India would never develop because they
accepted their condition and their places in the world. It was convinced that
Hindus have lack of ambitions required to innovate and do business outside their
countries.

Environmental Factors

Through the use of available natural resources in an area, it can bring a

huge effect on the development of a country. Resources such as trees, plants,
minerals, arable lands and rivers can be a great help to attain the changes.
Available resources can contribute enormous benefits to make a one state
developed and urbanized. Country that rich in mineral resources such as oil,
gold, aluminum and coal will develop the country’s stability. Trees can be used
as a raw material to create establishment and building’s foundation. Arable land
can be a good place to build a house or build a whole village. People depends on
some aquatic resources to sustain their needs and it can be the key of
development in a country.

4.2. The Urban Structure and System

THREE MODELS OF URBAN STRUCTURE

Urban structure - is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists,
economists, and geographer have developed several models, explaining where different
types of people and businesses tend to exist within the urban setting. Three models are
described in this article. Urban structure can also refer to the urban spatial structure,
which concerns the arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of
connectivity and accessibility.

The three models we will be looking at for CAPE level are:

Burgess Concentric Zone Model
Hoyt Sector Model
Ullman and Harris Nuclei Model

All three models were developed in Chicago. Other than Lake Michigan on the east, few
physical features have inhibited Chicago's growth. Chicago includes a Central Business
District (CBD), known as the Loop because of the elevated railway lines around it.
Residential suburbs go to the north, west, and south.

1. Concentric Zone Model- created in 1923 by sociologist E. W. Burgess.

-According to this model, the city grows outward beginning with the Central Business
District in the middle.
-The second ring is the zone in transition where industry and poorer
quality housing is. Usually new immigrants to the city live in this zone in small quarters.
Rooming houses for single individuals are located here, too.
-The third ring is the zone of independent workers' homes. These are modest older
houses occupied by the working class.
-The fourth ring is the zone of better residences where more spacious houses for middle
class families.
-Finally, the fifth zone is the commuter's zone. People who work in the center choose to
live in the suburbs.
2. Sector Model -developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt.
-According to this model, the city develops in a series of sectors, not rings. Certain
areas are more attractive for different activities.
-In the center is the Central Business District. As the city grows, activities expand in a
wedge, or sector, from the center. Once a district with
"high-class" housing is established, the most expensive houses is built on the outer
edge of that district further
from the center.
-Industrial and retailing activities develop in other sectors, as well as lo-class and
middle-class residential sectors.
-As for Chicago, Hoyt argued that the best housing is developed north from the CBD
along Lake Michigan, while industry was located along the major rail lines and roads to
the northwest, south, and southwest.

3. Multiple Nuclei Model -developed in 1945 by geographers C.D. Harris and E.L.
Ullman.
-According to this model, a city includes
more than one center that activities revolve. Examples of these nodes include: ports,
neighborhood business center, university, airport,
and parks.
-Some activities go with particular nodes while others do not. For example, a university
node may attract well-educated residents, bookstores, and copy places. Or, the airport
may attract hotels and warehouses. Likewise, incompatible land use activities will not be
clustered together. For example, industries will not be placed near high-class housing.

The Urban System

Urban
Built-up and populated area that includes a municipality and, generally, has
a populationof 5000 or more.
Urban System

Energy and environmental sustainability, urban mobility, and urban design and territorial
planning is one out of four interdisciplinary thematic areas of research for CREATE that
was chosen to be part of an overarching theme of system of systems.

The concept of an “urban system” derive from regional geography, traditional macro-
scale urban analysis and regional economics.

identified as the intelligible wholes for urban studies, are seen as the products of
complex historical development, and their constitution is not deducible from a priori
assumptions. The hierarchical structure of urban systems is discussed, and the term
'holon' suggested to designate the component sub-systems, such as urban fields and
city regions, which display properties both of wholes and of dependent parts. Urban
systems vary in depth (according to the number of distinct holons) and in strength
(according to degree of cohesion and integration). The strongest, megalopolitan system,
exemplified in Britain, is characterized in more detail, both in terms of its highly
integrated structure and the increasing homogeneity of associated forms. Replacement
of the traditional urban-rural dichotomy by a continuum is emphasized, but recognition of
surviving and new discontinuities in this is seen as currently a major geographical
problem. Urban systems are becoming increasingly significant as landscape regions,
each with its own set of recurrent forms imprinting a distinctive style on the system. Their
particularity serves both as a sound basis for urban typology and as a safeguard against
unjustifiable transference of models derived from one system to another where they are
inappropriate. Urban systems may be ranged in a progression according to degree of
urbanization, and there is also an increasing tendency towards convergence among
them, so that comparative studies are the more important. The empirically based
generalizations and characterization of gestalt types afforded by such studies of urban
systems enable a much-needed balance to be struck between the traditional
geographical interest in the particular, and scientific interest in the general. At once
enlarging the understanding of individual towns and advancing a well-founded typology,
this point to the main task ahead for urban geographers.

4.3. Growth and Transition in an Urban System

 Urbanization is referring to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas, in
forms of modernization, then the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in
urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change. Predominantly
the process by which towns are formed and then they will become larger as more
people begin living in cities and working in central areas.

 Environmental effects
- As cities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase and change in
costs, often pricing the local working class out of the market, including such
functionaries as employees of the local municipalities.
 Water quality
- The occurrence of eutrophication in bodies of water is another effect large
urban population have on the environment. Those chemicals are washed
directly into rivers, streams and oceans, causing a decline in water quality
and damaging marine ecosystems.
 Food waste
- Rapid growth of communities creates new challenges in the developed world
and one such challenge is an increase in food waste also known as urban
food waste. Food waste is the disposal of food products that can no longer be
used due to unused products, expiration, or spoilage.
 Habitat fragmentation
- Urbanization can have a large effect on biodiversity by causing a division of
habitats and thereby alienation of species, a process known as habitat
fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation does not destroy the habitat, as seen in
habitat loss, but rather breaks it apart with things like roads and railways. This
change may affect a species ability to sustain life by separating it from the
environment in which it is able to easily access food, and find areas that they
may hide from predation.

By combining economic, environmental, and social sustainability, cities will become

equitable resilient, and more appealing than urban sprawl that overuses land, promotes
automobile use, and segregates the population economically.

Growth in Urban System

Urban Growth

Urban Growth can refer to any type of growth of the urban environment. For example:

 Population
 Land Area
 Intensive Land Use
Urbanization
Urbanization has a more specific meaning. It refers to an increasing proportion of a population
residing in urban areas in comparison to rural areas.
The difference between urban growth and urbanization is that urban growth reflects a general
increase in either the land area or the population size of an urban area. Urbanization is about
the relative proportion of people residing in urban areas in a given area (such as a region,
country or continent).

The graphs below show the United States. In the USA, urbanization is occurring because of a
shift in the percentage of population living in urban areas. Meanwhile, urban growth is also
occurring as the urban population gets bigger.

 Graphs of the urban and rural population of the USA in percentage and total
numbers.
Hong Kong (part of China, but a semi-autonomous Special Administrative Region), already
has 100% of its population classed as ‘urban’, so urbanization cannot be occuring – there is
no increase in the proportion of the population living in urban areas compared to rural.
However, urban growth is occurring, as the total urban population continues to grow. (In
actual fact, there are rural settlements in Hong Kong, so it is a question of how the urban

area is defined.

 Graphs of the urban and rural population of the USA in percentage and total
numbers.

Natural increase in urban areas

Natural increase, also known as natural change, refers to the change in population size caused
by births and deaths. When there are more births than deaths, the population increases.
Populations may also grow due to in-migration.
Rate of natural increase: The rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given
year due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a percentage of the base
population.
Birth rate (or crude birth rate): The number of births per 1,000 population in a given year.
Death rate (or crude death rate): The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year.
Urban growth and natural change
The rate of urban growth (the number of people living in urban areas, not urbanization which is

the proportion of people living in urban areas) is increasing fastest in low and middle income
countries, as seen from the selected cities below. A more visual and interactive map showing
city growth can be seen on the Economist website.

 Selected cities and their population growth.

There is very little data about the relative impact of natural increase compared to migration.
However, several key points can be summarised:

 HICs generally have very low rates of natural increase regardless of their urban and rural
population distribution, sometimes experiencing natural decrease (also known as ‘negative
natural increase’). Any growth in urban population is due to immigration or centripetal
movements such as gentrification.
 Urban natural change is usually lower than rural areas.
 Urban dwellers tend to have fewer children due to improved economic prospects, increase in
prenatal, postnatal and maternal healthcare, and female emancipation being stronger in
urban than rural areas.
 Life expectancy in urban areas is generally higher than in rural areas but there remains a
significantly lower birth rate in urban areas which cancels out these ‘extra’ people.

How to define Urban Growth

Urban growth is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases. This
result from urbanization which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.
Urban growth may lead to a rise in the economic development of a country. Urban growth is
also referred to as the expansion of a metropolitan or suburban area into the surrounding
environment. It can be considered as an indicator of the state of a country’s economic condition
as the effect of urban growth directly impacts the country’s economic development. The more
the metropolitan area grows, the more employment it generates, and in this way economic
growth also takes place.

1. Other challenges are the small growth of formal employment resulting in the growth of the
urban informal sector, urban unemployment, and underemployment. Another challenge is
the inability of social and physical infrastructure to grow at par with the urban growth
resulting in deterioration of the quality of urban life. These problems are visible in most of
the cities in India.
2. With the rise in urbanization mostly seen as population explosion, some events like rapid
population growth because of natural increase, migration from rural areas to urban areas,
classification of the rural regions as towns because of the changing demographic
character of the rural regions pose a challenge.
 3. Urbanization is an integral part of economic development. As the economy develops, there
is an increase in per capita income and also demand for non-farm goods in the
marketplace. These goods are not heavily land dependent. These are cheaper if produced
in the urban sector because all provisions for providing these goods are available here.

Urban growth leads to urbanization which in turn leads to some changes such as-

 Migration of rural people to urban areas.

 Employment opportunities in urban centers.
 Transport and communication facilities.
 Educational facilities.
 Increase in the standard of living.
Urbanization can yield positive effects if it takes place up to a desirable limit. Extensive
urbanization or indiscriminate growth of cities may result in adverse effects like-

 The problem of overpopulation, the growth of slums, etc.

 The disintegration of the Joint family
 Cost of living
 Increase in Crime rates
 Impersonal relations
 Problem of Pollution
 Stress
Most of these changes have a direct impact on the country’s economic development.
Various characteristics of urban growth or urbanization:
A. Economic Development

 The level of urbanization is considered as an index of economic development.

 Economic growth results in the shift in demand and therefore to a reallocation of resources
–land, labor, and capital- out of agriculture into manufacturing and services.
B. Industrialization and Density

 The relative importance of manufacturing and services the does not just characterize an
urban settlement but more importantly, by a high density of population. Much of
manufacturing is cheaper when produced on a large-scale because of the economies of
scale.
 Also, there are ready availability of inputs like skilled labor, repair services etc. from which
profit is earned by the producer. People like to live near places of work.
 Economies of scale and cost of transportation cause concentration of production and
people in a specific location.
 Industrialization leads to urbanization but not vice versa.
 The bigger cities have one advantage. Most businesses are subject to fluctuations. In big
cities, one may switch from one employer to another in case of need or any other reason
since there is a wide choice. In that way, a wage laborer is better off in migrating to a big
city rather than a small city, where (big city) he is likely to be more fully employed. All
these factors increase the density of population in the cities.

Primary production and urban growth:

Primary production has to do with agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining. It is well-known that,
particularly since AD 1850, a large number of mining towns have emerged in India. The entire
coal region of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa has a number of, mining towns; the chief among which
are Jharia, Ranigani, Keonjhar and Asansol. Unlike mining, fishing and forestry have not
generated many urban places in India.

Secondary activities and urban growth:

The most conspicuous examples of urbanization directly as a result of secondary activity are
Durgapur, Bhilai and Rourkela. Jamshedpur also had its beginnings as an industrial township in
1912. There is no doubt that secondary urbanization has made a strong impression on the
Indian landscape.

Tertiary production and urbanization:

From ancient times, tertiary services have played a major role in the urbanization process. The
earliest cities of the world came into existence essentially in order to provide tertiary services to
their hinterland. It is often thought that the earliest cities developed as parasites thriving on the
surplus food produced in the rural hinterland. The growth of tertiary activities in a city contributes
in a direct way to city growth. In every city, a part of the city tertiary activities are meant for its
own population, but a second and perhaps more significant part exists for the benefits of the
people in the city’s hinterland.
Economic development generally refers to the sustained, concerted actions
of policymakers and communities that promote the standard of living and economic health of a
specific area. Economic development can also be referred to as the quantitative and qualitative
changes in the economy. Such actions can involve multiple areas including development of
human capital, critical infrastructure, regional competitiveness, environmental
sustainability, social inclusion, health, safety, literacy, and other initiatives.

 Urbanization is an integral part of economic development. As an economy develops, there

is an increase in per capita income and also demand for non-farm goods in the economy.
These goods are not heavily land dependent. These are cheaper if produced in the urban
sector because all provisions for production these goods are available here.
 With the rise in urbanization, many events like rapid population growth because of natural
increase, migration from rural areas to urban areas, classification of rural areas as towns
because of the changing demographic character of the rural regions pose a challenge.
 Other challenges are the weak growth of formal employment resulting in the growth of the
urban informal sector, urban unemployment, and underemployment. Another challenge is
the inability of social and physical infrastructure to grow at par with the urban population
growth resulting in deterioration of the quality of urban life. These problems are visible in
most of the cities in India.

Hence, the level of urbanization is regarded as an index of economic development, as financial

growth results in the shift in demand and therefore to a reallocation of resources –land, labor
and capital- out of agriculture into manufacturing and services.

References:

References:

Mercene (2017), Urbanization and Urbanism. Retrieved from: www.yahoo.com

Prof A.K Sharma (2012), Urbanization and Development. Retrieved from:

https://youtu.be/plOR424kgg

Marayan (2014), Urbanization and Development. Retrieved from:

https://www.researchgate.net

Israel, S. (2018, March 11). What is Development? Sid-Israel. Retrieved from

https://www.sid-israel.org/en/Development-Issues/What-is-Development
<i>National Geographic </i> (n.d.). Development. Retrieved from
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/development/
M, Paulina. (2018, March 09). Political Factors Affecting Economic Development .
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content://com.sec.android.app.sbrowser/readinglist/0811212058.mhtml
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