Copyright © 2019 American Scientific Publishers Journal of

All rights reserved Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience

Printed in the United States of America Vol. 16, 1–10, 2019

Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer

and Notification by Mobile Communication
Geovanni Brito1 , Franklin W. Salazar1 , Edwin O. Lema1 , Andrea P. Sánchez1 ,
Hugo Vinicio Pérez1 , and Jorge Buele1 2 ∗
1
Facultad de Ingeniería en Tecnologías de la Información, Telecomunicaciones e Industrial, Universidad Técnica de Ambato,
Ambato 180103, Ecuador
2
SISAu Research Group, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Ambato 180212, Ecuador

This paper presents the implementation of a prototype to lock/unlock the vehicle ignition system.
It involves the adaptation of an opto-isolated relay, which has been equipped with a wireless inter-
face of the MQTT protocol. The relay activation is controlled by an embedded board Raspberry Pi 3;
it acts as the main unit of the proposed system. The executed control actions are given depending
on the information received by radiofrequency from an implemented electronic breathalyzer. This
device evaluates the alcohol level and humidity in the driver’s breath using the MQ-3 and DHT11
sensors. In addition, a mobile communication platform compatible with Android smartphones is pro-
vided to inform the enabling/disabling of the vehicle’s ignition system, its geographical location by
GPS coordinates and a front facial photograph of the driver. All these features are incorporated by a
wireless local network (WiFi) for the elements that make up the prototype. This work also presents
the transmission of information to mobile terminals compatible with the Telegram instant messaging
system through the UMTS network. In order to validate this proposal, the corresponding tests are
carried out and their comparison with a commercial device.

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Keywords: Vehicle Locking System, Electronic Breathalyzer, Mobile Communication, Embedded
Devices, Wireless LAN.

1. INTRODUCTION
Technological development has been part of the evolution-
ary career of human beings since long time ago [1, 2].
It has caused science to generate great multidisciplinary
advances in different areas of knowledge [3–5]. This is
evident in the military, academic, social, medical, cul-
tural, industrial, automotive and other fields. Additionally,
it can interrelate more than one of them, depending on the
requirements of the time [6, 7]. The increasing need in
people to move from one point to another and the speed
to reach it has caused that transport become a priority axis
of modern societies [8]. However, nowadays is common
to find at least one vehicle per family in the main urban
environments and, those vehicles of the rural type are not
left behind, because they are an important tool for work
and income [9].
The ease with which a car can be acquired today, has
allowed drivers to lose awareness of the responsibility that
entails. Daily problems are: transit infractions, basic safety
rules that are not met and even driving after the consump-
tion of alcoholic beverages. The concentration of alcohol
in human being bodies causes psychological effects, such
as disinhibition, euphoria, relaxation, aggression, impa-
tience, problems when associating ideas and motor inco-
ordination [10, 11]. When driving after drinking alcohol,
some things become different and difficult such as the per-
ceive of the red color (stop signal at the traffic lights), inac-
curate appreciation of the distances, visual field decrease,
disturbance in the sense of balance and the inaccuracy
when making movements [12].
Due to the multiple effects that this toxic drink produces
as soon as it enters in our bodies, many countries have
a tolerance limit for drivers. The World Health Organiza-
tion (WHO) established that the maximum allowed limit
of alcohol should not exceed 0.5 g/L of blood and rec-
ommends adopting even lower limits.a However, there are
countries such as the United Kingdom which have higher
limits (0.8 g/L of blood) and others such as Japan that

∗ a
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. http://www.who.int/.

J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 2019, Vol. 16, No. xx 1546-1955/2019/16/001/010 doi:10.1166/jctn.2019.8652 1

 Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication Brito et al.
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Fig. 1. General diagram of the proposal.

established a limit of 0.15 g/L. This shows that the socioe-
conomic environment is the principal and truly influence in
laws and their restrictions. Around the world, transit acci-
dents caused death of approximately 1.25 million people
per year, between 20 and 50 million of them suffered non-
fatal injuries. However, most of them acquired a disability,
becoming this, the main cause of death in the age of 15
to 29 years. Low- and middle-income countries accounted
for 90% of deaths related to this fact, despite having only
54% of vehicles worldwide.
In Ecuador, according to the Organic Comprehensive
Criminal Code (COIP), the traffic watchman will have to
take the alcohol or drunkenness test with a special device.b
The article 385 mentions that if measurement exceeds
0.3 g/L in blood, an economic fine and a reduction of
points in the driver’s license will be charged. If you exceed
the measure of 1.2 g/L, the respective fine, suspension
of the license and thirty days of imprisonment will be
b
http://www.amt.gob.ec/files/AMT-COIP-CAPITULO-TRANSITO.pdf.

2 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019

Brito et al. Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication
Fig. 2. Flowchart of control module.
applied. The National Traffic Agency (NTA) from January
to June 2018, recorded that road crashes have left 1058
dead and 9575 injured (10633 total victims), 59 daily, one
every 40 minutes. Approximately 17% of the accidents
produced on roads are caused by people who are under the
influence of alcohol or another narcotic substance. This is
3% more than in 2017, which reveals a problem that is
increasing and requires more stringent policies or measures
to provide an effective solution.
In this context, this work presents a car locking sys-
tem, which evaluates whether the user has consumed alco-
holic beverages prior to driving a vehicle. This is done
through an electronic breathalyzer that has been designed
to analyze the temperature and humidity of the user blow
performed on the device. Depending on the person condi-
tion, the ignition of the vehicle is enabled/disabled and a
notification is issued that is registered in a mobile com-
munication platform. In addition, the geographic location
data is provided by GPS coordinates of the vehicle and
the frontal face capture of the user is obtained through the
OpenCV library.
This project is divided into VII Sections, including the
introduction in Section I, Section II presents the state of
art. In Section III the systems elements are described.
Section IV details the development of the proposal and
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019
its implementation is presented in Section V. The results
obtained are shown in Section VI and conclusions in
Section VII.
2. STATE OF ART
With the aim of attacking the problem described above,
several research works have been developed and presented
in this Section. The prior research carried out by Barba-
Maza et al. [13] analyses the level of alcohol in a vehicle’s
environment using the MQ-3 alcohol sensor. A midrange
microcontroller emits the control signals to a normally
closed electromagnetic relay, obstructing the ignition of
the car. Using a GPS module, the position coordinates of
the vehicle are disclosed, while a GSM module sends a
message to the security department, indicating the exact
parking place. Rahim et al. [14] present the implementa-
tion of a breathalyzer that controls the ignition switch of a
vehicle, using a PIC16F877A microcontroller. The control
actions are programmed in source code, using assembly
software. For visualization of the process an LCD panel is
placed.
In the proposal developed Novak et al. [15], the driver’s
breath analysis is performed using the sensors Hanwei
MQ-3 (alcohol gas) and Honeywell HIH-4030 (humid-
ity sensor). In the intention of presenting a low-cost
solution, the ATmega328p microcontroller based on an
Arduino Nano is used. Additionally, using a Bluetooth
transceiver, communication is established with an appli-
RESEARCH ARTICLE
cation for smartphones with Android operating system.
In the research of Venugopal et al. [16], the performance
of a sensor that measures the concentration of alcohol
in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of a person is evaluated by
means of the skin poration when focusing an infrared
laser. The sensor is interconnected to a wireless monitor-
ing system, which transfers data over existing wide area
networks (WAN) such as Internet and the cellular network.
Finally, Shao et al. [17] describe the incidence of alco-
hol in the increase in deaths due to traffic accidents is
described. TDLAS (tunable diode laser) is implemented,
which remotely detects the alcohol concentration in the
vehicle with the absorption spectroscopy analysis.
3. SYSTEM ELEMENTS
3.1. Hardware
• Router Trinity 3G/Wifi: implements a local wireless net-
work (WiFi) to set the communication between the internal
elements equipped with this technology. In addition, it
allows cloud connection through a mobile internet provider
with UTMS infrastructure.
• Sensors MQ-3 y DHT11: the first allows the measure-
ment of alcohol level from 0.04 mg/L to 10 mg/L. It oper-
ates at temperatures from −10  C to 70  C. The second,
detects humidity variations during the blowing of a person.
Measures relative humidity values from 20 to 80%, within
an ambient temperature of 0 to 50  C.
3
 Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication Brito et al.
RESEARCH ARTICLE

Fig. 3. Flowchart of control module.

• Raspberry Pi 3: embedded board which registers, con-
trols, manages and synchronizes the information provided
by each of the elements presented in the prototype.
• Unit nodeMCU1: obtains data from sensors and estab-
lishes wireless communication with the control module,
for data storage of the breathalyzer and humidity levels
respectively.
• Opto-isolated Relay: Optical coupling element whose
control and switching circuits are electrically independent.
Its control voltage is 5 V with 20 mA current, it can control
loads of up to 250 V AC or 30 V DC at 10 A. This is
the reason why this device is suitable for the low voltage
management of the vehicles ignition system; it is located
between the battery and the ignition coil.
• Unit nodeMCU2: executes the control actions received
from the Raspberry Pi board. Sends a logic signal of 0 or
1 to the enable input of the opto-isolated relay to open or
close the ignition circuit of the vehicle.
• Module NEO-6 u-blox: determines the location of the
vehicle by geographical GPS coordinates of latitude and
longitude. It uses the civil frequency L1 for the horizontal
position with an accuracy of 2.5 m.
3.2. Software
The Arduino IDE is used to program the instructions to
be completed by the remote units nodeMCU, previous
the installation of a package that lists to such devices as
compatible.

4 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019

Brito et al. Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication
Fig. 4. Flowchart of locking module.
Raspbian Operative System: a distribution of free
software GNU/Linux with official support for Rasp-
berry devices. The installation packages are com-
patible with the hardware provided. Needed features
Fig. 5. Application interface developed.
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019
installed in the operating system are mentioned
below:
• Apache Server, fulfills the function of a HTTP server, it
involves the manager of web pages.
• PHP Server, handles pages with PHP language, which
displays programming commands only on the server side.
• MySQL/MariaDB, database manager that uses the SQL
programming language.
• PhpMyAdmin, allows to manage databases in MariaDB
by PHP code.
• MQTT Server, M2M protocol that manages the sending
and receiving information in the Wi-Fi internal network.
It designates a Broker and also it is the central part of a
star topology, where the terminals use bidirectional com-
munication called publisher/subscriber.
• OpenCV, Open source software library developed for
machine vision and machine learning applications. For its
development, Python is used as a programming language
which is also used in the automation of processes by Rasp-
berry Pi.
• Telegram-cli, is a software distribution that allows the
interaction of the embedded board with the Telegram
instant messaging platform.
4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROPOSAL
Figure 1 shows the general block diagram of this proposal.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
4.1. 3G/WiFi Connectivity Module
Refers to the responsible device for wireless communica-
tion. The system covers this point as notification by mobile
communication. The ability to send +. To solve the need
5
 Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication
to establish a link between modules, it was decided to
establish a local WiFi network.
4.2. Control Module
Programming is done in Python and its flow chart is
shown in Figure 2. The process starts with the import
of libraries to interact with the software installed in the
Raspbian operating system. The MQTT protocol sub-
scriber test/status with the IP assigned to the Raspberry
Pi and port 1883, by the mentioned port, LEDon and end
commands are detected and transmitted by the Breatha-
lyzer measurement module. Upon receiving the instruction
LEDon and through the OpenCV library a capture of the
driver’s frontal face profile in front of the camera lens is
taken. Consequently, it acquires the GPS coordinates of
the u-blox NEO-6 module so it allows to store in a data
table inside the database created in phpMyAdmin. When
performing these actions, a fan is turned on to reduce the
temperature generated by the electronic devices.
In case of receiving the “fin” command in the
msg.payload variable, the last stored values in the php-
MyAdmin database of blood alcohol level, humidity,
latitude and longitude are consulted. The alcohol level
is compared to determine the state of the locking mod-
ule, in case of exceeding 0.05 mg/L it is transmitted by
the MQTT publisher block/key/applies command 1. This
enables the opto-isolated relay to close the ignition cir-
cuit of the vehicle, in case of receiving the instruction 0,
it does the opposite. Then, a Telegram notification is sent
RESEARCH ARTICLE
with the lock/unlock status of the ignition circuit, current
Fig. 6. System and its elements.
6 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019
Brito et al.
time, breathalyzer data, GPS coordinates and the users pre-
viously obtained facial capture. It is worth mentioning that
this script is executed permanently to check the commands
transmitted by the WiFi network, this process can be inter-
rupted by keyboard.
4.3. Alcohol Measure Module
Detects the concentration of alcohol in a person’s breath
by means of two sensors capable to sense the blow by the
measurement of alcohol degrees and humidity. The sen-
sors data are transmitted wirelessly to the control module
and to a Smartphone with the Virtuino application (mea-
surement display). Its flow chart is presented in Figure 3.
Programming is developed in the Arduino IDE for the
unit nodeMCU1 and starts with the import of libraries.
ESP8266WiFi.h configures the parameters of the esp8266
Wi-Fi chip. PubSubClient.h sets the variables to inter-
act with the MQTT server installed on the Raspberry
Pi. DHT.h implements the communication protocol for
the DHT11 element. Virtuino_ESP_WifiServer.h sets func-
tions for the visualization of the internal data from sen-
sors on an Android mobile device. Credentials are defined
to establish communication with Virtuino WiFi services,
MQTT and the phpMyAdmin database. Subsequently, the
pins of the nodeMCU board are distributed, the local vari-
ables are initialized and the terminals are configured as
input/output.
To start a breathalyzer test, a button is pressed in an
odd, the LEDon light emitting diode is illuminated (lit)
so the LEDon command is sent by the MQTT publisher
Brito et al. Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication

test/status. LEDwait blinks (waits) for 30 seconds and

turns off (sensors initialization). It is important to know
that every second, the blood alcohol and humidity mea-
surement is performed. If an error occurs in the DHT11
sensor, the analog input of the nodeMCU unit is not read.
After each measurement, values are sent to the virtu-
ino application for viewing. Only while humidity is less
than or equal to 75 and the temperature is higher than
24 Celsius degrees, data obtained is stored in the database
phpMyAdmin. If the above conditions are not met, the
end command is sent by the MQTT publisher test/status.
LEDwait lights up (test completed) and an internal condi-
tion determines if the alcohol concentration is higher than
0.05 mg/L. If the result is affirmative, the LED lights up,
but if negative the indicator LED remains off. To perform a
second test, wait until the alcohol concentration decreases
to 0.05 mg/L, humidity is less than 65 and temperature is
equal to or less than 24 or you can press a twice an odd
button. The Breathalyzer measurement module remains in
standby and resets all local variables to zero if the pul-
sation of the button is even. The script remains running
constantly while the electronic circuit is powered.

4.4. Locking Module

Programming is developed in Arduino IDE for the unit
nodeMCU2 and starts with the library’s importation.
Libraries ESP8266WiFi.h, PubSubClient.h are included
and the necessary credentials are established to access the Fig. 7. Final prototypes of the control, alcohol measure and locking
MQTT WiFi service. Pin D0 is selected to connect it to

RESEARCH ARTICLE
modules.
the opto-isolated relay and the topic subscriber MQTT
lock/key/applies is fixed. If the topic subscriber receives
the instruction 0, the output D0 has a high voltage value. modules described above located inside the vehicle, where
If receives 1, it performs a low level for the mentioned ter- they will perform their respective tasks, for future evalua-
minal, which enables the energization of the relay coil, it tion. The detail cost of all the materials used in the system
means that the normally open contact which is connected are described in Table I.
in series with the ignition circuit of the vehicle is closed,
this activity is maintained for 60 seconds. Its flow chart is
shown in Figure 4.

4.5. Real-Time Visualization of Data

The Virtuino application was used for the information
viewing throughout the operation of the blood alcohol
measurement module. This application is compatible with
a mobile device running Android. To set the communica-
tion between both units, the static IP is configured on the
Smartphone. The configurations to link the virtual panel
with the information of the blood alcohol measurement
module are presented in Figure 5.

5. IMPLEMENTATION
Figure 6 shows the elements used to implement the pro-
totype. Based on this scheme, the control, blood alcohol
and locking modules were built. In Figure 7 the final pro-
totypes of the control, alcohol and locking modules devel-
oped are presented. In the other hand, Figure 8 shows the Fig. 8. Final prototypes installed in a vehicle.

J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019 7

 Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication Brito et al.

Table I. Budget economic system.

Item Quantity Unit value Total value

Raspberry Pi 3 1 $72,00 $72,00

RPI3 housing 1 $5,00 $5,00
NodeMCU 2 $14,00 $28,00
Esp8266 1 $6,00 $6,00
GPS neo-6 u-blox 1 $24,00 $24,00
Optocoupled relay 1 channel 2 $2,00 $4,00
RPI3 fan 1 $5,00 $5,00
Webcam 1 $10,00 $10,00
Bakelite 10 × 30 cm 1 $3,50 $3,50
MQ3 sensor 1 $5,00 $5,00
DHT11 sensor 1 $3,00 $3,00
Resistances 7 $0,10 $0,70
LEDs 3 $0,10 $0,30
Button 1 $0,15 $0,15
Fig. 10. Test of the implemented system.
40 pin female sprats 2 $0,50 $1,00
3G/Wifi router 1 $100,00 $100,00
32 GB micro SD card 1 $20,00 $20,00 To corroborate the perfect functioning of the proposed
USIM card 1 $4,00 $4,00
Battery 5 V 20000 mAh 1 $20,00 $20,00
system, the respective test is carried out, initializing the
Case 10 × 16 cm 1 $6,00 $6,00 application developed in Virtuino as shown in Figure 9.
Case 4.5 × 6 cm 3 $1,00 $1,00 Then, a blow through the mouthpiece of the Breathalyzer
Ferric chloride sheath 1 $0,50 $0,50 Measurement Module until the test ends is performed. As
Tin 1 $0,50 $0,50 shown in Figure 10, the yellow waiting LED lights up to
5 V to 12 V charger 1 $1,00 $1,00
USB cables 5 $1,20 $6,00
indicate the end of the test.
Female jumper cable pack 1 $1,75 $1,75 The informative text of the application shows the level
Screw 2 × 12 mm 16 $0,10 $1,20 of Breathalyzer, humidity and temperature and because
Total $329,60 this level is higher than 0.05 mg/L the red test led lights
up. In addition, the vehicle ignition process is carried out,
but it is blocked and it is not possible to do so. The value
RESEARCH ARTICLE

6. RESULTS
Basing in previously research, in this project an electronic
breathalyzer using low cost devices is implemented. To
achieve this prototype, free software is used in the tech-
nology nodeMCU units, in the uploaded server inside the
Raspberry Pi board and in the driver’s facial recognition.
The monitoring of the control module of WiFi connectiv-
ity, lock module and measurement module has been done
by pings. Additionally, the possibility to export user and
vehicle data and showing it as a text message using the
Telegram application.

Fig. 9. Electronic breathalyzer interface. Fig. 11. Comparison of the result with a commercial device.

8 J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019

Brito et al. Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication

tray with the data presented in the terminal console, as

Fig. 12. Screen of the console terminal and the input tray of the tele-
gram application.
resulting from the test performed is compared with the
measurement made by the DVO group Davasa breatha-
lyzer. To test both measurements at the same time, the
messages of the serial communication of the nodeMCU
unit were used, as shown in Figure 11. Finally, it is proved
that the notification sent by mobile communication was
correct, comparing the information of the Telegram input
Table II. Prototype tests.
Prototype Engine start Telegram
shown in Figure 12.
Thirty tests were carried out, in each one of them the
blood alcohol level was recorded and according to this
value the effectiveness of the locking/unlocking of the
ignition circuit of the vehicle was checked. In Table II the
period of time chosen for the evaluation varies between 10
seconds and 1 minute after the breath alcohol concentra-
tion test. In parallel, the reception of notification messages
is verified by the Telegram application. The number of
tests with a blood alcohol level higher than 0.05 mg/L was
22. When turning the ignition key after 10 seconds, it did
not start the vehicle, after 1 minute the same result was
obtained, therefore the system lock was 100% effective
and indifferent to time. Tests with values less than or equal
to 0.05 mg/L were 8 so, when turning the ignition key of
the engine after 10 seconds on 2 occasions did not start
the vehicle. After 1 minute the ignition circuit was open,
therefore the vehicle key was turned but the engine was
only started once. Then, the percentage of total unlocking
efficiency is 93.75%. From the 30 Telegram messages sent
with respect to each breathalyzer test performed, 24 were
recorded in the registered contact’s inbox. Therefore, its
efficiency percentage is 80%.
7. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
The implementation of the MQTT server contributes to
a correct synchronization of the communication between

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Date/Time mg/L after 10 s/1 min message the Raspberry Pi board and the nodeMCU units. A topic
publisher should only set the connection with the broker
28-05-2018/09:00 0,10 No/No Yes
28-05-2018/12:00 0,02 Yes/No Yes
during the transmission of the message and upon closing
28-05-2018/16:00 0,80 No/No No the session. While a topic subscriber must remain perma-
29-05-2018/09:00 0,01 Yes/No Yes nently linked. The use of event timers in the program-
29-05-2018/12:00 0,00 No/No Yes ming of the measurement and control modules influences
29-05-2018/16:00 0,60 No/No Yes the latency at the moment of transmission/reception of the
30-05-2018/09:00 0,04 Yes/No Yes
30-05-2018/12:00 0,71 No/No Yes
information. Therefore, the locking/unlocking of the igni-
30-05-2018/16:00 0,19 No/No Yes tion system was carried out with a delay of one second.
31-05-2018/09:00 0,71 No/No Yes The system allows the interaction with the instant mes-
31-05-2018/12:00 0,12 No/No No saging platform automatically. So, notifications of the tests
31-05-2018/16:00 0,50 No/No Yes performed can be received from any point where you have
01-05-2018/09:00 0,11 No/No No
01-05-2018/12:00 0,04 No/No No
cloud access and a mobile device compatible with this ser-
01-05-2018/16:00 0,96 No/No Yes vice. For a correct application of the breathalyzer test it is
04-05-2018/09:00 0,26 No/No Yes necessary to reach a temperature higher than 24  C and a
04-05-2018/12:00 0,16 No/No Yes relative humidity equal to or greater than 75%. The tests
04-05-2018/16:00 0,78 No/No Yes showed that this system has an approximate effectiveness
05-05-2018/09:00 0,81 No/No Yes
05-05-2018/12:00 0,03 Yes/No Yes
of 93%, which makes it a valid tool and the basis for future
05-05-2018/16:00 0,26 No/No No research on the subject.
06-05-2018/09:00 0,14 No/ No Yes As future work, it is proposed to test the designed sys-
06-05-2018/12:00 0,99 No/No Yes tem in a commercial vehicle of new manufacture, with the
06-05-2018/16:00 1,31 No/No No aim of evaluating its operation and presenting improve-
07-05-2018/09:00 0,62 No/No Yes
07-05-2018/12:00 0,01 Yes/No Yes
ments in the design. To do this, more robust complements
07-05-2018/16:00 0,64 No/No Yes used in field applications will be determined. In addition,
08-05-2018/09:00 0,00 Yes/Yes Yes to provide a more intuitive and scalable application, a
08-05-2018/12:00 0,80 No/No Yes fault-tolerant driver will be searched and security in data
08-05-2018/16:00 0,84 No/No Yes communications will be considered.

J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019 9

 Vehicle Locking System Using an Electronic Breathalyzer and Notification by Mobile Communication
Acknowledgments: To the dean Pilar Urrutia and
authorities of FTITI. This work was financed in part
by Universidad Técnica de Ambato (UTA) and Direc-
ción de Investigación y Desarrollo (DIDE) under project
PFISEI 26.
References
1. Zhang, G., McAdams, D.A., Shankar, V. and Darani, M.M., 2017.
Modeling the evolution of system technology performance when
component and system technology performances interact: Com-
mensalism and amensalism. Technological Forecasting and Social
Change, 125, pp.116–124.
2. Buele, J., Espinoza, J., Pilatásig, M., Silva, F., Chuquitarco, A.,
Tigse, J., Espinosa, J. and Guerrero, L., 2018. Interactive system for
monitoring and control of a flow station using Labview. Advances
in Intelligent Systems and Computing, edited by Á. Rocha and
T. Guarda, Springer, Vol. 721, pp.583–592.
3. Oh, H.S. and Lee, C.H., 2018. Origin and evolution of quo-
rum quenching technology for biofouling control in MBRs
for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 554,
pp.331–345.
4. Bhuyan, M.K., Mohapatra, D.P. and Sethi, S., 2016. Prediction
strategy for software reliability based on recurrent neural network.
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, edited by H. Behera
and D. Mohapatra, Springer, Vol. 411, pp.295–303.
5. Mettler, T., Sprenger, M. and Winter, R., 2017. Service robots
in hospitals: New perspectives on niche evolution and technol-
ogy affordances. European Journal of Information Systems, 26(5),
pp.451–468.
6. Johnson, R.D., Lukaszewski, K.M. and Stone, D.L., 2016. The evo-
lution of the field of human resource information systems: Co-
evolution of technology and HR processes. Communications of the
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Association for Information Systems, 38(1), pp.533–553.
7. Atzeni, P., Cabibbo, L. and Torlone, R., 2018. Data modeling across
the evolution of database technology. Studies in Big Data, edited by
S. Flesca, S. Greco, E. Masciari and D. Saccà, Springer, Vol. 31,
pp.221–234.
10
Brito et al.
8. Donaldson, D., 2018. Railroads of the raj: Estimating the impact of
transportation infrastructure. American Economic Review, 108(4–5),
pp.899–934.
9. Zahabi, S.A.H., Miranda-Moreno, L., Patterson, Z. and Barla, P.,
2017. Impacts of built environment and emerging green technolo-
gies on daily transportation greenhouse gas emissions in Quebec
cities: A disaggregate modeling approach. Transportation, 44(1),
pp.159–180.
10. Sandoval, C., Vásquez, B., Souza-Mello, V., Mandarim-de-Lacerda,
C.A. and del-Sol, M., 2018. Rol del consumo de alcohol y antiox-
idantes sobre la metilación global del ADN y cáncer. International
Journal of Morphology, 36(1), pp.367–372.
11. Gaviria, M.M., Arango, G.C. and Navas, M.C., 2016. Alcohol, cir-
rosis y predisposición genética. Revista Colombiana de Gastroen-
terología, 31(1), pp.27–35.
12. McCorkindale, A.N., Sizemova, A., Sheedy, D., Kril, J.J. and
Sutherland, G.T., 2019. Re-investigating the effects of chronic smok-
ing on the pathology of alcohol-related human brain damage. Alco-
hol, 76, pp.11–14.
13. Barba-Maza, L.M. and Sánchez-López, C., 2016. Development of
a Breathalyzer for Car Drivers. 2016 IEEE International Autumn
Meeting on Power, Electronics and Computing (ROPEC), November
9–11; Ixtapa, Mexico. pp.1–4.
14. Rahim, H.A. and Hassan, S.S., 2010. Breathalyzer Enabled Igni-
tion Switch System. 2010 6th International Colloquium on Signal
Processing & its Applications, May 21–23; Mallaca city, Malaysia.
pp.1–4.
15. Novak, T., Thumula, N., Chen, M. and Chen, Z., 2015. Design
and Characterization of Breath Analysis System for BAC Prediction.
2015 IEEE Virtual Conference on Applications of Commercial Sen-
sors (VCACS), March 15–October 15; Raleigh, NC, USA. pp.1–5.
16. Venugopal, M., Feuvrel, K.E., Mongin, D., Bambot, S., Faupel, M.,
Panangadan, A. and Pidva, R., 2008. Clinical evaluation of a novel
interstitial fluid sensor system for remote continuous alcohol moni-
toring. IEEE Sensors Journal, 8(1), pp.71–80.
17. Shao, J., Tang, Q.J., Cheng, C., Li, Z.Y. and Wu, Y.X., 2010. Remote
Detection of Alcohol Concentration in Vehicle Based on TDLAS.
2010 Symposium on Photonics and Optoelectronics, June 19–21;
Chengdu, China. pp.1–3.
Received: 21 November 2018. Accepted: 13 January 2019.
J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 16, 1–10, 2019