01 Schaller

Willkommen bei Sto
European Coatings CONFERENCE | Architectural coatings
Short course: Basics of architectural coatings
Düsseldorf, 14 October 2014
Dr. Christian Schaller

E-Mail: c.schaller@sto.com
European Coatings CONFERENCE | Architectural coatings | October 14th, 2014 | Dr. Christian Schaller | 1
Basics of architectural coatings
Who am I?
1990 Abitur am Heinrich-Heine Gymnasium in Ostfildern
1991 - 1997 Chemie Diplomstudium an Universität Stuttgart
1998 - 2001 Promotion am Forschungsinstitut für Pigmente und Lacke in Stuttgart
2002 - 2009 Ciba Spezialitätenchemie in Basel, CH
2009 - 2011 BASF SE – The Chemical Company in Ludwigshafen, D
Juli 2011 Sto AG in Stühlingen, D
Agenda
 Market figures
 Composition of architectural coatings
 Binders: Dispersions, silicones, silikates
 Pigments
 Additives
 Metal coatings
 Wood coatings
 Facade coatings
 Functions of coatings and renders
 Optics
 Protection: Light stabilization, natural and artificial weathering, biocides,
water managment
 Functional facade coatings
Coating materials - Beschichtungsstoffe (ISO 4618:2006)
Coating materials
Paint, varnish Organic render Filler, putty
Application of coatings world wide in 2012
2 % Marine coatings
4 % others
2 % Can Coatings
2 % Coil
coatings
52 % Architectural coatings
6 % Wood
coatings
7 % Transportation
coatings
7 % Corrosion
protection Market size:
35,7 Mio t
96 Bio. € + 8 %
17 % Industrial
coatings
Quelle: Verbandsstatistik
What are architectural coatings?
Roof tile
coatings
Metall coatings
Fassade e.g. fences,…
paints
Wood coatings
Concrete
e.g. windows, doors
coatings
Wall, ceiling
Floor coatings
coatings
What are architectural coatings?
Terms architectural coatings and decorative coatings are used interchangeably.

They include all coatings applied for decorative purposes on new and existing
residential, commercial, industrial or other buildings (wikipedia.org)
Substrates for architectural/decorative coatings

 Minerals, stones
 Wood
 Metals
Elements for architectural/decorative coatings

 Walls, ceilings and floors
 Doors, window frames, fences, decks
 Radiators, tanks
 Constructions elements
Architectural Coating (BAM) market in Germany 2012
10 % Fillers
6 % Primer, impregnations,
sealer
49 % Interior paints
9 % Lacquers and varnishes
12 % Organic renders
Total market:
1.73 Mio. €
14 % Facade paint 950.000 t
Composition of
architectural coatings
Coating components
Fillers, fibres Pigments
50 60 % 1 0 30 % 1
Solvent
 Economy
 Color
 Application
 Protection
 Functionalities
Binder Additives
 Carrier for binder

 Application
5 95 % 1 1 5%1
 Binding
 Adhesion  Formulation additives
 Protection  Performance additives
1) % of the solid film
Coating materials - Beschichtungsstoffe (ISO 4618:2006)
Facade paint acc, Organic render acc. Mineral render acc.
1062-1 in % 15824 in % 998-1 in %
Aggregate pasty pasty powder
Organic binder 30,0 (disp.) 10,0 (disp.) 2,0 (powder)
Mineral binder - - 16,0
Water 22,0 16,0 -
Dispersion aid 1,0 0,1 -
Wetting agent 0,2 0,1 -
Thickener 0,8 0,1 0,3
Coalescing aid - 0,7
Flame retardant - 8,0 -
Film conservation 1,0 1,0 -
Hydrophobant - 0,5 0,5
Fibres - 0,5 0,2
Fillers 30,0 5,0 -
TiO2 15,0 2,0 1,0
Sand - 45,0 80,0
100,0 100,0 100,0
Binders
Binder technologies for architectural coatings
Façade/wall paints
 WB acrylate, styrene-acrylate, VAE dispersions
 WB silicones and silicates
Wood coatings
 WB acrylate, styrene-acrylate, alkyd, hybrid dispersions
 SB alkyds, oils
Metal coatings
 WB acrylate, PU dispersions
 SB 2K-PUR
Floor coatings
 WB/SB 2K-PUR, Epoxies, PUD
What are dispersion?
Dispersion is a system in which particles are dispersed in a continuous phase of a

different composition (or state). A dispersion is classified in a number of different ways,
including how large the particles are in relation to the particles of the continuous phase,
whether or not precipitation occurs ….. (wikipedia.org)
1 ml Polymer dispersion contains

ca. 100.000.000.000.000 particles
1 particle contains up to 10.000

macromolecules
1 macromolecule contains between

1.000 and 10.000
monomer units
Binder – technologies used for façades
Dispersions
 Acrylate for low PVC exterior paints/plasters
 Color/weather stability, reduced dirt pickup
 Styrene acrylate for standard exterior/interior paints
 Universal, price
 VAE - ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) for interior paints
 VOC-free, abrasion resistance
Silicones
 Silicone modified (resin/oil) coatings for exterior paints/plasters
 Hydrophobicity, weather stability
Silicates
 Silicates for exterior/interior paints/plasters
 Mineral system, ecological
Market share of facade paint binder chemistry in Europe
Market share of facade paint binder chemistry in Germany
Pigments
Pigments and extender
 Besides binder solvents and additives pigments and extender (filler)
are used to introduce
 Color
 Hiding power
 Special optical effects
 Functional properties e.g. sandability, hardness,….
Tasks of pigments Requirements for Special tasks of extender

pigments and extenders
• Selective absorption • Dispersibility • „Filling“with skeletal
• Light scattering • Unsoluble material
• Optical effects by • Light fast and weather • Sandability
oriented reflection or resistance • Improvement of
orientation • Chemical resistance mechanical and technical
• UV protection • Physiological compatible coating properties
• Corrosion protection
Pigments
DIN 55943:
inorganic or organic, chromatic or achromatic colouring
agents that are practically insoluble in the application medium
Organic pigments Inorganic pigments

+ Broad range of colors + Good durability
+ Brilliant chromatic colors + Good hiding
+ High tint strength + Good rheology

- Low tint strength
- Durability
- Low brilliance
- Hiding powder
- Small range of colors
- Low chemical stability
Titanium dioxide TiO2
Primary pigment for paints and coatings but expensive
TiO2 key raw material for façade coatings essential for:

 Quality (opacity, durability, color fastness…)
 Costs (up to 40 % of the formula costs are caused by TiO2)
Usually coated with inorganic oxides (Al, Si, Zn, Zr) to

 reduce photocatalytic effects
 improve weather stability
 aid dispersibility
Strategies for efficient and economic use

 Stabilization
 Separation
 Spacing
 Substitution
Why TiO2?
 TiO2 offers highest performance of any material for opacity and whiteness
From Mie theory: rutile TiO2 vs. ZnO

At equal concentration, 6 times greater
thickness is needed to achieve same opacity
Source: DuPont Technologies
 TiO2 dispersion vs relative hiding (PVC of paint 20 %)

Efficiency of TiO2 in coating depends upon:
 Primary particle size  TiO2 producer
 Amount of aggregation  TiO2 producer
 Dispersion quality in film  paint producer
Pigment volume concentration (PVC)
Gloss
Adhesion
Permeability
Blistering
PVC
low PVC CPVC high PVC

(< CPVC) (> CPVC)
Sheen interior paints

Varnish Elastomeric paints Flat interior paints
Silicate paints
Facade paints
Enamel paint Silicone paints
Additives
Additives
Additives (lat. additivum „to add“, „attached““), additional components incorporated into a
coating to improve both processing of raw liquid system and/or improve application
properties or influence dry coatings performance (wikipedia.org)
Formulation additives
 Processing
 Storage
 Application
Performance additives
 Coating performance
 Coating properties
 Additional functionality
Formulation additives
Wetting /
Rheology Slip & leveling
Dispersing Defoamers Other additives
modifiers agents
agents
 Clays
 Tensides  Mineral oils
 Cellulosics  Silicones  Compatibilizers
 Polyacrylates/  Silicones
 ASE, HASE  Fluorocarbons  Humactants
Polyphospates  Polymers
 HEUR
Performance additives
Added
Light stabilizer Antioxidants Hydrophobants Biocides
functionality
 UV absorber  Hindered  Silicones  Film protection  IR reflection

 BP, BTZ, HPT phenolics  Fluorocarbons  IPBC, OIT….  Electric
 HALS  Phosphites  In can  Magnetic
 Thiosynergists preservation  Corrosion
 BIT, MIT, CIT,…
Influence of light on coatings
Light and thermal stabilization of coatings
Automotive Industrial Architectural Wood Plastics
…and other painfull consequences….
Definition of UV light according DIN 5031
Ultraviolett (UV) light damages Visible (VIS) light responsible Infra red (IR)
organic materials (e.g. for photo-synthesys
coatings....)
 Most radiation (l < 290 nm) is  „life on earth“  heat radiation
absorbed by ozone in
atmosphere
 5 - 7 % of UV light reaching earth
surface
UV-A: 315 - 380 nm

UV-B: 280 - 315 nm
UV-C: 100 - 280 nm VIS: 380 - 780 nm IR-A/C: 800 - 4000 nm
UV-C UV-B UV-A VIS IR-A / IR-C
~
~
300 6
100 200 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
l / nm 10
Interactions of light with materials
„Mirror Effect“ „White Effect“
Reflection Scattering
Scattering
ISScattered light
Degree of Reflection: Mie theorie: I0Incidential light
N Number of particles
(n  1)2  k 2 N  D6 n2  1 D Particle diameter
R
R Reflection
IS ~  2  I0
l n 2
4 Wavelenght of light
(n  1)2  k 2
n Refractive Index
k Absorption coefficient n Refractive index
„Color of liquids“
„Color of surfaces“
Transmittance Absorption
Lambert-Beer law: A Absorbance

I T Transmission
T     e  cd I Transmitted light
 1  Extinction coefficient
A  log 10      c  d
 I0 
I 0 Incidential light
c Concentration
T d Film/layer thickness
Light absorbance and subsequent reactions
O2 Radical-
UV absorber R•
scavenger
h•n P-H
CH CH* P• auto- ROO •
P-H catalytic POO •
RO• + •OH
Peroxide PO• + •OH
decomposers
CH: Chromophore ROOH
P-H
= UV absorbing group POOH
UV absorber (UVA): Radical scavengers Peroxide decomposers:

Absorption (filter effect) of Trapping of radicals before Deactivation of
damaging UV light before subsequent reactions leading to peroxides
exited state CH* is formed degradation
Mode of actions of light stabilizers
Clear coatings Pigmented coatings
HALS
HALS
d T  e  cd
UV Absorber
UVA: UVA:
Optimal performance at higher Light protection by pigments
concentration (c), film thickness (d) (Absorption/scattering/reflexion)
and extinction ()
 Surface not properly protected
 Surface not properly protected  No additional UVA needed
HALS: HALS:
Avoid surface defects Avoid surface defects and protect pigments
Synergism with UVA and HALS Only HALS for opaque Systems
Natural and artificial weathering

Why do we need weathering tests?
 Weathering tests can be performed during every step in development and

production process
 Materials can be subjected to quality inspection to get insights into interactions
with solar radiation, heat and water
 to evaluate the performance of coatings (quality control)
 to optimize performance of coatings
 to predict protective/aesthetical properties
Variables for natural weathering
 Location (world wide weathering….)
 Orientation (north, south,….)
 Sample racks with differing inclinations (5°, 45°, 90°)
 Open or closed rack/boxes (air cooling from back)

 With and without glass cover panels (interior vs exterior)
 Fresnel mirrors can concentrate sunlight on samples (EMMA®, EMMAQUA®)
 Sensors and mechanical drives can track sun’s path to maximize radiant exposure
 Most important: you need to know what you want to see
Artificial weathering methods
Fluorescence light vs xenon light exposure
Pigment: P.O. 34 in AM system
Exposure: 200 h
Light fastness Weather fastness Weather fastness UV-A 8 h / 4 h UV-B 8 h / 4 h

ISO 11341/C ISO 11341/A SAE J1960 ASTM G154-00 ASTM G154-00
Xe-WOM CAM 0 Xe-WOM CAM 7 Xe-WOM CAM 180
Correlation natural vs artificial exposure
 UV-A and UV-B exposure

 “Quick and dirty” tests for relative comparison between materials (binders)
under specific conditions
 Fluorescence devices are relatively cheap
 Not suitable for colored substrates
 No comparison to service life performance or correlation to outdoor exposures
 Xenon exposure
 Suitable for clear and colored substrates
 Correlation to natural exposure depending on system and climatic conditions
 12 month Florida, US  2000 h CAM 7 (validated for automotive systems)
 12 month Stühlingen, CH  1000 h CAM 7 (validated for wood coatings)
 Xenon devices are expensive and need high maintenance
Natural vs artificial weathering
 Natural/outdoor exposure
 Realistic conditions (light, dirt, algea,…)
 No size limitations
 Long exposure time/limited acceleration
 Reproducibility of climate and seasons
 Artifical weathering
 Reproducibility and repeatability
 Acceleration possible
 Test can run continuously
 Only light effects
 Size limitation
 Correlation not always given
Limitations of artificial weathering
Real life
21 days
@ 35-40 °C
Accelerated
3 min
@ 100 °C
Biocides
Microbiological attack on facades
Fungi Algea
Conditions • H2 O • H2 O
• Nutrients • Light
• CO2
Substrate • Wet • Wet

Facade • Optik • Optik
Influences of microbiological attack
Environment Climate Construction Material
 Air pollution  River valley  Overhanging roof  Cracks

 Orientation  Lake area  Attic  Water uptake
 Surface/splash  Fog area  Building height  Substrate
water  Forest edge  ……  Biocides
 ……  Seasons  Food
 …..  …..
Biocides
Biocide is a chemical substance which can deter, render harmless, or exert a controlling
effect on any harmful organism by chemical or biological means. Biocides are commonly
used in medicine, agriculture, forestry, and industry (wikipedia.org)
European Community Classification

Biocidal Products Directive 98/8/EC (BPD), classification of biocides, is broken down into
4 main groups with 23 product types (i.e. application categories)
 MAIN GROUP 1: Disinfectants and general biocidal products

 MAIN GROUP 2: Preservatives
 Product-type 6: In-can preservatives
 Product-type 7: Film preservatives
 Product-type 8: Wood preservatives
 MAIN GROUP 3: Pest control
 MAIN GROUP 4: Other biocidal products
Influencing parameters on durability of biocides (actives) in coatings
Wind
 Direction
Material parameters  Intensity
 Leaching
Coating Water
 Water management  Rain (duration/intensity)
 Chemical/biological
 Durability  Dew
degradation
Climate / °C
Biocide  Evaporation  Night/day...
 Compatibility  Seasons…
 Solubility
 UV degradation Light/radiation
 UV/VIS
 IR
Functionality/Efficency
Ecotoxicity
 Biocidal Product Directive (BPD) 98/8/EC (PT 7 )
 Risk assesment: emission scenario documents PT 7
 Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)
Substrates
Substrates for architectural coatings
 Stone like (mineral) substrates

 Concrete
 Mineral plasters (EIFS)
 Fairfaced/exposed brickwork
 Natural stone
 Metal
 Iron and iron alloys
 Aluminium
 Zinc
 Copper and Copper Alloys
 Wood
 Natural wood
 Wood composite material
 Others
 Wallpaper
 Boards (gypsum, fibre cement,…)
Metals
Metal for architectural application
 Architectural metals used in buildings and structures

comprise several distinctive metallic materials for
structural and decorative purposes
 Iron and iron alloys (structural: columns, fronts, domes
and light courts; decorative: stairs, elevators, verandas,
balconies, railings, fences, …)
 Aluminium (constructive as well as decorative features:
entrances, elevator doors, ornamental trim,…)
 Zinc (roofing, gutter…)
 Copper and Copper Alloys (roofing,…)
 Metal need to be protected from damaging impact of

environment
 Most metal need corrosion protection due to coatings
Basics of corrosion
 Corrosion derives from Latin and means an intensive gnawing

 A process being destroyed by reacting chemically with its
environment
 Corrosion is gradual destruction of substrate, (e.g. metal like
iron, zinc, etc.) by electro chemical oxidation reaction with
environment - reaction of metals with oxygen and water
 Corrosion not only loss of decorative appeal - if not prevented it
shorten lifetime of objects
air
water O2
Fe2+ + 2 OH- → Fe(OH)2

O2 + 4 e- + H2O → 4 OH-
rust
Cathode area
metal 2 Fe → 2 Fe2+ + 4 e-
Anode area
Film formation, barrier properties and anti corrosion performance
 Coherent and defect-free polymer film is basic requirement for effective

protection of metal surface
interstices (as well as film defects) as pathways

for migration of oxygen, water and ions and …
… when they reach polymer-metal

interphase electrochemical reactions will
metal take place, causing rust
 Scratches, pores and zones of paint with reduced crosslinking density must be avoided
 Delamination can be delayed by designing binders with better film forming
and barrier properties, adhesion to metal and pigment distribution
Powder coatings
Use of powder coatings for architectural applications
Powder coatings are used for

metall construction elements and
facade parts
Hôtel du département des Bouches-du-Rhône

Marseille, France
Petronas Twin Towers, KL, Malaysia New Juventus Turin stadium, Turin Italy
Wood
Wood a unique construction material
 There are different applications

 Interior (parquet, furniture, …)
 Exterior (timber, joinery, …)
 There are different paint qualities
 Water-borne, solvent-borne, UV,…
 Alkydes, acrylics, 2K PUR, NC…
 Film forming, low film forming, penetrating…
 Clear, semi-transparent, opaque…
 There are a large choice of wood species
 Softwood, hardwood
 Pale/colorless, colored wood
 Modified wood, composites
……but there is no universal solution for wood….

What is Wood? Structural substances
D-Glucose
 40 % - 45 % Cellulose HO
OH
O
CH2OH
O HO
OH1  4
CH2OH
O
O
O O O
 Linear D-Glucose polymer (200.000 to >Mio.) O
CH2OH
HO OH  O HO
OH
CH2OH
 Cellulose is the „skeleton“ of wood -1,4-Glucan
OH
 25 % - 30 % Hemicellulose OH CH2OH
HO
HOH2C O
O
Pentose
HO O HO
 Branched low-molecular weight Hexose/Pentose polymers O O
HO
O
O
O O OH OH O
 „Glue“ among cellulose structures and lignin H CO
HO
3
OH
O
CH2OH
Hexose
OH O O
OH groups of cellulosics cause water sensitivity HO OH O

O
O
OH
MeO OH
MeO MeO OH
O OMe O
O MeO
OH O
 20 % - 30 % Lignin (lignocellulosic material) OH

O
O
MeO
MeO O O MeO O
 3D phenylpropanol polymer OH HO
OMe
OH
O
O
OH O
 Structural support and adhesive material in plants O
OMe
MeO O
Lignin is the „cement“ for wood

O
OH
 O OMe
MeO
O
MeO
Lignin responsible for photo-oxidation
What is Wood? Non structural substances
 Organic components („extractives“ )

 Some are highly colored and chemically active:
 Tannins act against microbes, pathogens  brown staining
 Resins act as biocide  migration from knots
 Terpenes act as bactericide, fungicide...
 Essential oils, waxes, fatty acid ester….
 Inorganic components („ashes“)

 K, Ca, Mg-salts; Fe, Mn, B cations...
 Colored extractives cause darkening/brown staining by

migration to the substrate surface
 Chromophores from extractives can be bleached-out
by photo-oxidation
Wood protection strategies
Constructive protection
 Wood assembly
Bulk wood
Protection from water

 Coating
Plywood  Hydropobic impregnation
MDF
Chemical treatment
 Industrial treatment of wood
 Impregnation/film protection
WPC
Light protection
Modified  Pigmentetd coatings
 Light stabilizer
wood
Stones
Mineral substrates for exterior and interior architectural coatings
 Substrates for interior wall paints

 Mineral/organic renders
 Wall papers
 Gypsum boards
 Substrates for exterior façade paints

 EIFS (Exterior insulation and finishing system)
 Mineral/organic renders
 Concrete
 Specifications for coatings
DIN EN 13 300 Classifies aqueous coatings for decoration and

protection of new and existing, coated and uncoated walls
and ceilings for interior applications
DIN EN 1062-1 Paints and varnishes - Coating materials and coating
systems for exterior masonry and concrete - Part 1:
Classification; German version EN 1062-1:1996
DIN EN 15824 Specifications for external renders and internal plasters
based on organic binders
Concrete
 Concrete is composite construction material composed of
 Aggregate (coarse gravels or crushed rocks e.g. limestone, or granite, mixed
with fine aggregate e.g. sand)
 Cement (Portland cement, and other materials e.g. fly ash and slag cement)
 Various chemical admixtures to achieve varied properties
 Water
 Concrete has relatively high compressive strength,

but much lower tensile strength
 Today ferroconcrete is used with following

advantages
 Chemical compatibility: alkalinity of concrete protect
steel from corrosion
 Force transmission due to composite nature
 Similar temperature coefficient
Properties of concrete
 Alkalinity of ferroconcrete is key for corrosion protection of steel

reinforcement
 Natural influences (CO2, acidic rain,..) reduces alkalinity and so corrosion
protection
Carbonization
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + H2O
Hydrated limestone limestone
pH > 12 pH < 9,5
 Requirements for concrete coatings

 Alkali resistance
 Protection against water
 Diffusion resistance against CO2; sd CO2 > 50 m
 Crack bridging
Exterior insulation and finishing system (EIFS)
Exterior insulation and finishing system (EIFS) is a type of building exterior wall
cladding system that provides exterior walls with an insulated finished surface and
waterproofing in an integrated composite material system (wikipedia.org)
Masonry
Thermal conductivity (λ) in W/mK:
Insulation material
Material l in W/mK
Base coat VIP 0,004 – 0,008
Aerogel 0,013 - 0,018

Reinforcement
PUR 0,024 - 0,035
Top coat render acc
EPS/XPS 0,032 - 0,040
(DIN EN 15824/998-1)
+ Mineral woll 0,030 - 0,050
Facade paint
Wood fibre boards 0,040 - 0,052
(DIN EN 1062-1)
Cork 0,040 – 0,050
Requirements for ETICS
ETAG 004: GUIDELINE FOR EUROPEAN TECHNICAL APPROVAL

of EXTERNAL THERMAL INSULATION COMPOSITE SYSTEMS
WITH RENDERING
 Water absorption (Capillary test) (5.1.3.1)
 Hygrothermal behavior (5.1.3.2.1)
 Freeze/thaw behavior (5.1.3.2.2)
 Impact resistance, hard body impact (5.1.3.3)
 Water vapour permeability (5.1.3.4, DIN EN 12 086)
 Bond strength
 between basecoat and insulation (5.1.4.1.1.)
 between adhesive and substrate (5.1.4.1.2.)
 between adhesive and insulation (5.1.4.1.3. )
 Bond strength after aging (5.1.7.1.1.+5.1.7.1.2.)
Specifications for facade coatings
DIN EN 1062-1: Paints and varnishes - Coating materials and

coating systems for exterior masonry and concrete - Part 1:
Classification; German version EN 1062-1:1996
 Optical properties (gloss)

 Mechanical properties (crack bridging)
 Permeability for CO2
 Water permeability
 Water vapor permeability
Specifications for renders and plasters
DIN EN 15824: Specifications for external renders and internal

plasters based on organic binders; German version EN
15824:2009
 Water vapor permeability (for renders) (EN ISO 7783-2)

 Water absorption (for renders) (EN 1062-3)
 Adhesion (for renders and plasters)
 Durability (only for renders)
 Thermal conductivity
 Reaction to fire (for renders and plasters)
Interior architectural coatings
DIN EN 13300: Paints and varnishes - water-borne coating

materials and coating systems for interior walls and ceilings
– Classification; German version EN 13300:2001 + AC:2002
 Wet scrub restistance (WSR)

 Hiding power, contrast ratio
 Gloss
 Grain size, granularity
Functions of architectural coatings
Basic functions Protective functions Additional functionalities

• Color/aesthetics • Water balance • Self cleaning coatings (Lotus®-Effect)
• Exterior durability • Dirt-reppeling, low dirt-pick up coatings
• Air cleaning / photocatalytic coatings
• Color stability
• Heat management, heat
• Resistance against biological absorbing/reflecting coatings
contamination • Anti-freeze / icing / fooging coatings
• Low dirt pick-up • Light emitting coatings
• Self-healing coatings
• Conducting, magnetic, electric
coatings……
Optical and aesthetical apperance of buildings
Protective functions of architectural coatings
Mechanic Water
 Exterior (hail, balls,….)
 Precipitation (rain, snow,..)
 Interior (insulation loss,
 Air humidity (dew, fog,…)
swelling,….)
Air pollution Temperatur

 Mineral (dust,…)  Natural (day, night, climate,…)
 Organic (NOx, rust,…)  Artificial (fire,…)
Bioorganism Radiation
 UV and visible light
 Microorganism (fungi, algea..)
 Infrared
 Animals (termites,…)
Color stability - Surfactant leaching and efflorescence
Efflorescence
 Migration and crystalization
of water soluble salt on surface
Surfactant leaching /Abläufer

 Washing out of water soluble
components from coating
Influencing factors
 Formulation components
 Application (Film built, drying
conditions…)
How to avoid it?

 Optimize formulation
 Reduce water soluble components
 Follow recommended application
Color and appearance – color stability
UV stability of coatings
 Color fading
 Surface defects
 Erosion of surface
Influencing factors
 UV stability of pigments,
binders etc.
 Weather conditions
 Orientation
How to avoid it?

 Optimize formulation (PVC….)
 Use more durable products
Measures against microbiological attack of facade coatings
 Constructive protection
Constructive
 Avoid direct water contact (driving rain/splash water)
protection
 Try to keep facade dry
Driving rain
 Optimize water balance of facade coatings
 Allow quick re-dry
H2O vapour  Low liquid water permeability (w value)
 High water vapour diffusion (sd value)
 Play with hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity
Splash/surface
water
 Optimize formulation
 Adjust formulation in terms of PVC,…
Condensation
 Reduction of potential food source
 Use of modern biocidal products

 Actives with improved durability in coatings
 Encapsulated actives with reduced
solubility/leaching rates
Parameters to describe water management
 Water permeability (Wasserdurchlässigkeitsrate)

w value in [kg/(m2•h0,5)]
 Water vapour diffusion resistance factor

(Wasserdampf-Diffusionswiderstandszahl)
µ [-]
 Water vapour diffusion equivalent air layer thickness

(Wasserdampfdiffusionsäquivalente Luftschichtdicke)
Sd value in [m]
 Water-vapour transmission rate (permeability)

(Wasserdampf-Diffusionsstromdichte)
V in [g/m²d]
Water management: hydrophilicity vs hydrophobicity
 Today there are two worlds

 Hydrophobic paints like e.g. Lotusan®
 self-cleaning due to super hydrophobic and micro
structured surface
 rain runs off
 long drying time after dewing
 Hydrophilic paints like e.g. ThermoSan

(Nano-Quarz-Gitter-Technology)
 fast surface drying
 water uptake in film
Paint Contac angel

Super-hydrophilic < 10°
hydrophilic 10° - 90°
hydrophobic 90 - 140°
Super- hydrophobic hydrophilic
hydrophobic (Silicon paint) (dispersion paint) Super-hydrophobic > 140°
(Lotusan®)
Functional facade coatings

Self-cleaning coatings - The Lotus®-Effect
The „Lotus-Effect ®“ is the technical

translation of the lotus leave mechanism
of action
Double functionality of mechanism of action
Function 1:
 Micro structured surface
 Contact area for dirt and water is
extremly reduced
Function 2:
 Super hydrophobic surface
 Raindrops drip off and rip of dirt
particles
Heat management with NIR technology
Morgens halb zehn in Deutschland......

09:30 pm somewhere in Germany...... Visual aspect
Thermographic picture
Sun light is energy riche radiation
Benefits and potential use of NIR technology
Standard paint NIR technology
 Dark colors can reach up to 80 °C under direct sun
irradiation
 Heat sensitive substrates can show problems
 Today colors with HBW < 20 are not recommended for

EPS based Exterior insulation and finishing system ~ 65 °C ~ 50 °C
(EIFS)
Colors based on NIR technology can close this gap
 Full color freedom on EPS based EIFS
 Energy safeing due to reduced use of air cons
 Reduction of urban-heat-island effect (UHI)

Thermal picture of Atlanta/Georgie
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GreenRoof/
Air cleaning paints
 Air pollutants  Light activates photocatalytic paint  Result is improved air

substances (smoke,  Formation of active oxygen quality
NOx) hit color surface
 Decomposition of pollutants at surface
Air cleaning paints can be used to
 Improve room air quality in inhabitated space (e.g. against smoke, odours)
 Reduces air pollution in urban life (e.g. streets, tunnels, subways,…)
Thank you for your attention

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Willkommen bei Sto

European Coatings CONFERENCE | Architectural coatings

Short course: Basics of architectural coatings

Düsseldorf, 14 October 2014

Dr. Christian Schaller

1990 Abitur am Heinrich-Heine Gymnasium in Ostfildern

1991 - 1997 Chemie Diplomstudium an Universität Stuttgart

1998 - 2001 Promotion am Forschungsinstitut für Pigmente und Lacke in Stuttgart

2002 - 2009 Ciba Spezialitätenchemie in Basel, CH

2009 - 2011 BASF SE – The Chemical Company in Ludwigshafen, D

Juli 2011 Sto AG in Stühlingen, D

Paint, varnish Organic render Filler, putty

Terms architectural coatings and decorative coatings are used interchangeably.

Substrates for architectural/decorative coatings

Elements for architectural/decorative coatings

9 % Lacquers and varnishes

Fillers, fibres Pigments

 Carrier for binder

1) % of the solid film

Dispersion is a system in which particles are dispersed in a continuous phase of a

1 ml Polymer dispersion contains

1 particle contains up to 10.000

1 macromolecule contains between

Tasks of pigments Requirements for Special tasks of extender

Organic pigments Inorganic pigments

+ High tint strength + Good rheology

Primary pigment for paints and coatings but expensive

TiO2 key raw material for façade coatings essential for:

Usually coated with inorganic oxides (Al, Si, Zn, Zr) to

Strategies for efficient and economic use

From Mie theory: rutile TiO2 vs. ZnO

Source: DuPont Technologies

 TiO2 dispersion vs relative hiding (PVC of paint 20 %)

low PVC CPVC high PVC

Sheen interior paints

 UV absorber  Hindered  Silicones  Film protection  IR reflection

Influence of light on coatings

Automotive Industrial Architectural Wood Plastics

UV-A: 315 - 380 nm

UV-C UV-B UV-A VIS IR-A / IR-C

„Mirror Effect“ „White Effect“

Lambert-Beer law: A Absorbance

UV absorber (UVA): Radical scavengers Peroxide decomposers:

Clear coatings Pigmented coatings

Natural and artificial weathering

 Weathering tests can be performed during every step in development and

 Location (world wide weathering….)

 Orientation (north, south,….)

 Sample racks with differing inclinations (5°, 45°, 90°)

 Open or closed rack/boxes (air cooling from back)

 Most important: you need to know what you want to see

Light fastness Weather fastness Weather fastness UV-A 8 h / 4 h UV-B 8 h / 4 h

 UV-A and UV-B exposure

Substrate • Wet • Wet

Environment Climate Construction Material

 Air pollution  River valley  Overhanging roof  Cracks

European Community Classification

 MAIN GROUP 1: Disinfectants and general biocidal products

 Stone like (mineral) substrates

 Architectural metals used in buildings and structures

 Metal need to be protected from damaging impact of

 Corrosion derives from Latin and means an intensive gnawing

Fe2+ + 2 OH- → Fe(OH)2