THE EFFECT OF TRAFFIC IN THE PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES OF

SELECTED COMPANIES IN METRO MANILA FOR THE YEAR OF 2016: MODEL

FOR IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES

________________________________________

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Business and Entrepreneurial Technology
RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Boni Avenue, Mandaluyong City

` ________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Major in Operations Management

By

Mary Jochelle G. Teruel

Melissa Mae R. Galilo
Christine Joy C. Ediezca
Sittie Aina M. Calauto
Jemarie B. Portilo
 CHAPTER 1

The Problem and the Background

Introduction

Traffic is one of the biggest problem that our country is facing nowadays especially

on Metro Manila where the business industry is focused on. “Metro Manila, on an urban level,

was named as having the "worst traffic on Earth," based on a global evaluation conducted by

Waze, a GPS-based navigation app. According to the survey, Manila, on a city level, ranked

number one with the "worst traffic on Earth" with Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Jakarta not far

behind. (Tan L., 2015)

The traffic congestion now plaguing the streets of Metro Manila is wreaking

havoc on workers' productivity and the competitiveness of the enterprises, according to

the Employers Confederation of the Philippines (ECOP)

We can view our traffic from different perspectives: longer commute time,

employee absences, stress, wasted man-hours, and added fuel expenses are just some

of them. But don’t take our word for it. Senator Ralph Recto estimates that the

Philippines suffers around a P2.6 billion (or $55.8 million) economic loss each day

created by traffic congestion. What’s more, this figure rises to P3 billion (or $64.39

million) at the peak of the rainy season. What’s more, the country loses around 0.8% of
its gross domestic product because of this problem, with a productivity loss of P800

billion ($18 billion) each year.

We can say without any hesitation that traffic is the most critical problem in the country

right now. And with a chaotic mega-city swarmed by 12 million commuters during the

day, around 367,000 vehicles (more than double its capacity) in EDSA alone, and

extremely congested areas within Taft Avenue, Munoz, Katipunan Avenue, Cubao,

Balintawak, and Baclaran, our traffic problem will continue to get worse if left to rot and

sputter on its own. (Carmudi PH, 2016)

The fact is — traffic is even worse than before. Imagine, one vehicular accident in

Market! Market! In Bonifacio Global City is enough to cause vehicles all the way from

Quezon City and Marikina to be stalled in traffic for more than three hours. For sure,

the public is still waiting for the solutions that could ease their daily suffering.

(Romualdez B.G., 2016)

Traffic is so prevalent in Metro Manila, particularly during weekdays were there are

many commuters especially employees of both public and private sector are affected

but also for businesses as well. According to the study of Hartgen, Fields, Layzell &

San Jose (2014) About 25% of employers and 38% of large employers note that

managers regularly complain about traffic, particularly as it relates to employees’ late

arrival to work. Employers increasingly provide opportunities for flexible work hours, try

to schedule meetings at less congested times and allow employees to work from home.

Passes or subsidies for transit use are less common. In order to mitigate congestion,

employers suggest demand shifts, capacity improvements, the addition of signs and
signals and transit improvements. In short, local traffic congestion is an increasingly

important issue for employers, whose views should be considered in developing

appropriate solutions.

Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

According to Talukdar (n.d.), Traffic Congestion is one of many serious global

problems in all great cities resulted from rapid urbanization which always exert negative

externalities upon society. The solution of traffic congestion is highly geocentric and due

to its heterogeneous nature, curbing congestion is one of the hard tasks for transport

planners. It is not possible to suggest unique traffic congestion management framework

which could be absolutely applied for every great cities. Conversely, it is quite feasible

to develop a framework which could be used with or without minor adjustment to deal

with congestion problem. So, the main aim of this paper is to prepare a traffic

congestion mitigation framework which will be useful for urban planners, transport

planners, civil engineers, transport policy makers, congestion management researchers

who are directly or indirectly involved or willing to involve in the task of traffic congestion

management. Literature review is the main source of information of this study. In this

paper, firstly, traffic congestion is defined on the theoretical point of view and then the

causes of traffic congestion are briefly described. After describing the causes, common

management measures, using world- wide, are described and framework for supply

side and demand side congestion management measures are prepared.

 Research Paradigm

This study aims to know about the effects of traffic to performance of employees

Input

Possible solutions on
how avoid the traffic
that encountered
everyday by the
employees.

1.1 Consume Time Output

1.2 Organize Process Improving time
1.3 Being responsible management of the
Survey employees to avoid
Questionnaire traffic that causes
The reasons of low their bad
performance of performance.
employees caused by
traffic
2.1 Lack of ability
2.2 Lack of Motivation

3. Traffic causes
tardiness of employees
that result to bad record
of the employees
Figure 1. Research Padigram
Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to determine why the traffic congestion affects the

employee’s performance. One of the problems is more complicated because social and

economic issues involved creating a tangled mess that threatens the development and

progress that the cities are experiencing. It seeks to answer specifically the following

questions:

1. What are the possible solutions on how to avoid the traffic that encountered

everyday by the employees?

2. What are the reasons of low performance of employees caused by traffic?

2.1 Lack of Motivation

2.2 Health Issues

3. Why traffic causes tardiness of employees that result to bad record of the

employees?

Hypotheses

The effect of traffic in employee's performance causes a lot of stress that made them

feel exhausted at the start of the day which decreased their productivity at work.
Significance of the study

Commuters

 It will benefit the commuters to know what increase their social interaction,

and can help them with their daily

Employees

 It will benefit the employees to increase their productivity, reduce workplace

accident and enhance public image. Also, it help the employees to manage

their time.

Students

 It will benefit the students in improving their learning about the traffic that they

can encounter every day. And to gain a better understanding in the effect of

traffic.

Drivers

 It will benefit the drivers to improve their driving skills to reduce the risks of

accidents, knowing how to avoid traffic crashes, recognize potential hazards,

reduce traffic jams and parking hassles.

Future Researchers

 It will benefit the future researchers who will also tackle the same problem in

their research and also will gave them information that they can also use

Scope and delimitation

The study deals with some reasons why traffic affects employee’s performance

and these are the usual situations we see along the road as we commute. The traffic

level by frequency and severity of traffic jams, road quality and infrastructure, driver

safety based on accidents, road hazards and weather, drivers services like access to

gas stations and socio economic (world bank) including access to cars and impact of

gas prices and that’s why traffic affects employees performance because of these

different factors that results to their tardiness.

Definition of Terms

To have a better understanding of this study the following key terms are define

Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. [1] It is

also referred to as temporal frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial

frequency and angular frequency. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency)

Havoc - wide and general destruction (https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/havoc)

Mitigate - to lessen in force or intensity, as wrath, grief, harshness, or pain; moderate.

(http://www.dictionary.com/browse/mitigate)

Plaguing -an epidemic disease that causes high mortality; pestilence.

(http://www.dictionary.com/browse/plaguing)

Prevalent -widespread; of wide extent or occurrence; in general use or acceptance.

(http://www.dictionary.com/browse/prevalent)

Traffic congestion - Traffic congestion is a condition on transport networks that occurs

as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and

increased vehicular queueing. The most common example is the physical use of roads

by vehicles. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion)
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This Chapter highlights the Effect of Traffic in the Performance of Employees

in Selected Manufacturing Companies in Metro Manila as perceived by employees

themselves. The materials presented which includes in this research are the opinions,

principles, and theories of different people are obtained to relate and be used in the

study.

How do we feel about traffic? That’s a no-brainer. We hate it. And we feel the same for

its synonyms which all mean that we’re going to be late for work again, words like

“gridlock” and “congestion”. Anyone who has ever visited, worked in or lived in the

Philippines would know how bad the traffic jams are in the cities, particularly Quezon

City, Manila and Makati. The main avenues of these cities and even the secondary

roads are often congested, and the problems of traffic congestion had become so

serious that the economy is affected in no small way. There is a reason why popular

novelist Dan Brown – author of ‘The Da Vinci Code’ and ‘Angels and Demons’ –

mentioned Metro Manila’s monumental traffic jams in his book ‘Inferno’. He called Metro

Manila the ‘Gates of Hell’. Traffic Problems in the Philippines and Proposed Solutions

(2014)
According to a research titled “Employer Views on Traffic Congestion” (Policy Brief 115

of the Reason Foundation, February 2014), traffic congestion is a problem not just for

individual commuters but for businesses as well. While commuters are greatly

concerned over rush hour traffic, businesses are also concerned with the off-peak hour

(non-rush hour) delivery of goods. It was pointed out in the research that because

businesses are concerned with congestion during both time periods, their views on

traffic congestion differ from those of commuters. Solving rush hour and off-peak

congestion is also more challenging than merely solving rush hour congestion.

The study stated that congestion affects employers in several ways. Primarily, it affects

impacts corporate activities such as shipping/receiving, logistics and distribution, client

meetings and other business activities. It also limits worker availability and productivity

by affecting employees’ commutes. In the Philippines, the effects of congestion on

workers and employees are a sore issue. Congestion leads to workers arriving late;

commuting hassles for workers, frustration/stress, long work commutes, long travel

time, and loss of personal time.

In the Philippines, street, traffic or system problems are major issues. These include

construction activities, accidents/incidents, inconvenient roads for customers and other

causes of traffic such as safety issues, poor road design, traffic signals, and on specific

roads.

In the case of Flat Planet, most of its employees live outside of Ayala, Makati where the

company’s headquarters are located. Many live in the South and North of Makati, and

commute daily to get to work. They have to contend with various ongoing road projects,
the massive volume of private cars and public utility vehicles that occupy the main roads

that lead to Ayala.

To avoid getting trapped in the morning rush, Flat Planet employees leave their homes

at least two hours before they shift begins. Without traffic, the commute should take only

an hour or an hour and half give or take. Of course, some employees still arrive late, but

only for five to 10 minutes and seldom more.

Flat Planet takes a very serious stand against tardiness, as lateness is considered

unprofessional. It has a biometric finger scanner and all staff are required to scan in and

out at the start and end of each day. At the end of each month, those who had many

late days are notified via email. (Hartgen,D,Fields M.G.,Layzell A., San Jose E.2014)

In the Philippines, you can add to the list traffic congestion in Metro Manila as another

sure thing we experience every day. MMDA reported 326,504 vehicles pass through

EDSA every day. 12,000 to 15,000 of them are buses. In 2015, LTO-NCR recorded a

monthly average new registration of 14,783 multi-wheeled vehicles (cars, SUVs, buses

and trucks) and 14,940 two-wheeled units.

According to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), traffic congestion cost

the Philippines P2.4 billion every day in 2012. If remain unsolved, our country can lose

P6B daily by 2030. The National Center for Transportation Studies (UP Diliman)

explained that the cost of traffic are based on several factors, among them are: value of
time lost due to delay; fuel costs; vehicle operating costs; Impact on health; and

Greenhouse gas emissions.

An average Metro Manila resident, mostly working people travelling to and from their

office, spends 1,000 hours a year in traffic and wastes as much as 28,000 hours of his

economic life. Wasted productivity hours amount to a monetary value that could be used

for other things such as earning extra income or spending more time with the family.

Joey Tibayan-Bayan, a radio reporter laments that going to and from work is such a

chore. She said, “You get all dressed up looking fresh and clean, when you get on the

PUVs, you disembark sweaty tired and dejected. The day has not even started yet!”

John Cueto, VP for Network and Technology, describes the Metro traffic as “tragic”

because it wastes time and effort that results to low productivity. “Mompreneur” Margaux

Hemady Rañosa confessed that her mother and sister were forced to rent a place in

Ortigas because of the exhaustion they get from traffic and waiting for transportation to

go to work. Ron Barbaza, a blogger, would sometimes allot 4 hours of travel time to go

to event venues just to make sure he will not miss his gigs. BPO Manager Shawn

Andrei Summers sums up his frustrations in five words, “Heavy traffic jam stresses me.”

Gretchen Filart Dublin shared that traffic is one of those reasons why she shifted to full-

time freelancing because it takes her 4 hours to travel from Bulacan to her previous

office in Manila. April Salonga, a Management consultant declares traffic as

“unbelievable” and getting worse because she now gets late even on weekends. Rizza

Garingo, who leads a field market survey team, would sometimes utter the word

“hellish” when stuck in traffic that only makes him doubly tired at the end of the day.
Cheryl True, a researcher, seems to have given up in finding answers to the traffic

problem and uttered, “Traffic is here to stay. It’s hopeless!”

The government has taken some initiatives in response to the worsening traffic situation

and its effect especially to workers like implementing of a four-day work week scheme in

some government offices and the DOLE Advisory No. 4, Series of 2010 that includes

flexible work arrangements.

The People Management Association of the Philippines (PMAP), the premier

organization of HR practitioners and people managers in the country with a membership

of more than 1,800 corporate and individual members, conducted a survey in one of

their recent monthly meeting attended by more than 200 members. The results showed

that 81% of the respondents are in favor of a 4-day work week scheme. The companies

also shared that they provide benefits to their employees to lessen the effect of traffic

like flexible work schedule, free shuttle, work from home option and gas allowance.

PDI talked to working people from all walks of life and asked them for suggestions on

how to lessen the traffic problems that we are currently facing. The following are their

responses:

Ruth Dela Cruz, IT Consultant. Local companies should start implementing work from

home option especially for positions which don’t require physical reporting in the office.

Kellypad Biasong, Nurse. Improve our train system and implement a “No parking, No

car” policy.

Cristal Maramag, Digital Officer. There should be more means of public transportation
and the government needs to fix our roads especially in flood-prone areas which worsen

the traffic.

Grace Bondad Nicolas, COO of a media and PR firm. Carpooling is another solution we

can consider aside from improving of our railway systems.

Raffy Pedrajita, Tech blogger. Every barangay should create a mass parking system for

people who don’t have a garage. Limit car ownership per family or company and fire the

current MMDA chair.

Enzo Luna, Blogger/ Photographer. If only we have a train system that works on time

like in Japan then wasted time going to work or school will be eliminated. Adapting an

effective system will help ease our public commuting.

John Michael Bueno, Computer Engineer. Use waterways and additional layer of roads

as options for more efficient public transportations. People should see train ads in

Singapore, it’s fun and educational.

Joveth Ong, Entrepreneur. Traffic management should start with LTO, LTFRB and

MMDA. What are those colorum vehicles doing on the streets? For me that’s the basic

and that’s the easiest way to manage the traffic.

Abdel Sabdani, Corporate Communication and Marketing Manager. Companies should

be mandated to have vehicles that can pick-up and drop-off employees on designated

points.

Jocelyn Alaraña Magbitang, Travel Agency Owner. Open the gates of private villages

even for a limited only.

David Ricardo Valencia Ferro, Network Administrator. Old buses should be phased out.
Yenan Glorioso, Project Development Officer. Centralized transport systemis one

solution. Increase the registration of vehicles 500 folds to discouraged car ownership.

Saj Kamid, Research and Extension Specialist. Bus rapid transit should be considered

as another mass transport mode. Re-educating the pedestrians on proper crossing,

when to cross, how to use pedestrian facilities should also be considered.

Agustin John Cabredo, Government employee. I moved near my office and I ride my

bicycle to go to work every day. It’s environment-friendly, cheap and good for the health.

Mark Joshua Pineda, Social Media Officer. Mass transport system, proper jeepney

stops.

Peter Sumile, Publisher. Install walkways and flyovers in intersections, major roads and

national roads.

Adrian Marco, Programming and Production Manager. President Duterte should

reprimand all “underperforming” local government officials: mayors, vice mayors and

governors. Manila and Pasay are good case studies.

Jayson R. Biadog, Technical Support. Flexible work schedule for employees.

Gino Romano Santos Decipeda, Process Specialist. Phase out all vehicles 10 years old

and above.

Leo Brisenio, Photographer. We need an effective and efficient transport system which

should be run by the government.

David D’Angelo, Event Organizer. Enact a congestion fee system where private vehicles

will be charged per hour for using major roads which are deemed congested. Improve

traffic lights and electronic system and remove incompetent traffic enforcers.

Whether we like it or not, the current traffic situation in Metro Manila will be something

that we will be seeing for the years to come unless a miracle of a solution will pop out

soon. While we are waiting for the antidote that will bring a lasting improvement to our

roads, maybe we can still smile a little in the midst of a traffic jam and spread good

vibes to our fellow motorist instead of pouting or worse, be involved in a road rage.

Or maybe we can consider the clever traffic-buster from working mom Mary Jane

Dionela, who recently migrated from Pasig City to Davao City, who suggested, “Zipline

please!” (Mamuyac R.2016)

Metro Manila (CNN Philippines) — Traffic can be deadly. A new study by the World

Health Organization (WHO) reveals about 7 million people die every year due to air

pollution. In Southeast Asia, most of this air pollution comes from traffic in highly

urbanized areas. Air pollution is an "invisible killer," WHO Director Maria Neira said. It

accounts for a third of deaths from lung cancer and stroke, a quarter of deaths from

heart disease, and as much as half of child deaths from pneumonia. On top of that, she

said, air pollution can also give people chronic illnesses, which can be expensive to

treat and can decrease the quality of their lives for years.
Jiao, C. (2016, September 14) (Traffic is main source of deadly air pollution in

Southeast Asia - WHO)

According to The Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP) It mirror's the

situation by saying that the length of time a worker spends on commuting has lessened

productivity. “The productivity of workers is affected, because it now takes an average of

three hours for a worker in Metro Manila to travel to work and another three to four

hours to travel back home," TUCP spokesperson Alan Tanjusay said in a separate

interview.

"Productivity has been greatly lessened," he said.

"Since there are no dramatic changes implemented by the government to enhance the

mass transport logistics and scenario in the past 14 years of the Arroyo and Aquino

administrations, we can only imagine the unquantifiable ordeal workers are going

through," Tanjusay noted.

As a result of the poor mass transport service, the TUCP has been calling on

government and employers since 2012 to implement a flexible working time for state

and private sector employees.

Because of the gridlock, what is usually a 15-minute drive may last up to two hours,

according to online financial platform MoneyMax.ph.

A long commute due to traffic makes workers less productive. Studies have shown that

a strenuous commute increases the likeliness of irritability and fatigue which decreases

a person’s performance on the job, MoneyMax added.

Cabuenas, J.V. (2015, December 11) Longer Commute, Equals Less Productivity

Roads, vehicles, people, and institutions. These are the top four reasons behind the

traffic crisis affecting Metro Manila.

"Part of the problem is that people are so impatient and people don't follow rules," said

Ma. Sheilah Napalang, director of the National Center for Transportation Studies.

According to Napalang, the government should prioritize improving the country's mass

public transport system, which includes railway and bus rapid transit. She added that

the premium P2P bus service is a good first step, as it gives another option for

commuters, and encourages private car owners to leave their cars at home.

She added that even with road repairs and improvements, Metro Manila "will burst at

the seams" as private vehicles continue to increase.

"We can no longer sustain so many private vehicles on the road. We will burst at the

seams, even if we do make third, fourth, fifth level EDSA," Napalang said.

Pascual,J. (2016, August17) What causes Metro Manila traffic gridlock?

The Effects of Traffic Congestion

 1. Delays

The first thing many people think of when it comes to congested roadways is the

delay. During the morning commute there is additional stress because delays

caused by traffic can make people late for work. And at the end of the day, the

afternoon rush hour is again a frustrating time because the workday is done and

people want to get home to relax, and traffic is preventing it. These delays are

the effects most people feel because they are universal to everyone who has to

maneuver through congested roads.

2. “Just In Case" Time

A secondary effect of traffic congestion related to delays is the inability to estimate travel

times. Those who regularly travel congested areas know approximately how long it

usually takes to get through a particular area depending on the time of day or the day of

the week. These experienced city drivers have to build in time "just in case" the traffic is

bad. This takes away from leisure time and time to do other tasks throughout the day.

Also, on a day when the traffic is unusually light the built in extra time may be of no use

and the person arrives too early.

3. Fuel Consumption And Pollution

The stopping and starting in traffic jams burns fuel at a higher rate than the smooth rate

of travel on the open highway. This increase in fuel consumption costs commuters

additional money for fuel and it also contributes to the amount of emissions released by

the vehicles. These emissions create air pollution and are related to global warming.
 4. Road Rage

Road rage is a senseless reaction to traffic that is common in congested traffic areas. If

someone is not driving as fast as the person behind him thinks he should, or someone

cuts in front of someone else it can lead to an incident that is dangerous to the offender

and those around him on the road. Road rage often manifests itself as shouting

matches on the road, intentional tailgating, retaliatory traffic maneuvers and mostly a

lack of attention being paid to the traffic around the people involved. It is basically a

temper tantrum by frustrated drivers in traffic. (Lee,M n.d.)

According to Gilbert Felongco in an article posted on Gulf News, congestion appears to

be worsening in the Philippines as wealthier Filipinos buy more vehicles and enjoy their

improved spending power.

Arsenio Balisacan, Director General of the National Economic Development Authority,

said that the Philippines loses P2.4 billion (Dh204 million) per day in potential income as

a result of traffic congestion problems and lost productivity.

Also, for a minute, suppose that 30,000 vehicles pass through each of main roads every

day and each vehicle is able to save one liter of fuel per day due to congestion

reduction. If fuel is priced an average of P45 /L, then this is easily equivalent to savings

of 1,425,000 P per day per road. For 12 roads and assuming to include only travel on

weekdays, the total savings per year can be computed as P4.212 billion.

In response to constantly mounting criticism, however, the Philippine government said

that relief is underway. It said that the main focus of efforts is to ease traffic flow in
EDSA, Metro Manila’s main thoroughfare. There is also a campaign to remove

unregistered buses from city roads, and to move the terminals of provincial buses away

from EDSA. The government plans to build the north and south terminal so that buses

plying provincial routes do not have to take the EDSA route.

Based on reports, Metro Manila’s last major road rehabilitation program was

implemented some 20 years ago. Various peripheral improvements in the metropolis

have been implemented since then, but population growth and the commercial and

economic development have also ensured that more business establishments use

EDSA than ever before.

Compounding the road situation in Metro Manila the poor drainage system. Whenever

the rains come, commuters are often trapped for long hours in traffic. Spokespersons

from the Department of Public Works and Highways said that it was doing flood

mitigation plans for Metro Manila. The government targets to pave all national roads by

2015-2016.

While total reduction of congestion is next to impossible in the Philippines, consistent

and serious efforts to improve transportation infrastructure for Metro Manila including

much delayed mass transport systems can translate to genuine benefits. Such benefits

include increased productivity and perhaps a healthier metropolitan population who

have to contend with less stress and air pollution.

The business community in the Philippines is all for investing on transportation

infrastructure to reduce congestion and lower costs associated with traffic jams.
Continued procrastination over road and other infrastructure projects that should have

been implemented long before will only leader to higher productivity losses.

Synthesis

The research is a collaboration of the different materials such as thesis,

articles, and journals. The concepts and theories that are cited will be useful and vital in

this study for it supports and guides us, as researchers, toward the fulfillment of the

desired output. The cited research will give us a critical and comprehensive analysis,

different information and additional explanation about the assigned research topic.

Based on the different theories of experts, traffic is really a major issue for

individuals especially to those who are working and needed to go to their workplace

early because no one wants to be tardy as always.

Many commuters got sick about the traffic that they encountered every day. It

is inevitable since the road, highways, and such are not quite wide enough to lessen the

traffic since there are lots of different kinds of vehicles especially to those employees

who uses their own vehicle and those employees that commutes to their work every

day. Well, traffic is non-measurable. And that is so hard even if an employee has his or

her own vehicle or none, and also harder to employees that came from far-flung

locations. So they must adjust their time since traffic in Metro Manila is never

adjustable.
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the research design, research participants, population

frame and sampling scheme, research instruments, data gathering procedure and

statistical measures that were applied in the investigation for the analysis and

interpretation of data.

Research Design

The current undertaking a descriptive analysis of data as it tried to come up with

a profile of The Effect of Traffic in the Performance of Employees of Selected

Companies in Metro Manila for the year of 2016. Being descriptive, it tries to describe

how traffic congestion is perceived by the employees that encounters traffic jams

everyday

Participants of the Study

The participants of the study were supervisor/managers and/or employees of

manufacturing companies in Metro Manila. We prepare some question/s for them to be

answered.
Population Frame and Sampling Scheme

The researchers will used 400 employees from different manufacturing

companies in Metro Manilla.

In statistical terms a random sample is a set of items that have been drawn from a

population in such a way that each time an item was selected, every item in the

population had an equal opportunity to appear in the sample. In practical terms, it is not

so easy to draw a random sample. First, the only factor operating when a given item is

selected, must be chance. (https://www.animatedsoftware.com/statglos/sgrandsa.htm)

The researchers will used random sampling for the results would be unbiased and it has

the characteristic that as the sample size progresses, the sample size approaches true

values of the population.

Research Instrument

The researchers will used the Likert Scale method, according to Study.com

A Likert scale is a psychological measurement device that is used to gauge attitudes,

values, and opinions. It functions by having a person complete a questionnaire that

requires them to indicate the extent to which they agree or disagree with a series of

statements. The Likert scale is named after its creator, Rensis Likert, who developed it

in 1932. In survey research, Likert scales are the most commonly used type of scale. In

the example earlier, those who completed Jake's survey had five different options to

choose from to indicate the extent to which they agree with each statement.
Validation of the Instrument

The instrument will be validated by

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers sought the permission of the persons in the authority before the

questionnaires for making surveys will be given directly to the respondents. The

respondents did their role for answering the questionnaires cooperatively that the

researchers did not find any difficulty or bad instances in securing data from them.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data that are obtained from the respondents were tabulated systematically in

order understand the correct information related to each element of the target

population.

This study will utilize statistical method to answer the research problems.

Weighted Mean will be used to present the respondents’ perception of the

administrators and tourists when it comes to traffic congestion.

X w=
∑ wx
∑w

Where:

X́ W = weighted mean

x = values of the items in the distribution

w = weight of the items in the distribution

Survey form: How does Traffic Congestion affect your productivity?

Directions: Please Read and Encircle the number that indicates to what extent you
Agree or Disagree

1.) Do you think traffic nowadays greatly affect your productivity at work
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
2.) Are you always late because of traffic going to your work?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
3.) Don you think there are negative effects of traffic with your health
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
4.) Do you think the government is giving enough effort to solve the traffic?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
5.) Do you think there are enough Jeepney’s and busses?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
6.) Do you commute everyday going to your work?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
1 2 3 4 5
7.) Are you stressed because of traffic jam you experience every day?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
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8.) Do you think pollution affect your health?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
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9.) Does better performance of employees help the business to prosper?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
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10. Does being stuck at traffic greatly affect you?
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree
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