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 The American Society of
Mechanical Engineers

A N A M E R I C A N
N A T I O N A L
S T A N D A R D

BAS TURBINES:
PRONIREMENT
Part 1:
General Introduction
and Definitions

ASME 3977-1-2000
(Identical to IS0 3877-1: 1887)
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 Date of Issuance: November 17, 2000

This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a
new edition. There will be no addenda issued to this edition.

ASME will issue written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of

technical aspects of this Standard.

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard
was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an
opportunity to participate.The proposed code or standard was made available for public review
and comment that providesan opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia,
regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.
ASME does not "approve," "rate," or "endorse" any item, construction, proprietary device,
or activity.
ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in
connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone
utilizing a standard againstliabilityfor infringement of any applicable letters
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any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the
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The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990

Copyright O 2000 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.

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 The purpose oftheASME3977 standards isto facilitate preparation of, andresponse
to, gas turbine procurement specifications. Theyare generally applicable togasturbines for
electrical power generation andindustrial generator andmechanical drive service.
Commencing in 1977,the B 133 Standards Committee of ASMEproduced a set of gas
turbine procurement specifications, covering all aspects of the process fromspecification
preparationtomaintenanceand safety. In 1988the International Standards Organization
(KO) established Technical Committee TC192,Gas Turbines, whichproceededto develop
a set of procurementspecifications documented as IS0 3977. In viewofthe international
nature of the gas turbine marketplace, the BI 33 Committee elected to support the IS0
effort, and a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) under B 133wasformedto coordinate this
support.
Through the participation of the US TAG i n the preparation of the IS0 3977 documents,
theintentistoadoptthevariousparts of I S 0 3977 as ASME standards.
The purpose of this Standard, Part1: General Introductionand Definitions, is to provide
a comprehensive, alphabeticallist of technicaltermspertinenttotheASME3977 series of
gas turbine standards.
ASME3977-1-2000is an identicalnationaladoption of IS0 3977-1:1997andwas
approved as an AmericanNational Standard on June 7, 2000.

...
111

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 ASME B133 COMMITTEE
Gas Turbine Procurement
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

OFFICERS
R. G. Narula, Chair
R. P. Allen, Vice Chair
R. L. Crane, Secretary

COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
R. P. Allen, Consultant
R. L. Crane, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
S. M. Decorso, Power Tech Associates, Inc.
S. A. Dellavilla, Strategic Power Systems, Inc.
G. S. Howard, Consultant
W. S. Hung, Consultant
R. Kurz, Solar Turbines, Inc.
R. G. Narula, Bechtel Power Corp.
K. M.Hyam, Alternate, Bechtel Power Corp.
G. Opdyke, Jr., Dykewood Enterprises
D. J. Parzych, Power Acoustics, Inc.
W. 1. Rowen, Turbine Engineering Consultancy
D. J. Ugolin¡, Bechtel Power Corp.
J. M. Vaught, Vaught Engineering, Inc.

SUBCOMMITTEE 1 - BASIC GAS TURBINE AND

PERFORMANCE
G. S. Howard, Chair, Consultant
R. P. Allen, Consultant
S. T. Cloyd, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
S. M.Decorso, Power Tech Associates, Inc.
R. Kurz, Solar Turbines, Inc.
F. J. Mulato, Consultant
R. G. Narula, Bechtel Power Corp.
G. Opdyke, Jr., Dykewood Enterprises
M. E. Osborne, Naval Sea Systems Command
V. Rosen, Siemens Power Corp.
W. 1. Rowen, Turbine Engineering Consultancy
E. J. Willson, Jr., Consultant

US TAG TO ISO/TC 192

R. G. Narula, Chair, Bechtel Power Corp.
R. P. Allen, Consultant
R. L. Crane, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
S.A. Dellavilla, Strategic Power Systems, Inc.
G. S. Howard, Consultant
W. S. Hung, Consultant

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 R. Kurz, Solar Turbines, Inc.
D. J. Parzych, Power Acoustics, Inc.
B. W. Rising, Siemens Westinghouse
W. 1. Rowen, Turbinè Engineering Consultancy
D. J. Ugolin¡, Bechtel Power Corp.

vi

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 CORRESPONDENCE WITH B133 COMMITTEE

General. ASME Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to represent the
consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact with the
Committee by requesting interpretations, proposing revisions, and attending Committee
meetings. Correspondence should be addressed to:
Secretary, B 133 Standards Committee
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Three Park Avenue
NewYork, NY 10016-5990

ProposingRevisions. Revisions are madeperiodically to the Standard to incorporate

changes that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from
the application of the Standard. Approved revisions will be publishedperiodically.
The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should
be as specific aspgssible, citing the paragraph number(s), theproposedwording,and a
detailed description of the reasons for the proposal, including any pertinent documentation.
Interpretations. Upon request, the B133 Committee will render an interpretation ofany
requirement of the Standard. Interpretations canonly be rendered in responseto a written
requestsenttothe Secretary of theB133 Standards Committee.
The request for interpretation should be clear and unambiguous. It is further recommended
thatthe inquirer submit hisher request in the following format:
Subject: Cite the applicable paragraph number(s) andthe
topic of the inquiry.
Edition: Cite the applicable edition of the
Standard for which the interpretation
isbeing requested.
Question: Phrase
the
question aas request for an interpretation of a specific
requirement suitable for general understanding and use, not as a request
for an approval of a proprietarydesign or situation. The inquirer may
also includeanyplans or drawings, which are necessarytoexplain
the question; however, they should not containproprietarynames or
information.
Requests that are not in thisformatwillberewritten in thisformat by the Committee
prior to being answered, which may inadvertently change the intent of the original request.
ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional
informationthatmight affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by
an interpretation may appealtothe cognizant ASME Committee or Subcommittee. ASME
does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device,
or activity.
Attending Cornmirtee Meetings. The B 133 Standards Committee regularly holds meetings,
which are opentothepublic.Persons wishing to attend anymeeting should contact the
Secretary ofthe B 133 Standards Committee.

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 CONTENTS

...
Foreword ............................................................................ 111

Standards Committee Roster ........................................................... V

Correspondence With B I33 Committee ................................................. vii

Introduction ........................................................................ 1

1 Scope .......................................................................... 3

2 Definitions ..................................................................... 3

3 References ..................................................................... 6
Figures
1 Simple Cycle, Single-Shaft Gas Turbine ........................................... 7
2 Regenerative Cycle, Single-Shaft Gas Tubine ...................................... 7
3 Simple Cycle, Split-Shaft Gas Turbine (i.e., With Separate Power Turbine) ......... 7
4 IntercooledandReheat Cycle (Compound Type), Multishaft Gas Turbine With
Load Coupled to Low-PressureShaft ........................................... 8
5 Single-Shaft Gas Turbine WithAirBleedandHot Gas Bleed ...................... 8
6 Single-Shaft Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine ............................................ 9
7 Single-Shaft Type, Combined Cycle ............................................... IO
8 Multishaft Type, Combined Cycle (Configuration With Two Gas Turbines and One
Steam Turbine) ................................................................ II
9 Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine WithPressurized Fluidized Bed (PFB)
Combustor .................................................................... 12

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INTRODUCTION
ASME 3977 provides technical information to beused
for the procurement of gas turbine systems, including
combined-cycle systems and their auxiliaries, by a
purchaser from a manufacturer.
NOTE: Wheretheterm“manufacturer” is usedinthisStandard, it
is deemed to meanthe gas turbinemanufacturer or theappropriate
responsible contractor.
This Standard provides a basis for thesubmission
of proposals in line with the different environmental
and safety requirements. It also specifies, wherever
possible, criteria to establish whether these are met. It
does not attempt todealwithlocal or nationallegal
requirements to which the installation maybe required
to conform.
Because of the very widely varying operating modes
for gas turbines in practice, distinct categories of op-
erating modes arespecified with which a “standard’
rating can be associated. These ratings are made on the
basis of the IS0 standard ambient reference conditions.
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ASME 3977-1-2000
The various parts of ASME3977 define a standard
framework for dealing with questions of fuel and other
matters, such as the minimum information to be provided
by both the purchaser and the manufacturer. Theydo not,
however, purport to include all necessary informationfor
a contract and each gas turbine installation should be
considered in its entirety. Attention is drawn to the need
for technical consultation between the manufacturer and
the purchaser to ensure compatibility of equipment
being supplied. particularly where the responsibility for
supply is divided.
ASME 3977 is applicable to open-cycle gas turbine
power plant using combustion systems, and to closed-
cycle, semiclosed-cycle, and combined-cycle gas turbine
power plants. In the case of turbines using free piston
gas generators or special heat sources (e.g., chemical
process,nuclear reactors, furnaces for super-charged
boilers), it maybe usedas a basisbutwillneed to
be suitablymodified.
This Standard isnot applicable to gas turbines used
topropel aircraft, road construction and earth-moving
machines, agricultural andindustrialtypes of tractors,
androad vehicles.
 ASME 3977-1-2000

GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT

PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

1 SCOPE 2.5
This Partof ASME 3977 groups together the terms semicbsed cycle: thermodynamic cycle utilizingcom-
anddefinitionsgiven in IS0 11086thatarerelevant bustion in a working fluid that is partially recirculated
to the procurement of gas turbine systems, and defines andpartiallyexchangedwithatmospheric air. [IS0
additionalterms. 1I O861

2 DEFINITIONS 2.6

For thepurposes of allparts of ASME 3977,the simple cycle: thermodynamiccycleconsistingonly of

following definitionsapply. successive compression,combustion, and expansion.
[IS0 110861
2.1
2.7
gas turbine: machinewhich converts thermalenergy
intomechanicalwork; it consists of one orseveral regenerativecycle: thermodynamiccycleemploying
rotatingcompressors, a thermal device(s) whichheats exhaust heat recovery,consisting of successivecompres-
theworkingfluid,one or several turbines, a control sion, regenerative heating, combustion, expansion, and
system,andessentialauxiliary equipment. Any heat regenerative cooling (heat transfer from the exhaust to
exchangers (excluding waste exhaust heat recovery ex- the compressordischarge fluid) of theworkingfluid.
changers) in the main working fluid circuit are consid- [IS0 110861
ered tobepartofthe gas turbine.
2.8
NOTE: Examples of gas turbine systems are shown in Figs. I
through 9. intercoofedcyde: thermodynamiccycleemploying
cooling of the working fluid between stages of succes-
sive compression. [IS0 110861
2.2
gas turbine powerplant: gas turbineengineandall 2.9
essentialequipmentnecessary for theproductionof
reheat cycle: thermodynamic cycle employing the ad-
power in a useful form ( e g , electrical, mechanical, or
dition of thermal energy to the working fluid between
thermal). [IS0 110861
stages of expansion.
2.3
2.10
open cycle: thermodynamic cycle inwhichthework-
ingfluid enters the gas turbine fromtheatmosphere combined cycle: thermodynamic cycleemploying the
andisdischarged into the atmosphere. [IS0 I 10861 combination of a gas turbine cycle with a steam or
other fluidRankine cycle.
2.4 NOTES:
( 1 ) In a common example, the gas turbine exhaust heatisused
closed cycle: thennodynamic cycle having a recirculat- to generate steam for theRankine cycle.
ing working fluid independent of the atmosphere. [IS0 (2) The superiorthermalperformance of this cycle is due to a
1 1 O861 combination of thebestthermodynamicattributes of each cycle.

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 S T D - A S M E 3 7 7 7 - I - E N G L 2000 0757b70 ObI7375 T 2 0 D

GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT

ASME 3977-1-2000 PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

namely theaddition of thermalenergy at highertemperatures in the 2.18

gas turbine cycle and the
rejection of thermal energy at lower
temperaturesintheRankine cycle. [IS0 110861 combustionchamber (primary or reheat): heat source
in which the fuel reacts to increase directly the tempera-
ture of theworkingfluid.
2.11
single-shaft gas turbine: gas turbine in which the 2.19
compressor and turbine rotors are mechanically coupled
and the power output is taken either directly or through
working fluid (gasorair) heater: heat source in
which the temperature of the working fluid is increased
gearing.
indirectly.
2.12
2.20
multishaft gas turbine: gas turbine combination includ-
ing at least two turbines working on independent shafts. regenerator/recuperator: different types of heat-ex-
changer, transferringheatfromthe exhaust gas tothe
NOTE: Theterm includes cases referredtoas compound and split- working fluid before it enters the combustion chamber.
shaft gas turbines.

2.21
2.13 precooler: heat-exchanger or evaporative cooler which
bled gas turbine: gas turbinewhich has, for external reduces thetemperature of the workingfluid prior to
use, extraction of compressed air between compressor itsinitial compression. [IS0 110861
stages and/or at the discharge of the compressor, or
extraction ofhot gas attheinlet oftheturbine and/ 2.22
or betweenturbine stages.
intercooler: heat-exchanger or evaporativecooler
(spray intercooler) that reduces the temperature ofthe
2.14 workingfluidbetween stages of compression. [IS0
gasgenerator: assembly of gasturbine components 1 1 O861
that produces heatedpressurized gas to a process or
to a power turbine. 2.23
NOTE: It consistsof one ormorerotating compressor(s), thermal overspeed trip: control or trip element which immedi-
device(s) associated with the working fluid, and one or more compres- ately activates the overspeed protectionsystem when
sor-driving turbine(s), a control system and essential auxiliary equip- therotorspeedreaches a preset value. [IS0 110861
ment. [IS0 110861

2.24
2.15
control system: general system used to control, protect,
compressor: that component of a gas turbinewhich monitor, and report the condition of the gas turbine in
increases thepressure of theworkingfluid. all of itsmodes of operation.
NOTE: This includes startingcontrol systems, governor andfuel
2.16 control systems, speed indicator(s). gauges, electrical supply controls
and other controls necessary for the orderly startup, stable operation,
turbine: termwhichwhenusedalonerefers to the
shutdown, tripping andor shutdown forabnormal conditions. and
turbineaction only. It is thatcomponent of the gas standby operation. [IS0 I10861
turbine which produces power fromexpansion of the
workingfluid.
2.25
2.17
governing system: control elements and devices for the
power turbine: turbinehaving a separate shaft from control of critical parameters such as speed, temperature,
which output is derived. pressure, power output, etc.

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 GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT
PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS ASME 3977-1-2000

2.26 2.33
fuel governorvalve: valve or anyotherdeviceop- specijìc fuel consumption: ratio ofthemassflow of
erating as a final fuel-metering element controlling the fuel to the net power output in kilograms per kilowatt
fuel input tothe gas turbine. hour [kg/(kW.h)] ofthespecified fuel. [IS0 110861

NOTE:Othermeans of controlling thefuel Row totheturbineare

2.34
possible.
thermal eficiency: ratio ofthenetpoweroutput to
the heat consumption based on the net specific energy
2.27 of thefuel.
fuel stopvalve: device which,when actuated, shuts NOTE: See also I S 0 2314:1989, 8.2.2 and 8.3.3e.
offallfuelflowtothecombustion system.
2.35
2.28
reference turbine inlet temperature: meantemperature
dead band: totalrangethroughwhich aninputcan oftheworkingfluidimmediatelyupstream ofthe first
be varied with no resulting measurable corrective action stage statorvanes.
of thefuelflow controller. In the case of speed, dead
bandisexpressed in percent ofrated speed. NOTE: Formethod of determination, see I S 0 2314: 1989, 8.6.

2.29 2.36
governordroop: steady-statespeed changes produced self-sustaining speed: minimumspeedatwhichthe
by the change of output from zero to the rated output, gas turbine operates, withoutusingthepower ofthe
expressedasa percentage of theratedspeed. starting device, underthemostunfavorableambient
conditions.
2.30
2.37
overtemperaturedetector: primarysensingelement
thatisdirectlyresponsive to temperatureandwhich idling speed: speeddesignated by themanufacturer
immediatelyactivates,through suitable amplifiers or at which the turbine will run in a stable condition and
converters, the overtemperature protection system when fromwhichloading or shutdownmaytakeplace.
thetemperaturereaches a presetvalue. [IS0 110861
2.38
2.31 maximum continuous speed: upper limit of the contin-
uousoperatingspeed of the gas turbine output shaft.
fuel specific energy (calorificvalue): grossspecific
energy isthetotalheatreleasedper unit massoffuel
2.39
burned, expressed in kilojoules per kilogram. The net
specificenergy is thegrossspecificenergy less the ratedspeed: speed of the gas turbine output shaft at
heat absorbed by thevaporizedwaterformedduring whichtheratedpoweris developed.
combustion. It is expressed in kilojoules per kilogram.
2.40
2.32 turbine trip speed: speed at whichtheindependent
hear rate: ratio of thenetfuelenergysuppliedper emergencyoverspeed device operates toshutofffuel
unit time to thenetpowerproducedinkilojoulesper to the gas turbine. [IS0 110861
kilowatthour [kJ/(kW.h)]. [IS0 110861
2.41
NOTE:The rate isbasedonthenet specific energy of thefuel
including the sensible heat above15°C(59°F)(seealso IS0 steam andor water injection: Steam and/or water
2314: 1989, 8.2.3). injectedintotheworkingfluidtoincreasethepower

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 GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT
ASME 3977-1-2000 PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

output and/or to reduce the content of oxides of nitrogen working fluid in the compressor and in the connect-
(NO,) in the exhaust. ing ducts.

2.42 3 REFERENCES
The following is a list of publications referenced in
mass-to-power ratio
(mobile
applications): ratio of
this Standard.
thetotaldrymass of thegas turbine elements (in
accordance with 2.1) tothepower of the gas turbine, IS0 2314: 1989, Gas Turbines - Acceptance Tests
expressed in kilograms perkilowatt. I S 0 11086: 1996, Gas Turbines - Vocabulary
Publisher: International Organization for Standardization
NOTE: See also ASME 3977-2. (ISO), 1 rue de Varembé, Case Postale 56 CH-121 1 ,
Genève 20, Switzerland/Suisse
ASME 3977-2-2000, Gas Turbines: Procurement, Part
2: Standard ReferenceConditionsand Ratings
2.43
Publisher: The AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engi-
compressorsurge: an unstablecondition characterized neers (ASME International), Three Park Avenue,
by low-frequencyfluctuations in massflow
of
the New York, NY 10016

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 GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT
PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS ASME 3977-1-2000

Key
1 Compressor
2 Combustion chamber
3 Turbine
4 Load

FIG. 1 SIMPLE CYCLE, SINGLE-SHAFT GAS TURBINE

t-4 t"--
1 Regenerator or recuperator
2 Combustionchamber
3 Compressor
4 Turbine
5 Load

FIG. 2 REGENERATIVE CYCLE, SINGLE-SHAFT GAS TURBINE

Key
1Combustionchamber
2 Compressor I I
3 Compressor turbine
4 Power turbine
5 Load

GENERAL NOTE: Alternative twin-spool arrangement is shown in dotted lines.

FIG. 3 SIMPLE CYCLE, SPLIT-SHAFT GAS TURBINE (¡.e., WITH SEPARATE POWER TURBINE)

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 GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT
ASME 3977-1-2000 PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

Key
1 Combustionchamber
2 H.P. compressor
3 H.P. turbine
4 Intercooler
5 Coolant
6 Reheat combustion chamber
7 L.P. compressor
8 L.P. turbine
9 Load
4 E II

FIG. 4 INTERCOOLED AND REHEAT CYCLE (COMPOUND TYPE), MULTISHAFT GAS TURBINE
WITH LOAD COUPLED TO LOW-PRESSURE SHAFT

r”--
1
* 3

Key
1 Air bleed
2 Combustion chamber /
,
” .
\
\
/ \
3 Hot gas bleed J \
4 Compressor -I I
5 Turbine \ l

‘Y-
6 Load /
/
,

FIG. 5 SINGLE-SHAFT GAS TURBINE WITH AIR BLEED AND HOT GAS BLEED

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 S T D - A S M E 3777-1-ENGL 2000 0759b70 ObL94DO L1A

GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT

PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS ASME 3977-1-2000

Key
1 Coolant 6 H.P. compressor
2 Precooler 7 Turbine
3 Workingfluid
heaters 8 Load
4 Heat source 9 Intercooler
5 L.P. compressor

FIG. 6 SINGLE-SHAFTCLOSED-CYCLE GAS TURBINE

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 GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT
ASME 3977-1-2000 PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

Key
1 Waste
heat
recovery
boiler 6 Condenser
turbine
Steam2 7 Combustion
chamber
3 Load section
turbine
8 Steam
4 Compressor 9 Gas section
turbine
5 Turbine

FIG. 7 SINGLE-SHAFTTYPE, COMBINED CYCLE

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GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT

PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
ASME 3977-1-2000

E
t I

I 8 9
P ”
I_
cl

Key
1 Wasteheatrecoveryboiler 6 Steamturbine
Load 2
Compressor
3 8 Gas section
turbine
section
turbine
Steam49Turbine
5 Combustion chamber

FIG. 8 MULTISHAFT TYPE, COMBINED CYCLE (CONFIGURATION WITH MIO GAS TURBINES AND
ONE STEAM TURBINE)

II

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 S T D = A S M E 3777-L-ENGL 2 0 0 0 m 0757b70 Ob17403 727 U

GAS TURBINES: PROCUREMENT

ASME 3977-1-2000 PART 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS

1
’\ t

Key
1 Wasteheatrecovery boiler 5 PFB combustor
2 Load turbine
6 Steam
3 Compressor 7 Condenser
4 Turbine

FIG. 9 COMBINED-CYCLE GAS TURBINE WITH PRESSURIZED FLUIDIZED BED (PFB) COMBUSTOR

12

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