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𝐸𝑥 (𝑡)
-2 -1 1 2
-1
𝜔𝑡 → 0 𝑡𝑜 2𝜋
-2
𝟑𝝅
𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎 𝝅⁄𝟐 𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟐
𝑬𝒙 = 𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟐
𝑬𝒚 = 𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟎
When the fingers of the left hand follows the clock wise direction
(direction of rotation of the E vector), the thumb is pointing in the
given direction of propagation (+ z direction). The wave is left
circularly polarized.
Option (c)
2. The intrinsic impedance of a lossy dielectric medium is given by
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇
(a) (c) √(𝜎+𝑗𝜔𝜖)
𝜎
𝑗𝜔∈
(b) 𝜇
𝜇 (d) √
∈
[GATE 1995: 1 Mark]
Soln. Conductivity = 𝝈 𝒎𝒉𝒐𝒔/𝒎
Permittivity = ∈ 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅 / 𝒎
Permeability = 𝝁 𝒉𝒆𝒏𝒓𝒚 / 𝒎
𝒋𝝎𝝁
E / H for a lossy dielectric medium = 𝜼 = √
𝝈+𝒋𝝎𝝐
Option (c)
3. Copper behaves as a
(a) Conductor always.
(b) Conductor or dielectric depending on the applied electric field strength
(c) Conductor or dielectric depending on the frequency
(d) Conductor or dielectric depending on the electric current density
[GATE 1995: 1 Mark]
Soln. For a conductor 𝝈 ≫ 𝝎𝝐
For copper with 𝝈 = 𝟓. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝒎𝒉𝒐𝒔/𝒎
𝟏
∈ = ∈𝟎 = 𝒇𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝝅×𝟏𝟎𝟗
at relatively large frequency
𝒇 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝑯𝒛
𝒋𝝎𝝁
Soln. The intrinsic impedance 𝜼 = √
𝝈+𝒋𝝎𝝐
𝒋𝝎𝝁
𝜼=√
𝝈
𝝎𝝁 𝟎
=√ 𝒆𝒋𝟒𝟓
𝝈
= 𝜼𝑹 + 𝒋𝜼𝒙
𝝎𝝁
𝜼𝑹 = 𝜼𝒙 = √
𝟐𝝈
Option (b)
6. The depth of penetration of a wave in a lossy dielectric increases with
increasing
(a) Conductivity (c) Wavelength
(b) Permeability (d) Permittivity
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]
𝟏
Soln. Depth of penetration 𝜹 =
𝜶
𝛂 = 𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝜸 = 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
= 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷
= √𝒋𝝎𝝁 (𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝝐)
𝝁𝝐 𝝈𝟐
𝜶 = 𝝎 √ [√𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟏]
𝟐 𝝎 𝝐
𝝁𝝐 𝝈𝟐
𝜷 = 𝝎 √ [√𝟏 + 𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟏]
𝟐 𝝎 𝝐
𝝁𝝐 𝝈
𝜶 = 𝜷 = 𝝎√
𝟐 𝝎𝝐
𝝎𝟐 𝝁𝝈
=√
𝟐𝝎
𝝎𝝁𝝈
=√
𝟐
𝟏
𝜶 ∝ 𝒇 𝒐𝒓 𝜹 ∝ 𝒐𝒓 𝜹 ∝ 𝝀
𝒇
Option (c)
7. The polarization of a wave with electric field vector
𝐸⃗ = 𝐸0 𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝛽𝑧) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 )
(a) Linear (c) Left hand circular
(b) Elliptical (d) Right hand circular
[GATE 1998: 1 Mark]
Soln. ⃗𝑬
⃗ = 𝑬𝟎 𝒆𝒋(𝝎𝒕−𝜷𝒛) (𝒂
⃗ 𝒙+𝒂
⃗ 𝒚)
It is a wave propagating in Z direction with electric field components
in x and y direction
at 𝒛=𝟎
𝑬𝒙 = 𝑬𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
𝑬𝒚 = 𝑬𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕
𝑬𝒚 = 𝑬𝒙 𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭
𝐸𝑦
𝐸0 𝐴
𝜔𝑡 = 0, 2𝜋
1
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋/2, 3𝜋/2
−𝐸0 45
𝐸𝑥
0 𝐸0
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋
−𝐸0
𝐵
𝐸𝑇
𝐻𝑇
Option (c)
𝜕2 𝐸𝑥 2
𝜕 𝐸
9. If a plane electromagnetic wave satisfies the equation = 𝑐 2 2𝑥,
𝜕𝑧 2 𝜕𝑡
the wave propagates in the
(a) x – direction
(b) z – direction
(c) y – direction
(d) x z plane at an angle of 450 between the x and z directions
[GATE 2001: 1 Mark]
Soln. The wave equations for free space (In a perfect dielectric containing
no charges)
𝛁 𝟐 𝑬 = 𝝁𝝐 𝑬̈
𝛁 𝟐 𝑯 = 𝝁𝝐 𝑯̈
The wave equation reduces to a simple form where E and H are
considered to be independent of two dimensions (x and y)
𝝏𝟐 𝑬 𝝏𝟐 𝑬
= 𝝁𝝐 𝟐
𝝏𝒛𝟐 𝝏𝒕
For uniform plane propagating in the Z direction, E may have
components 𝑬𝒙 and 𝑬𝒚
𝝏𝟐 𝑬𝒙 𝝏𝟐 𝑬𝒙
= 𝝁𝝐
𝝏𝒛𝟐 𝝏𝒕𝟐
𝟏
Where 𝒗𝟎 = is the velocity of propagation
√𝝁𝝐
Option (b)
𝜸 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝜷 = √𝒋𝝎𝝁 + (𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝝐)
𝝈
For a lossy dielectric, considered as a good conductor ≫𝟏
𝝎𝝐
𝝎𝝁𝝈
𝜶=𝜷=√ = √𝝅𝒇𝝁𝝈
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝜹= =
𝜶 √𝝅𝒇𝝁𝝈
𝟏
𝒐𝒓 𝜹𝜶 , 𝜹𝟐 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐚𝐭 𝒇𝟐 = 𝟒𝑲𝑯𝒛
√𝒇
𝜹𝟏 𝒇𝟐
=√
𝜹𝟐 𝒇𝟏
𝜹𝟏 𝟒
=√ =𝟐
𝜹𝟐 𝟏
𝜹𝟏
𝜹𝟐 = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝒄𝒎
𝟐
Option (b)
𝑬𝟐𝒙 + 𝑬𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏
It represents a circle in the 𝑬𝒙 − 𝑬𝒚 plane with radius 1
The tip of the E vector is tracing the circle in the clock wise direction
over a cycle from 𝝎𝒕 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟐𝝅.
The fingers of the left hand follows the clockwise direction, thumb is
pointing in the direction of propagation (+ z)
𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝐸𝑦 (𝑡)
2
-1 1 𝐸𝑥 (𝑡)
𝜋
3𝜋 𝜔𝑡 =
𝜔𝑡 = 2
2 -1
𝜔𝑡 = 𝜋
Option (c)
13. The electric field of a uniform plane electromagnetic wave in free space,
along the positive X direction is given by 𝐸⃗ = 10(𝑎̂𝑦 + 𝑗𝑎̂𝑧 )𝑒 −𝑗25𝑥 . The
frequency and polarization of the wave respectively are
(a) 1.2 GHz and left circular (c) 1.2 GHz and right circular
(b) 4 Hz and left circular (d) 4 Hz and right circular
[GATE 2012: 1 Mark]
⃗ 𝒛 )𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝟓𝒙 in free space
⃗ 𝒚 + 𝒋𝒂
Soln. 𝑬 = 𝟏𝟎(𝒂
⃗𝑬
⃗ = (𝑬𝒚 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒂𝒛 )𝒆−𝒋𝜷𝒙
𝒂𝒚 + 𝑬𝒛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
The wave is propagating in free space in x direction with components
in y and z direction.
𝝎
𝜷 = 𝟐𝟓, 𝒗𝒑 = = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
𝜷
𝝎 = 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 × 𝟐𝟓
= 𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒓𝒂𝒅 / 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟕𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝟕.𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟗
𝒇= = ≈ 𝟏. 𝟐 𝑮𝑯𝒛
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝐸𝑖
𝜎=∞
𝐸𝑟
𝑥=0
[S] 𝑍𝐿
𝑏1 𝑏2
𝒁𝒍 = 𝟎
𝒃𝟏 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏 + 𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟐 − − − − − − − −(𝑰)
𝒃𝟐 = 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐 − − − − − − − −(𝑰𝑰)
𝒃𝟏 𝒂𝟐
𝑻𝒊𝒏 = = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 + 𝑺𝟏𝟐
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟏
From (II)
𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟏
= 𝑺𝟐𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟐
𝒃𝟐 𝟏
= 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝑻𝑳 𝐢𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝒂𝟐 𝑻𝑳
𝑻𝑳 = −𝟏, 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎
𝟏 𝒂𝟏
𝒐𝒓 = 𝑺𝟐𝟏 + 𝑺𝟐𝟐
𝑻𝑳 𝒂𝟐
𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑳 −𝟏 𝒂𝟏
𝒐𝒓 = −𝑺𝟐𝟏
𝑻𝑳 𝒂𝟐
𝒂𝟏 𝟏−𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑳
𝒐𝒓 =
𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑻𝑳
𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑺𝟐𝟏 𝑻𝑳
𝑻𝒊𝒏 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 +
𝟏−𝑺𝟐𝟐 𝑻𝑳
𝑻𝑳 = −𝟏
𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑺𝟐𝟏
𝒔𝒐, 𝑻𝒊𝒏 = 𝑺𝟏𝟏 −
𝟏+𝑺𝟐𝟐
𝑺𝟏𝟏 +𝑺𝟏𝟏 𝑺𝟐𝟐 −𝑺𝟏𝟐 𝑺𝟐𝟏
=
𝟏+𝑺𝟐𝟐
Option (b)
16. Which one of the following filed patterns represents a TEM wave
traveling in the positive x direction?
(a) 𝐸 = +8𝑦̂, 𝐻 = −4𝑧̂ (c) 𝐸 = +2𝑧̂ , 𝐻 = +2𝑦̂
(b) 𝐸 = −2𝑦̂, 𝐻 = −3𝑧̂ (d) 𝐸 = −3𝑦̂, 𝐻 = +4𝑧̂
[GATE 2014: 1 Mark]
Soln. The possible combinations are
̂𝒚 × 𝒂
𝒂 ̂𝒛 = 𝒂
̂𝒙
̂𝒛 × 𝒂
−𝒂 ̂𝒚 = 𝒂
̂𝒙
̂ 𝒚 × −𝒂
−𝒂 ̂𝒛 = 𝒂
̂𝒙
Option (b)