PUMPS &

COMPRESSORS
(BASIC KNOWLEDGE)

Mohammad Abdullah EL-Gendy

Chemical Engineering Graduate – Alexandria University
Pumps
Function:
Pump is used to increase the total energy
content of a liquid in the form of pressure increase.
Pumps
Function:
Pump is used to increase the total energy
content of a liquid in the form of pressure increase.
Pumps
Function:
Pump is used to increase the total energy
content of a liquid in the form of pressure increase.
Pumps
Bernoulli’s Principle

Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in

the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with
a decrease in pressure.
Pumps
Bernoulli’s Principle

Means that, for any fluid at any point,

there are three forms of energy.
1. Kinetic energy: Energy that the fluid
has due to its motion (velocity).
2. Potential energy: Energy that the fluid
has due to its position (elevation).
3. Pressure energy: Energy that the fluid
has due to the applied pressure
(force/unit area).
Pumps
Bernoulli’s Principle - Daily life observation
When you stand on the side of
highway road and a heavy truck
passed in a high speed, you will feel
that you are getting pulled towards
the truck.

This is because at a certain point

there is a high velocity (high kinetic
energy), according to Bernoulli’s
principle, Pressure energy is
reduced at this point that creates a
sort of suction at this point.
Pumps
Classification of pumps
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump – Working Principle

The mechanical energy of the

rotating shaft is converted to kinetic
energy to the impeller, The liquid is
forced from the center to the
outside of the impeller.

Centrifugal force pushes the liquid

outward from the suction eye.

Suction eye
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Low-pressure zone

As centrifugal force moves the liquid

away from the impeller eye, a low-
pressure area (zone) is formed in the
suction eye. This low pressure area in
the suction eye causes liquid to flow
into the suction eye.

This is why priming is necessary by

filling the pump with liquid before
operation.
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump - Bypass line for priming (P&ID)
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump

As centrifugal force pushes the liquid

outward from the suction eye, the
sectional area (through where the fluid
passes) increases.
So velocity deceases (Kinetic energy
decreases) and according to Bernoulli’s
principle,
Pressure energy increases
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Liquid enters the pump casing
when it leaves the outer edge of
the impeller.
When the liquid enters the
casing, speed decreases, as the
speed of the liquid decreases, its
pressure increases.

As shown in impeller, the

sectional area through the
casing increases.
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump - CAVITATION

When a liquid enters a pump, its velocity increases

causing a reduction in pressure within the pumping unit.
If this pressure falls too low, some of liquid will vaporize,
forming bubbles entrained in the liquid. These bubbles
collapse violently as they move to areas of higher
pressure. The formation and sudden collapse of these
bubbles is called Cavitation.
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump - CAVITATION
Pumps
Centrifugal Pump - CAVITATION
Pumps
Reciprocating Pump

Liquid enters the cylinder through

suction valves on the back stroke
and is displaced through discharge
valves on the forward stroke.

The cylinder valves act like check

valves, permitting flow only in one
direction. Pressure difference
control the action of the valves.
Pumps
Reciprocating Pump
Pumps
Reciprocating Pump
Double acting
To reduce PULSATION
Compressors
Function:
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the
pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.

Compressors are prime movers of gas and air in process

industries. They are used to increase static pressure of the gas
and deliver it at specified pressure and flow rate in a process
application.
Compressors
Types of compressors:
1. Reciprocating Compressors
2. Centrifugal Compressors
Compressors
Reciprocating Compressor:
Compressors
Centrifugal Compressor: Imparting Kinetic Energy to the fluid in
impeller and conversion of this energy into pressure energy by
decreasing speed in Diffuser.
 Compressors
SURGE:
Maximum head and minimum flow capacity is reached

If maximum head capacity is

reached, then pressure in
diffuser will be greater than
pressure at impeller outlet.

This will prevent fluid from

moving further at impeller
outlet and causes the fluid in
diffuser to flow back, i.e.
flow reversal takes place.
Compressors
SURGE:
Maximum head and minimum flow capacity is reached
Compressors
SURGE:
Compressors
ANTI SURGE:
Questions ?