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SADRŽAJ
PREDGOVOR II
SADRŽAJ III
1 UVOD 1
1.1 POVIJEST RA UNARSTVA 3

1.2 SUVREMENE INFORMACIJSKE TEHNOLOGIJE 12
2 OSNOVNI PRINCIPI RA UNALNE TEHNOLOGIJE 15
2.1 TURINGOV STROJ 17

2.2 BINARNI BROJEVNI SUSTAV 21
2.2.1 PRIKAZ NEGATIVNIH CJELOBROJNIH VRIJEDNOSTI 22
2.2.1.1 Ekscesivna notacija 22
2.2.1.2 Komplementarna notacija 23
2.2.2 PRIKAZ RACIONALNIH BROJEVA 23
2.3 PRIKAZ SIMBOLI KIH PODATAKA 26
2.4 ARITMETI KO/LOGI KE OPERACIJE 30
2.4.1 BINARNA ARITMETIKA 30
2.4.2 BINARNE LOGI KE OPERACIJE 32
3 GRA A RA UNALA 41
3.1 SABIRNICA 43
3.2 MEMORIJA 46
3.2.1 RADNA MEMORIJA 46
3.2.2 STALNA MEMORIJA 48
3.2.3 VANJSKA MEMORIJA 49
3.2.3.1 Memorijski diskovi 49
3.2.3.2 Traka 55
3.3 PROCESOR 57
3.3.1 SPREMNIK 58
iii
3.3.2 SPREMNIK NAREDABA 59
3.3.3 ARITMETI KO/LOGI KA JEDINKA 59
3.3.4 UPRAVLJA KA JEDINKA 59
3.3.5 PROCESORSKE ARHITEKTURE 59
3.3.5.1 CISC i RISC arhitektura 63
3.3.6 KAKO RADI PROCESOR 65
3.3.6.1 Strojni jezik 65
3.3.6.2 Primjer 67
3.4 ULAZNO/IZLAZNI URE AJI 73
3.4.1 TIPKOVNICA 73
3.4.2 MIŠ 73
3.4.3 ZASLON 74
3.4.3.1 Katodna cijev 74
3.4.3.2 Teku i kristal 75
3.4.4 PISA I 75
4 OPERATIVNI SUSTAV 79
4.1 ŠTO JE OPERATIVNI SUSTAV 81

4.2 STRUKTURA I ZADA E OPERATIVNOG SUSTAVA 83
4.3 MS WINOWS OPERATIVNI SUSTAVI 87
4.3.1 KONCEPT I ORGANIZACIJA NT-A 88
4.3.1.1 FAT 88
4.3.1.2 NTFS 90
4.3.2 NT JEZGRA 92
4.3.3 HAL 92
4.3.4 IZVRŠNE KOMPONENTE 93
4.3.4.1 Upravljanje objektima 93
4.3.4.2 Nadziranje sigurnosnog pristupa 93
4.3.4.3 Upravljanje procesima 94
4.3.4.4 Upravljanje virtualnom memorijom 94
4.3.4.5 Lokalni proceduralni pozivi 94
4.3.4.6 Upravljanje ulazno/izlaznim procesima 94
4.3.5 PODSUSTAV OKRUŽENJA 95
4.3.6 POKRETANJE NT-A 96
4.3.7 RADNI STOL GRAFI KOG SU ELJA 98
4.3.7.1 Ikone/simboli 98
4.3.7.2 Izbornik "Start" 103
4.3.7.3 Linija zada a 105
4.3.8 RAD S IMENICIMA I ZAPISNICIMA 105
5 RA UNALNE MREŽE 113
5.1 OSI REFERENTNI MODEL 117

5.2 TOPOLOGIJA RA UNALNIH MREŽA 121
5.2.1 ETHERNET 124
5.2.1.1 Komunikacijski protokol 124
5.2.1.2 Fizi ke zna ajke 125
5.2.2 TOKEN RING 128
5.3 TCP/IP PROTOKOL 131
5.3.1 DOD MREŽNI MODEL 131
5.3.2 TCP/IP FORMAT PODATAKA 132
5.3.3 PORODICA TCP/IP PROTOKOLA 133
5.3.4 INTERNET ADRESE 135
5.3.5 INFORMACIJSKE MREŽNE USLUGE 137
5.4 HTTP 144
5.5 NETBEUI/NETBIOS 148
5.6 IPX/SPX PROTOKOL 149
5.6.1 IPX 149
5.6.2 SPX 149
5.7 UNIX U MREŽI 151
5.7.1 IME RA UNALA 151
5.7.2 PROVJERA 152
5.7.3 PRIJAVA NA UDALJENO RA UNALO 153
5.7.4 PRIJENOS ZAPISNIKA 156
5.7.5 ELEKTRONI KA POŠTA 161
5.7.6 OSTALE MREŽNE USLUGE 167
5.7.7 MREŽNI ZAPISNI KI SUSTAV - NFS 169
5.8 WINDOWS NT U MREŽI 173
5.8.1 PRISTUP RA UNALIMA U MREŽI 173
5.8.2 "MAP NETWORK DRIVE" 176
5.8.3 PRISTUP MREŽNIM PISA IMA 178
5.8.4 PODJELA OBJEKATA 179
6 RAZVOJNE TEŽNJE 181
6.1 MIKROPROCESORI BUDU NOSTI 183

6.2 PARALELIZACIJA I SUPER-RA UNALA 185
6.3 SIMULACIJA I VIZUALNO RA UNARSTVO 187
6.4 RA UNALNE MREŽE 191
6.5 NORMIZACIJA 193
6.6 UMJETNA INTELIGENCIJA 196
7 PRIMJENA 199
7.1 MS WORD 200

7.1.1 PRIJE PO ETKA 200
7.1.1.1 Pokretanje MS Worda 201
7.1.1.2 Spremanje dokumenta prvi puta: 201
7.1.1.3 Spremanje dokumenta s drugim imenom: 202
7.1.1.4 Otvaranje postoje eg dokumenta 203
7.1.2 VRSTE POGLEDA I NA IN UPOTREBE 204
7.1.3 MIJENJANJE I PRILAGO AVANJE DOKUMENATA 205
7.1.4 OSNOVNO O PROMJENAMA TEKSTA 205
7.1.4.1 Korištenje kratica pri unosu teksta (AutoCorrect i Autotext naredbe) 207
7.1.4.2 Pronalaženje i zamjena odre ene rije i u tekstu 208
7.1.4.3 Ispravljenje gramati kih pogrešaka 208
7.1.5 URE IVANJE IZGLEDA TEKSTA 209
7.1.6 URE IVANJE TEKSTA POMO U STILOVA 209
7.1.6.1 Pregledavanje i korištenje stilova 210
7.1.6.2 Primjena stila na odlomak teksta 210
7.1.6.3 Promjena postoje eg i kreiranje novog stila 211
iii
7.1.6.4 Kreiranje naslova s više razina 212
7.1.7 KREIRANJE TABLICE SADRŽAJA 213
7.1.8 UNOŠENJE SLIKA 214
7.1.9 KREIRANJE ZAGLAVLJA I PODNOŽJA DOKUMENTA 214
7.1.9.1 Ure ivanje razli itog zaglavlja prve stranice dokumenta 215
7.1.9.2 Kreiranje zaglavlja i podnožja za parne i neparne stranice dokumenta 216
7.1.10 KREIRANJE UNAKRSNIH SPONA ME U ELEMENTIMA DOKUMENTA 216
7.1.11 DEFINIRANJE PRIJELOMA STRANICA 217
7.1.12 FORMATIRANJE STRANICA ZA ISPIS DOKUMENTA 217
8 LITERATURA 219
1 U V O D
1 UVOD
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Ra unarstvo se bavi gradnjom ra unala, ra unalnim programiranjem i obradom

informacija. Ra unalo je u osnovi sekvencijalni (slijedni) ure aj koji je sposoban interpretirati
simboli ki opisane algoritme u obliku programa i u skladu s njima obra ivati informacije.
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U potrazi za korijenima stvaranja informati kog društva valja po i od glavnih zna ajki
ra unala. One se mogu sažeti na sposobnosti pohrane podataka, izvo enja algoritamskih
zada a (ra unanja) i komunikacije.
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Sl. 1-2 Prototip diferencijalnog stroja Charlesa Babbagea
Sl. 1-3 Jacquardov tkala ki stroj
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1 U V O D
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Sl. 1-5 Na po etku razvoja ra unalne tehnologije elektronske vakuumske cijevi bile su
osnova implementacije prekida ke logike (prvu elektronsku vakuumsku cijev
patentirao je John A. Fleming 1904. godine).
Sl. 1-6 Memorija na injena od željeznih jezgri, 1951.
8
1 U V O D
Sl. 1-7 Prvi robot upravljan ra unalom patentirao je George C. Devol 1961.
Sl. 1-8 Prvi miš, Doug Engelbart, 1964.
Sl. 1-9 Intel 4004, prvi mikroprocesor, 1971.
9
1 U V O D
Sl. 1-10 Apple I, 1976.
Sl. 1-11 CRAY X-MP, po etak superra unalnog doba, 1982. godina
10
1 U V O D
11
1 U V O D
Suvremenu informacijsku tehnologiju karakterizira mikroprocesorska tehnologija visokog

stupnja integracije, ra unalne mreže te globalizacija i konvergencija informacijskih
tehnologija.
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Sl. 1-12 Power Mac G4 procesor i superskalarni mikroprocesor MIPS R10000, 17x18
mm, 6.8 miliona tranzistora, 800 MIPS-a
Sl. 1-13 Osobna ra unala na pragu 21. stolje a
12
1 U V O D
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Sl. 1-14 Prijenosno ra unalo
Sl. 1-15 Džepna ra unala s pristupom na Internet i mobilne komunikacijske usluge
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1 U V O D
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2 O S N O V N I P R I N C I P I R A U N A L N E T E H N O L O G I J E
2 OSNOVNI PRINCIPI RA UNALNE

TEHNOLOGIJE
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Turingov stroj se sastoji od upravlja ke jedinke koja može itati i pisati simboli ke podatke
na vrpcu (Sl. 2-1). Vrpca beskona ne dužine podijeljena je na spremnike (stanice, eng.
cells). Svaki spremnik može sadržavati bilo koji kona an skup simbola. Takav se skup
naziva "alfabet".
Upravlja ka
Spremnici jedinka
Vrpca
Sl. 2-1 Turingov stroj
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Sl. 2-3 Postupak zaokruživanja Turingovim strojem
18
Tab. 2-1 Stanja i operacije algoritma zaokruživanja
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21
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2.2.1.1 Ekscesivna notacija

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Tab. 2-2 Ekscesivna notacija
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2.2.1.2 Komplementarna notacija

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Tab. 2-3 Komplementarna notacija
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Sl. 2-6 Prikaz racionalnih brojeva
23
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S obzirom da ra unalo može interpretirati jedino binarne kombinacije, potrebno je

simboli kim podacima pridružiti odgovaraju e binarne kodove.
3 / - / 1B 7 # ; * 1 ( (B ( . .
*- ;8 ( # =6 ( - -
- - - #0 + 1B
C6 - / "> - #, # 69 ( 1B
#
Tab. 2-4 ASCII tablica
Char Dec Hex Oct Bin Char Dec Hex Oct Bin
^@ = 0 - 0x00 - 00 - %00000000 M-^@ = 128 - 0x80 - 0200 - %10000000

Â = 1 - 0x01 - 01 - %00000001 M-Â = 129 - 0x81 - 0201 - %10000001
^B = 2 - 0x02 - 02 - %00000010 M-^B = 130 - 0x82 - 0202 - %10000010
^C = 3 - 0x03 - 03 - %00000011 M-^C = 131 - 0x83 - 0203 - %10000011
^D = 4 - 0x04 - 04 - %00000100 M-^D = 132 - 0x84 - 0204 - %10000100
Ê = 5 - 0x05 - 05 - %00000101 M-Ê = 133 - 0x85 - 0205 - %10000101
^F = 6 - 0x06 - 06 - %00000110 M-^F = 134 - 0x86 - 0206 - %10000110
^G = 7 - 0x07 - 07 - %00000111 M-^G = 135 - 0x87 - 0207 - %10000111
^H = 8 - 0x08 - 010 - %00001000 M-^H = 136 - 0x88 - 0210 - %10001000
Î = 9 - 0x09 - 011 - %00001001 M-Î = 137 - 0x89 - 0211 - %10001001
^J = 10 - 0x0A - 012 - %00001010 M-^J = 138 - 0x8A - 0212 - %10001010
^K = 11 - 0x0B - 013 - %00001011 M-^K = 139 - 0x8B - 0213 - %10001011
^L = 12 - 0x0C - 014 - %00001100 M-^L = 140 - 0x8C - 0214 - %10001100
^M = 13 - 0x0D - 015 - %00001101 M-^M = 141 - 0x8D - 0215 - %10001101
^N = 14 - 0x0E - 016 - %00001110 M-^N = 142 - 0x8E - 0216 - %10001110
Ô = 15 - 0x0F - 017 - %00001111 M-Ô = 143 - 0x8F - 0217 - %10001111
^P = 16 - 0x10 - 020 - %00010000 M-^P = 144 - 0x90 - 0220 - %10010000
^Q = 17 - 0x11 - 021 - %00010001 M-^Q = 145 - 0x91 - 0221 - %10010001
^R = 18 - 0x12 - 022 - %00010010 M-^R = 146 - 0x92 - 0222 - %10010010
^S = 19 - 0x13 - 023 - %00010011 M-^S = 147 - 0x93 - 0223 - %10010011
^T = 20 - 0x14 - 024 - %00010100 M-^T = 148 - 0x94 - 0224 - %10010100
Û = 21 - 0x15 - 025 - %00010101 M-Û = 149 - 0x95 - 0225 - %10010101
^V = 22 - 0x16 - 026 - %00010110 M-^V = 150 - 0x96 - 0226 - %10010110
^W = 23 - 0x17 - 027 - %00010111 M-^W = 151 - 0x97 - 0227 - %10010111
^X = 24 - 0x18 - 030 - %00011000 M-^X = 152 - 0x98 - 0230 - %10011000
^Y = 25 - 0x19 - 031 - %00011001 M-^Y = 153 - 0x99 - 0231 - %10011001
^Z = 26 - 0x1A - 032 - %00011010 M-^Z = 154 - 0x9A - 0232 - %10011010
^[ = 27 - 0x1B - 033 - %00011011 M-^[ = 155 - 0x9B - 0233 - %10011011
^\ = 28 - 0x1C - 034 - %00011100 M-^\ = 156 - 0x9C - 0234 - %10011100
^] = 29 - 0x1D - 035 - %00011101 M-^] = 157 - 0x9D - 0235 - %10011101
^^ = 30 - 0x1E - 036 - %00011110 M-^^ = 158 - 0x9E - 0236 - %10011110
^_ = 31 - 0x1F - 037 - %00011111 M-^_ = 159 - 0x9F - 0237 - %10011111
= 32 - 0x20 - 040 - %00100000 = 160 - 0xA0 - 0240 - %10100000
! = 33 - 0x21 - 041 - %00100001 ¡ = 161 - 0xA1 - 0241 - %10100001
" = 34 - 0x22 - 042 - %00100010 ¢ = 162 - 0xA2 - 0242 - %10100010
# = 35 - 0x23 - 043 - %00100011 £ = 163 - 0xA3 - 0243 - %10100011
$ = 36 - 0x24 - 044 - %00100100 ¤ = 164 - 0xA4 - 0244 - %10100100
26
% = 37 - 0x25 - 045 - %00100101 ¥ = 165 - 0xA5 - 0245 - %10100101

& = 38 - 0x26 - 046 - %00100110 ¦ = 166 - 0xA6 - 0246 - %10100110
' = 39 - 0x27 - 047 - %00100111 § = 167 - 0xA7 - 0247 - %10100111
( = 40 - 0x28 - 050 - %00101000 ¨ = 168 - 0xA8 - 0250 - %10101000
) = 41 - 0x29 - 051 - %00101001 (c) = 169 - 0xA9 - 0251 - %10101001
* = 42 - 0x2A - 052 - %00101010 ª = 170 - 0xAA - 0252 - %10101010
+ = 43 - 0x2B - 053 - %00101011 « = 171 - 0xAB - 0253 - %10101011
, = 44 - 0x2C - 054 - %00101100 ¬ = 172 - 0xAC - 0254 - %10101100
- = 45 - 0x2D - 055 - %00101101 - = 173 - 0xAD - 0255 - %10101101
. = 46 - 0x2E - 056 - %00101110 (r) = 174 - 0xAE - 0256 - %10101110
/ = 47 - 0x2F - 057 - %00101111 ¯ = 175 - 0xAF - 0257 - %10101111
0 = 48 - 0x30 - 060 - %00110000 ° = 176 - 0xB0 - 0260 - %10110000
1 = 49 - 0x31 - 061 - %00110001 ± = 177 - 0xB1 - 0261 - %10110001
2 = 50 - 0x32 - 062 - %00110010 ² = 178 - 0xB2 - 0262 - %10110010
3 = 51 - 0x33 - 063 - %00110011 ³ = 179 - 0xB3 - 0263 - %10110011
4 = 52 - 0x34 - 064 - %00110100 ´ = 180 - 0xB4 - 0264 - %10110100
5 = 53 - 0x35 - 065 - %00110101 µ = 181 - 0xB5 - 0265 - %10110101
6 = 54 - 0x36 - 066 - %00110110 ¶ = 182 - 0xB6 - 0266 - %10110110
7 = 55 - 0x37 - 067 - %00110111 · = 183 - 0xB7 - 0267 - %10110111
8 = 56 - 0x38 - 070 - %00111000 ¸ = 184 - 0xB8 - 0270 - %10111000
9 = 57 - 0x39 - 071 - %00111001 ¹ = 185 - 0xB9 - 0271 - %10111001
: = 58 - 0x3A - 072 - %00111010 º = 186 - 0xBA - 0272 - %10111010
; = 59 - 0x3B - 073 - %00111011 » = 187 - 0xBB - 0273 - %10111011
< = 60 - 0x3C - 074 - %00111100 ¼ = 188 - 0xBC - 0274 - %10111100
= = 61 - 0x3D - 075 - %00111101 ½ = 189 - 0xBD - 0275 - %10111101
> = 62 - 0x3E - 076 - %00111110 ¾ = 190 - 0xBE - 0276 - %10111110
? = 63 - 0x3F - 077 - %00111111 ¿ = 191 - 0xBF - 0277 - %10111111
@ = 64 - 0x40 - 0100 - %01000000 À = 192 - 0xC0 - 0300 - %11000000
A = 65 - 0x41 - 0101 - %01000001 Á = 193 - 0xC1 - 0301 - %11000001
B = 66 - 0x42 - 0102 - %01000010 Â = 194 - 0xC2 - 0302 - %11000010
C = 67 - 0x43 - 0103 - %01000011 Ã = 195 - 0xC3 - 0303 - %11000011
D = 68 - 0x44 - 0104 - %01000100 Ä = 196 - 0xC4 - 0304 - %11000100
E = 69 - 0x45 - 0105 - %01000101 Å = 197 - 0xC5 - 0305 - %11000101
F = 70 - 0x46 - 0106 - %01000110 Æ = 198 - 0xC6 - 0306 - %11000110
G = 71 - 0x47 - 0107 - %01000111 Ç = 199 - 0xC7 - 0307 - %11000111
H = 72 - 0x48 - 0110 - %01001000 È = 200 - 0xC8 - 0310 - %11001000
I = 73 - 0x49 - 0111 - %01001001 É = 201 - 0xC9 - 0311 - %11001001
J = 74 - 0x4A - 0112 - %01001010 Ê = 202 - 0xCA - 0312 - %11001010
K = 75 - 0x4B - 0113 - %01001011 Ë = 203 - 0xCB - 0313 - %11001011
L = 76 - 0x4C - 0114 - %01001100 Ì = 204 - 0xCC - 0314 - %11001100
M = 77 - 0x4D - 0115 - %01001101 Í = 205 - 0xCD - 0315 - %11001101
N = 78 - 0x4E - 0116 - %01001110 Î = 206 - 0xCE - 0316 - %11001110
O = 79 - 0x4F - 0117 - %01001111 Ï = 207 - 0xCF - 0317 - %11001111
P = 80 - 0x50 - 0120 - %01010000 Ð = 208 - 0xD0 - 0320 - %11010000
Q = 81 - 0x51 - 0121 - %01010001 Ñ = 209 - 0xD1 - 0321 - %11010001
R = 82 - 0x52 - 0122 - %01010010 Ò = 210 - 0xD2 - 0322 - %11010010
S = 83 - 0x53 - 0123 - %01010011 Ó = 211 - 0xD3 - 0323 - %11010011
T = 84 - 0x54 - 0124 - %01010100 Ô = 212 - 0xD4 - 0324 - %11010100
U = 85 - 0x55 - 0125 - %01010101 Õ = 213 - 0xD5 - 0325 - %11010101
V = 86 - 0x56 - 0126 - %01010110 Ö = 214 - 0xD6 - 0326 - %11010110
W = 87 - 0x57 - 0127 - %01010111 × = 215 - 0xD7 - 0327 - %11010111
X = 88 - 0x58 - 0130 - %01011000 Ø = 216 - 0xD8 - 0330 - %11011000
Y = 89 - 0x59 - 0131 - %01011001 Ù = 217 - 0xD9 - 0331 - %11011001
Z = 90 - 0x5A - 0132 - %01011010 Ú = 218 - 0xDA - 0332 - %11011010
[ = 91 - 0x5B - 0133 - %01011011 Û = 219 - 0xDB - 0333 - %11011011
\ = 92 - 0x5C - 0134 - %01011100 Ü = 220 - 0xDC - 0334 - %11011100
] = 93 - 0x5D - 0135 - %01011101 Ý = 221 - 0xDD - 0335 - %11011101
^ = 94 - 0x5E - 0136 - %01011110 Þ = 222 - 0xDE - 0336 - %11011110
_ = 95 - 0x5F - 0137 - %01011111 ß = 223 - 0xDF - 0337 - %11011111
` = 96 - 0x60 - 0140 - %01100000 à = 224 - 0xE0 - 0340 - %11100000
a = 97 - 0x61 - 0141 - %01100001 á = 225 - 0xE1 - 0341 - %11100001
b = 98 - 0x62 - 0142 - %01100010 â = 226 - 0xE2 - 0342 - %11100010
c = 99 - 0x63 - 0143 - %01100011 ã = 227 - 0xE3 - 0343 - %11100011
d = 100 - 0x64 - 0144 - %01100100 ä = 228 - 0xE4 - 0344 - %11100100
e = 101 - 0x65 - 0145 - %01100101 å = 229 - 0xE5 - 0345 - %11100101
f = 102 - 0x66 - 0146 - %01100110 æ = 230 - 0xE6 - 0346 - %11100110
g = 103 - 0x67 - 0147 - %01100111 ç = 231 - 0xE7 - 0347 - %11100111
h = 104 - 0x68 - 0150 - %01101000 è = 232 - 0xE8 - 0350 - %11101000
i = 105 - 0x69 - 0151 - %01101001 é = 233 - 0xE9 - 0351 - %11101001
j = 106 - 0x6A - 0152 - %01101010 ê = 234 - 0xEA - 0352 - %11101010
k = 107 - 0x6B - 0153 - %01101011 ë = 235 - 0xEB - 0353 - %11101011
l = 108 - 0x6C - 0154 - %01101100 ì = 236 - 0xEC - 0354 - %11101100
m = 109 - 0x6D - 0155 - %01101101 í = 237 - 0xED - 0355 - %11101101
27
n = 110 - 0x6E - 0156 - %01101110 î = 238 - 0xEE - 0356 - %11101110

o = 111 - 0x6F - 0157 - %01101111 ï = 239 - 0xEF - 0357 - %11101111
p = 112 - 0x70 - 0160 - %01110000 ð = 240 - 0xF0 - 0360 - %11110000
q = 113 - 0x71 - 0161 - %01110001 ñ = 241 - 0xF1 - 0361 - %11110001
r = 114 - 0x72 - 0162 - %01110010 ò = 242 - 0xF2 - 0362 - %11110010
s = 115 - 0x73 - 0163 - %01110011 ó = 243 - 0xF3 - 0363 - %11110011
t = 116 - 0x74 - 0164 - %01110100 ô = 244 - 0xF4 - 0364 - %11110100
u = 117 - 0x75 - 0165 - %01110101 õ = 245 - 0xF5 - 0365 - %11110101
v = 118 - 0x76 - 0166 - %01110110 ö = 246 - 0xF6 - 0366 - %11110110
w = 119 - 0x77 - 0167 - %01110111 ÷ = 247 - 0xF7 - 0367 - %11110111
x = 120 - 0x78 - 0170 - %01111000 ø = 248 - 0xF8 - 0370 - %11111000
y = 121 - 0x79 - 0171 - %01111001 ù = 249 - 0xF9 - 0371 - %11111001
z = 122 - 0x7A - 0172 - %01111010 ú = 250 - 0xFA - 0372 - %11111010
{ = 123 - 0x7B - 0173 - %01111011 û = 251 - 0xFB - 0373 - %11111011
| = 124 - 0x7C - 0174 - %01111100 ü = 252 - 0xFC - 0374 - %11111100
} = 125 - 0x7D - 0175 - %01111101 ý = 253 - 0xFD - 0375 - %11111101
~ = 126 - 0x7E - 0176 - %01111110 þ = 254 - 0xFE - 0376 - %11111110
^? = 127 - 0x7F - 0177 - %01111111 ÿ = 255 - 0xFF - 0377 - %11111111
28
29
" # $ !
"
(.
# 7 # U - 8 #
3 . - * #
#, # 6" ( . * G
( ) ( #
Tab. 2-5 Binarna aritmetika za zbrajanje, oduzimanje, množenje i dijeljenje
0 * 0
!N! T ! !
!N: T : !
:N! T : !
:N: T ! :
$ (
, 6 0 (
!6! T ! !
!6: T : :
:6! T : !
:6: T ! !
$ )
) x , )
)
!x! T !
!x: T !
:x! T !
:x: T :
30
$ (
3 L(
!/! T !
!/: T !
:/! T V
:/: T :
0 ( ( (* #
, ( * #,
( - * #
$ (* +
(/ :! / 7:N:8 #G
011000
101101 :# 79"8
+ 1100 # 7: 8
111001 7"=8
"#$%
( ) ( ( (* - (
#
011110 (
101001 79:8
- 11011 7 =8
01110 7:98
3 ( ( (
:# %( - # 3
( ( ( *
#G
010 110 110 110
101 001 001 001 (

+ 1
101 001 001 010 (
010 110 110 110

+ 101 001 001 010 (
1 000 000 000 000
31
( ( :#
79: 6 =8 ( /G
00001
101001 79:8
- 11011 7 =8
00100 (
+ 1
+ 00101 (
101110 7:98
( ( ( =
( * #
&
( ) ( ) (
(/ ) #G
101101 :# ) 79"8
x 101 # ) 7"8
101101
000000
101101
11100001 ) 7 "8
'
0 ( ) ) (
( (* - #G
1010 ( 7:!8
/ 10 ( 7 8
10/10=1 !
1/10=0 :
10/10=1 !
101 7"8
" !
H/ / * #
3 / -*
* # 2 - ( 7 ( 8
( # * $ * #
( < $ :C"9# (
$ # (
/ ) ) - - *
( - - # / ( ) +
( ( - # $
* - #
32
G NE 7NOT8 I 7AND *, ∧8 ILI 7OR +, ∨8 Ex-ILI 7EX-

OR ⊕ 8 NI 7NAND8 NILI 7NOR8# @ +
7 # 8# $ -
: !# , : ( 7 # 8
! 7 # . 8# , - : (
7 8 ! #
% & '% (
@ NE 7 8 ( ( * G
NE A = B =
A = 1, ( ; ; ( =0 # 1# 6= *
() (
- #
1
A B A B A B
1 0
0 1
Sl. 2-7 Tablica istine i simboli NE (NOT) operatora
) '# % * (
7 38 7:8 2
71# 6C8#
A*B
A B C A & A
0 0 0 C C
0 1 0
1 0 0 B B
1 1 1
Sl. 2-8 Tablica istine i simboli I (AND) operatora
, * (* G
if (A and B) then C //ako su A i B istiniti tada je i C

istinit
) ) ; ; - #G
!!!!::::
7 38 :!:!:!:!
!!!!:!:!
0 !!!!:::: #0
( / (
33
# ( (* ()
#
)+ ) ' , (
@ ( ( ( ( :#
A+B
A B C A 1 A
0 0 0 C C
0 1 1
1 0 1 B B
1 1 1
Sl. 2-9 Tablica istine i simboli ILI (OR) operatora
, (/ G
if (A or B) then C //ako su A ili B istiniti tada je i C

istinit
0 @ ( :G
::::!!!!
@7 8 :!:!:!:!
:::::!:!
% ) '% # % * (
( * 71# 6:!8# )
* & / #
A* B
A B C A & A
0 0 1 C C
0 1 1
B B
1 0 1
1 1 0
Sl. 2-10 Tablica istine i simbol NI (NAND) operatora
A & 1
C
34
Sl. 2-11 Operator NI kao kombinacija I i NE operatora
% )+ ) '% , (
@ ( * @ 71# 6: 8#
A+ B
A B C A 1 A
C C
0 0 1
0 1 0 B
1 0 0 B
1 1 0
Sl. 2-12 Tablica istine i simbol NILI (NOR) operatora
& - . )+ ) '& - . , (
&J6 @ ( @
( ( ( ( (
( 71# 6:?8# ; ;( ; 6 ;7
$8 ;; * 7 $8# + 1# 6:9 )
* - @ &#
A⊕ B
A B C A # A
C C
0 0 0
0 1 1
B B
1 0 1
1 1 0
Sl. 2-13 Tablica istine i simbol Ex-ILI (EX-OR) operatora
&
1
1
C
1
A &
Sl. 2-14 Logi ka shema operatora Ex-ILI pomo u elementarnih Booleovih operatora
35
&J6 @ - #
( ( ( ( * &J6 @
/ #G
::::::::
&J6 @ 7&M6 8 :!:!:!:!
!:!:!:!:
, )/ 0 & % # + 1 )2 3 )4 & , # 5 )0 #
, / * *
- * #
0 ( - + ( (
( ( - G
A 0 0 1 1
B +0 +1 +0 +1
C 0 1 1 (1)0
7:N:8 ) (
&J6 @ # 3
( ( ( G
A 0 0 1 1
B +0 +1 +0 +1
C 00 01 01 10
( / * # 6>#
Tab. 2-6 Tablica istine za zbrajanje binarnih brojeva dužine jednog bita s prijenosom
A+B
A B C Q
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
# 6> ( ( C ( Ex-ILI * P ( I #
0 * ( + - # (
;( ;# 3 *
( # 6=# ; ;#
Tab. 2-7 Tablica istine za zbrajanje s prijenosom i donosom.
36
A+B
D A B C Q
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
+ * # 1 # 6:"
- ( * # *(
* ( &J6 @ $ B L (
( * &J6 @ 7 * &J6 @ 8#
A B D
Sl. 2-15 Logi ka shema sumatora
1 ( ( ( - - * ( (
1# 6:># ( )
+ - - #, )
C6 ( C ( - 71 # 6:=8#
A B
Q Full Adder D
C
Sl. 2-16 Sumator
37
A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
Full Full Full Full Full Full Full Full

Q D
Adder Adder Adder Adder Adder Adder Adder Adder
C C C C C C C C
Sl. 2-17 8-bitni sumator
0 ; 6* F (( ; 7 # 6 )
8# ( ( * + ( (
# 0 ( ( #
( ( ( #
, (? >9 ) :!!6 !! # (
- + ( * #
( ) #
67 + ) . 7+ 6 / &/ , )0 #
* 7 # . ( * 8# 0
( * ( ( ( (
- 71 # 6:C8#
Sl. 2-18 Logi ki sklop s povratnom vezom
A
C
C'
B
Sl. 2-19 Jednostavan memorijski sklop
% ( 1 # 6:A#
1 (( #1 (
( # 0 / 2 #
( * 7 # 6C8 ) ( B (
( $ ( BK ( ( B# T$T: (
( ) / ( ( / ( (
( ≠$#
Tab. 2-8 Tablica istine za logi ki sklop sa Sl.
38
A B C C'
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 pamti
0 0 nedefinirano
0 ( / ( (
$ ( !# ( 1 # 6:A (
: + ( ( . #3
+ 1 # 6 !#
A
B C
C'
Sl. 2-20 Flip-flop memorija
. 6. #0 ( ) -
( ( $ ) #
$ ( : B/ ( ) ( ( # $ ( !
B/ ( ( #
3 * - -
/ ) 6 * #1 (
*G 6 - -
* ( ( ( ( / (
- #
39
40
3 G R A A R A U N A L A
3 GRA A RA UNALA
- * - - (
( * - (+
* # 3 /
. * * #< 2 ( )
+ ( 7- ( #
- (5 8# 0 + / ( - ) - #
* + ( L 2
/ ( / ( -# 0
- - * (
( ) # ( ( -
( * 2 # 1 * (
# 1 # ?6: - 2
#
SABIRNICA
ULAZNO/IZLAZNO RADNA MEMORIJA

SU ELJE PROCESOR
(RAM)
(zaslon, tipkovnica, miš,
pisa , mreža)
VANJSKA
MEMORIJA
(disk, CD)
Sl. 3-1 Shema gra e ra unala
41
42
, * 2 * -
( - * 7 # ;$ ;8 / -
. * * #
Sabirnica je snop provodnika koji ostvaruju prijenos binarnih podataka. Svaki je provodnik
nosilac jednog bita. Sabirnica prenosi istovremeno cijeli slog (kombinaciju binarnih brojeva),
iji sadržaj može biti podatak o vrijednosti neke varijable, adresa, instrukcija i sli no.
1 ( ( G ( ( ) ( (
( / - 71 # ?6 8# ( )
7 # ; F ;8# 3 #1
/ ( ) ? >9 : C + #
Ure aj Ure aj Ure aj

1 2 3
CPU
Podaci
Adrese
Upravlja ki signali
Sl. 3-2 Struktura sabirnice
1 * ( ( ( ( * (
# * ( / . .
( ( #3 *
# . ( ( -
( ( ) # ) )
#0 - 2
2 7 # 1:!! 0B H&1 8#
- ( #
1 * ( 2 * ( +
7 ) ( 8. * ( ( 7
2 ( ( 8# 0
* ( 2 (+ * ( #
( 7 # ( 8 - - -
( ( ( * #1 - -
) + ( ( *
* * #,
( + * . - (
- . * (
( ( 2 ( - 7 ( +
43
( ( ( : T :
$L : ( T: <$8#
44
45
( ) - ( # ,
+ - G (
#
< ( - - L
( ( L 2 7 : * 6
( 8# 0 ( (
( - *
* #0 - ( (+
7C ( )
T: :
F 8# , - ( + ( C (
+ + #3 ) - ( (
* * #1 ( *
- =6 C6 7 1B 8# ( * +/
+ #? 7( 8+ / - * - (
( 6 :9= 9C? >9= ( N :9= 9C? >9=7 ?: - ( / ( 8
* - ( ( 6? 9Q:!?C ( N?#9Q:!?C 7 ( (
> 9 8# , (
- * ( 7 # ;3 6
0 * ;8 ( >9 + / - ( ( 6:!Q:!?!C (
N:!Q:!?!C 7A 8#
+ * (
7 8# 1 ( ( ( (!
( + ( # 3
- * (( ( +
+ #0 ( * ) )
* #
Vrijeme pristupa je vremenski interval koji protekne od trenutka izdavanja zahtjeva za

itanje do trenutka kada se traženi podatak pojavi na izlazu iz memorije.
Ciklus memoriranja je definiran najmanjim vremenskim intervalom izme u itanja i

ponovnog upisa.
( 7 (
8 ( ( + ( 2 (
( ) ( ( / ( #1 ( ( *
) ( ( - ) 2
( ( ( + ;
; 7 #; ( ** F;8#
: 1 ( * %# 0# &* ( ( #
:> T: : ;5 (;
46
( - (- 6 * 7 # ;*- ; 6
( / # )( 8# 0 (
() + ) - # 2 (
( 7 * 8 "! ( (
!# ( + / - ;*- ;# (
( ( - * - *.
7ρ T ?Q:!" ΩL* ( =°B8 2 *.
7 # ρ T Q:!:? ΩL* 8 ( 7 # ρ T :#=Q:!6> ΩL* 8#
Sl. 3-3 Postupak izradbe poluvodi kih komponenata
0 ( 1 # ?6?# (
. 6 71 # ?6?# 8#
0 + ( #,
( (
71 # ?6?# 8# 0 / / (
( 71 # ?6?# 8# 0
. ( * ( 71 # ?6?#*8# .
* 7* 8# 1 * +/
( ( * 71 # ?6?#(8 / (
( 7 * 8# 3
. + 71 # ?6?# 8 # (
* # -? (
71 # ?6?#.8#
? , ( ( * (
- + ) #
47
Sl. 3-4 Princip rada poluvodi ke komponente
( * 7* 8
/ 2 ( ( - -
* - # ( ( +/
( ( - # (
( ( ( - /
( * 71 # ?698#
1 7 # ; 6 ( F F;8
) ) - ( #,
( / ( / - 2 # 1 )
- * - ( - - #
( * 2 * * ( *
# ( * + ( . *
( * + # 2
( - G
7 8 70 8
7&0 8#
1 ( ( 6 ( #
, ( ( 2 * (
( ( - *# # - *
( ( ( (
:#
& 7 # ;0 60 ;8 2
; ; - - ( #1 () 7( (
( 8
( 2 ( -
* # - ( * +
0 6 #
48
0 / + ( #1
+ # (
( #0
( ( 2 7 C! H8 2
( :#
* ( / #
0 ( * - ( )
* ( ( ( * -
* # ( ( * - #
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3.2.3.1 Memorijski diskovi

( ( ( ( 7 # ;- ( ( ;8 ( 7 #
;. F( ;8# ( (
- * ( ( ( #
8 , * ) * ) 3
( ( 71 # ?6"8 / # )
- ( #
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( * # / ( ?>!! ( = !! 9
( :! 6 ?! #0 ( ( " ( C!
$L #
Sl. 3-5 Tvrdi disk
9 0 ( = !! ( (
) + ( L-#
49
Pomi ni
nosa glava
disk
glava za
itanje i pisanje
Sl. 3-6 Shema tvrdog diska
3 ( + ( ( - 71 # ?6>8 +/
"W; ?X;# 0
) ( 7 # ( 8 #
* / - / (
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7 # * 8 # *7 8 +/ ( ( ( ) ">
": 7 F 8# *
( ( ": :! 9
#
Staza
Isje ak
(sektor)
Sl. 3-7 Format zapisa na disku
0 ( ( /- (
- * * ( ( .
50
# ( ( / )
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- (-( 2 (
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# , ( 2 (
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a) b)
Sl. 3-8 Diskete, (a) 3.5'', (b) 5.25''
5 * $* 8 *
, ( ( ( ( - . *
# kompaktni disk ili CD 7 # ;B *3 ; 1 # ?6A8# B3 -
* #% ( - ( (
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( :# #1 ( . /
+ / . 71 # ?6:!8# 0 ( * -
71 # ?6::8 . /- #
Sl. 3-9 Kompaktni disk - CD
51
Natpis
Akril
Aluminij
125 nm
Polikarbonat 1.2 mm
Sl. 3-10 Presjek CD-a
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8 !#A= µ ( : " "
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Sl. 3-11 Spiralni trag zapisa na CD-u
" . / B36 ( + 7 #; ;8
( ( ( ( ( ( *7 #; ;8#
> , ( ) B36 C #
52
+/ B3 ( * (
( B36 ( B3 ) #
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7B36 4C8B36 # B36 - 7 ( 8
7 8
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53
snimljeni podaci – utori
podaci
adresno
zaglavlje
prethodno
''ugravirani'' podaci
Sl. 3-12 Isje ak DVD zapisa
- / $ 6 ; + ( - ; 3H3 /
( ( ( + ( /
# < . / /
( ( ( ( #3 ( + ( . *
. ( /
/ ( ( #
Reflektiraju i
neprozirni sloj
Poluprozirni
reflektiraju i sloj
utora/izbo ina
Laserske zrake fokusirane za

itanje na razli itim razinama
Sl. 3-13 Princip jednostranog itanja višeslojnog DVD zapisa
54
3 - ( ( ( *
3H36 := <$ 71 # ?6:98#
Jednostrani dvoslojni zapis, 8.5 GB Dvostrani dvoslojni zapis, 17 GB
Sl. 3-14 Dvoslojni zapis omogu ava pohranu do 17 GB podataka
, 2 3H36 73H36 3H36 4 3H36 8 (

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( ) >?" >"! # , *
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#
3.2.3.2 Traka
+ * ( -
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# 0 ( * / * #
( ) (
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# 1 ( ( ( # (
( ( * ( + <$# 1 ) -
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( #
0 + - 2 ( +/ 3 63 *-
( (#
55
56
Procesor (središnja jedinka, eng. "CPU - Central Processor Unit") je elektroni ki sklop koji
ima sposobnost obrade podataka u skladu s programskim naredbama.
1 ( L * (
. * - ( # 1 * ( ( +
* #$ * * ) + ( * ( 2
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( + - + / ( !! ( :"!! - + /
+ + ( ( ( 7 # ; 01 6
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1 - *
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. * ( ( ( * # 1 (
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( * #
Programsko
brojilo
R0
logi ka jedinica
R1
Aritmeti ko /
Upravlja ka
Spremnik
naredaba
jedinica
R2
RF
Dekoder
naredaba
Sabirnica
Sl. 3-15 Struktura mikroprocesora
2 ( - * # 0
* () + - + (
( * # H /( * 7 A![81 # ?6:>
+ - ( #
57
Sl. 3-16 Mikroprocesor "mips R10000"
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1 ) - ( L (
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58
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59
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U D I U D I U D I
naredba 1 naredba 2 naredba 3
Vrijeme
U – u itavanje naredbe, D – dekodiranje, I – izvo enje
Sl. 3-17 Princip izvo enja naredbi prve generacije procesora
* , 9 1 # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #
1 :>6 - ? 6
* -( ( -
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60
U D I naredba 1
U D I naredba 2
U D I naredba 3
U D I naredba 4
U D I naredba 5
U D I naredba 6
Vrijeme
Sl. 3-18 Princip rada druge generacije procesora
, &; # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

/ * * ( 7 # ;B *- F;8
# 0 ( * /
- / ( - ( # +
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( + ( ( (
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71 # ?6:A8# , / * * ( # >C! ! 7 "! !!!
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U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
Vrijeme

A – adresiranje, O – u itavanje operanda, P – pohrana
Sl. 3-19 Tre a generacija procesora
61
2 & 8 , # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

3 * 1B -
* 7 + ( 8 / 2 + ( (
( * 7 - 8#
+ ( ( ( ( )
2 ( - - ( 71 #
?6 !8#
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
U D A O I P
Vrijeme

Sl. 3-20 etvrta generacija
& # 1 & % & , # 5 )0 #

3 + * ( * (
- 71 # ?6 :8# 0 ( /
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( * # ( . * ( + ( + /
E #, + ( ( ( (# ,
) ( / ( * 7 8 *
2 2 / ( (
( #
62
U D A O I I I I P
U D A O I I I I I I P
U D A O I I I I P
U D A I I I I I P
U D A I I I I I P
U D A I I I I I P
U D I I I I I P
U D I I I P
U D I I I I P
U I I I I I P
U I I I I I P
U I I I I I P
Vrijeme

Sl. 3-21 Peta generacija
3.3.5.1 CISC i RISC arhitektura

* * -. *
( ( 2 * - * - ( #
H/ * /
( 2 - * #
+ ( ( * / . *
( *
# * B 1B 6 # ;B J
* 1 B ; + ( ?!! ( # 1 ) . *
/ ( ( (
) + + - ( /# * () +
# ) B 1B * (
/ ( ( + - * - * # 0 (
) ) / ( ( 2 * (
( * * 71 # ?6 8# 0 / ) ( ) /
+ ( * #
63
U inkovitost
Cijena
Složenost
procesora
Sl. 3-22 Teoretski odnos u inkovitosti i cijene procesora u odnosu na njegovu složenosti
) -. * + ( - (
+
( - * ( ) / ( # 1 ( )
( ( +/ ( #
( ( * 1B 6 # ; ( *( * 1
B ; ( * ( # )
( + :A="# ( $ 6 1B * ( 3#
# 0 3# # 3 :AC!# ( # * +
( - ( ( ( ( 7* 8#
$ ( / ( ( 1B * ( (
) ( )- ( - . * # + ( ( 1B
- ( ( . ( + /
( - * 1B * 71 # ?6 ?8#
Broj radnih perioda

po naredbi
Skalarni
CISC
20,0
Superskalarni
10,0
CISC
Skalarni
5,0 RISC
2,0
1,0 Superskalarni
RISC
0,5
0,2
0,1
0 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 Frekvencija

radne periode (MHz)
Sl. 3-23 Zna ajke CISC i RISC procesora
64
< 3 !
( ( ( 2 #0
( ( 7 8 / #
( * ( ( #0 /
( * ( ( ( ( 7 # (
( %, 08# ( ( # , (
( () ( ( / ( 2 #
0 * * ( #) * + , " - " $+ .
" # , + / ( ( -
( ( ( ( ( ( # (
( * ( ) ( + (
( ( / ( # 1 ( *
2 7( ( 8 / (
( # ( ( ( * 2 (
/ ( / ( ( 2 (/
7 ( ( 8# 2 *
( ( / ( ( # 3 ( ( -
- - * * + (
+ ( #
0 + ( * ) (
( ( ( #
3.3.6.1 Strojni jezik

0 * + ( - - 2 -
- * #1 ( - * #
( ( ( #0 () (
( ( ( # ( ( ) *
- ( * # E ( * ( :>
(!( 7 # ?6:8#
Tab. 3-1 Heksadecimalni sustav s dekadskom i binarnom interpretacijom
3 ( $ E ( *
! !!!! !
: !!!: :
!!:!
? !!:: ?
9 !:!! 9
" !:!: "
> !::! >
= !::: =
C :!!! C
A :!!: A
:! :!:!
:: :!:: $
: ::!! B
:? ::!: 3
:9 :::! &
:" ::::
65
( # 3
( :>6 (
( 7 + :> ( 8( -(
( . ( ( ( ( ( #
* ) - ( * +
* ( ) # 1 -
* ; F ; ( ; ;:!# , # ?6
- ( ( / - ( *
* ( #
Tab. 3-2 Osnovni skup asemblerskih naredbi
( E ( *# ( $
, : M] !!!:
7 8(
M]
! , M] M] !!:!
0 - ? M] !!::
( M]
/ 0 9 ! 1 !:!!
1
* " 1 !:!:
- * 1
-
( * > 1 !::!
- * 1
716 8 -
0 ) = 1 !:::
* -
* 1
-
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- * 1
-
, ( A 1 :!!:
* -
* 1
-
0 1 ( M] :!:!
M]
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:! & # F * * (
/ * - ( #
66
1 (
$ $ !M] :!::
( M]
1 ! 0 ( 2 B !!! ::!!
2 1 ( 3 M] ::!:
M]
* B
1 / (
1 ( & M] :::!
M]
* B
1 (
0 1 ( M] ::::
M]
* B
1
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" (
( 33 6 * ( :: - * "
- ?#
3.3.6.2 Primjer
0 ( ) ( #
() (
* ( - # ( /
- ( ( ( $
- ( * ( 1 # ?6 9#
(
( 1 ()
:!
? "
9 ::
" "B
> "
= !:
C ?
A B
B!
$ !!
B
Sl. 3-24 Primjer programa u heksadecimalnom kodu
:: 0 ( ( 7 ( " >8 * - (
( * - ( #
67
1 ( ( :>6
( C6 ( ( - (
( * # / * (
( * * / / / (
#
1 # ?6 " * 2 # 2
( :!" 7 * ?8 ( #
3 ( ( / ( / G
: 6@ 37 8
! 6 !7 * !8
" 6 ( " 7 () " 8
$ ( ( ( / ( 7 98# 1 (
( ::"B ( ( # ( ( + @ 3
7 8 ( * : () * "B#
1 ( / ( " !: ( > ( . # 0 "

( 7 338# 1 ( / 7 8( . ( *
- # ( ! : ( . (
7 ! :8 - - ( *#
+ - ( # (
? B ( C ( . - 7? 6 1 &8 ( )
* ( B #
( ( B!!! + 7B 6 E @ 8#
( + ) # . ( "
"^T :Q Q?Q9Q" T : !# , B ( G
a = 1;
f = 1;
while ( a <= 5 )
{
f = f * a;
a = a + 1;
}
f / () "^
#
B # ( /
( * ; ; 7 # ;* ;8#
68
Spremnik Broja
( naredaba naredaba
( 1 () 105A A2
:! R0 Dekoder
2 naredba
? " R1
9 ::
" "B R2 Aritmeti ko/
> " logi ka jedinica
R3
= !:
C ? Spremnik
... Broja
A B naredaba naredaba
115C A4
B!
$ !!
B R0 Dekoder
### 2 naredba
B R1
### 3
R2 Aritmeti ko/
"
logi ka jedinica
"$ R3
"B ?
### ...
Spremnik Broja
naredaba naredaba
5201 A6
Spremnik Broja
naredaba naredaba
32C2 A8 R0 Dekoder
2 naredba
R1
R0 Dekoder 3
2 naredba R2 Aritmeti ko/
R1 5 logi ka jedinica
3 R3
R2 Aritmeti ko/
5 ...
logi ka jedinica
R3
...
Sl. 3-25 Primjer izvo enja programa za zbrajanje dvaju brojeva
69
, ( # ?6 ( / ( (G
( ( +
(
0 LOAD(CON) 0 1 // a = 1
1 STORE 0 80 // na RAM adresi heksad. 80 ili
dek. 128
2 LOAD(CON) 0 1 // f = 1
3 STORE 0 81 // na RAM adresi heksad. 81 ili
dek. 129
4 LOAD(CON) 0 5 // if a > 5 jump to end
5 LOAD 1 80
6 JG 1 10
7 LOAD 0 81 // f = f * a
8 LOAD 1 80
9 MUL 2 0 1
A STORE 2 81
B LOAD 0 80 // a = a + 1
C LOAD(CON) 1 1
D ADD 2 0 1
E STORE 2 80
F JUMP 0 4 // nazad na naredbu 4
10 STOP(HALT) 0 0
0
( - ( * ( ( / G
( E (# $ ( +
(
0 2 0 1 0010 0000 0000 // a = 1

0001
1 3 0 80 0011 0000 1000 // na RAM adresi heksad. 80 ili
0000 dek. 128
2 2 0 1 0010 0000 0000 // f = 1
0001
3 3 0 81 0011 0000 1000 // na RAM adresi heksad. 81 ili
0001 dek. 129
4 2 0 5 0010 0000 0000 // if a > 5 jump to end
0101
5 1 1 80 0001 0001 1000
0000
6 D 1 10 1101 0001 0001
0000
7 1 0 81 0001 0000 1000 // f = f * a
0001
8 1 1 80 0001 0001 1000
0000
9 7 2 0 0111 0010 0000
1 0001
A 3 2 81 0011 0010 1000
0001
B 1 0 80 0001 0000 1000 // a = a + 1
0000
C 2 1 1 0010 0001 0000
70
0001
D 5 2 0 0101 0010 0000
1 0001
E 3 2 80 0011 0010 1000
0000
F B 0 4 1011 0000 0000 // nazad na naredbu 4
0100
10 C 0 0 1100 0000 0000 // stop
0 0000
71
72
" 9 $ =
" !
* 2 . - #0 *
( ( ( *# 1 =6
1B 7 8# 0 6
- ( / # (
1 _4& ]: ( (
-+ - ( ) - 71 # ?6 >8#
&* : ? 9 "
` : ? 9 " > =
_ 4 & ] ,
B
1 3 < E %
@*
Sl. 3-26 Dio QWERTY tipkovnice
P .
* * + + # +
* ( ( +
( / *#
" / >
+ ( * ( ( )
* . 71 # ?6 =8# ( ) + *
* + / / #
0 / 2 - * -
( ( )
. 71 # ?6:8# ( +
( -. * *
) . ( . #
@ + - ( ) -. *
( ) # / - #
: ( _4& ] :C=C# ( ; ;
# _4& ] ) 1 :AA:# ( #
73
Sl. 3-27 Miš
Aktivni
valj i i
Kuglica
Senzori
Potporni
valj i
Sl. 3-28 Unutrašnjost miša
" ?
2 ( -
# 1 ( +- - . *
( ( 2 *
) * 6 # + -
( * H * / #
3.4.3.1 Katodna cijev

* - ( * # , (
; ; * 78# &
( + * #& (
( 2 ( * #
0 . /
+ / /#
* . * . .
# & ( ) . . ( 2
( ( * #
. * * #
74
Fokusni Vodoravni Fosforni sloj

element usmjeriva i
Katoda Vertikalni
usmjeriva i
Sl. 3-29 Katodna cijev
& / (
( ( # . ( () (
( ( :! ( =! 7 ( 8# H
( . . ( 2 (
( # 1 (
( ( - ( )- ( :L9! )
/ ) ( ( 2 ( #
( * ) / ( :L"! ( :LA! #
( ) 7 # ; J ;8
# 1 ( ( / JF
( ( # (* -
. 7 #; F; ;. .. ;8# 1
. +/ / C6 96 . #
( ( ) ( 2 - . *
#, C6 . / - "> ( 96
:> = #
3.4.3.2 Teku i kristal

/ / # +
/ ( #0
/ #
( # / / )
. * ( - . * #
0 * ( - 7 8
/ . / ( ( (
*#
""
0 2 ) L . ()
. #0 * - -
- ( 7 +/ 8 ( -
( G
75
*
; % ;
#
Linijski pisa i - -
# *
# * * ( 2 #
,( * * #
( ( . () #3
#
* ( matri ni pisa i# 0
() ( + - ( ( 9
*# ( ( * *
7 8 ( ) ( # 1 ( *
( .
() # - #
Termi ki pisa i ( - *
# * ( *
# -
) * ( (# (
- *
(( (
* #
"Ink-jet" pisa i / #1 *
# *
*# * #
* ( + * #1 * ()
G ) *F * # *
) # (
. . #
Laserski pisa i (
* #0 * ( 2 (. - #1 (+ (
( +/ #
( / * +
/ # ( *
* () + # - - -
# 1 (
( # 0 +
/ ( ( /
* 71 # ?6?!8# @ * (
( ) ( / + ( #H
/ / +
* #,
7) *F * 8 #0
( / )* 7 8# 1 ( ( 2
( * + #1 (
76
+ ( * #0
#
Ogledalo za
usmjeravanje laserske Laser
zrake na bubanj
Grija i koji lijepe

toniraju i prah za
papir
Transportni
valjci
Spremnik
tonera
Bubanj koji se elektri ki

polarizira pomo u
laserskog snopa
ista bubnja s
elementom za
izbijanje elektri kog
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4 O P E R A T I V N I S U S T A V
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RAM
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Prijavni Dos/Win16 OS/2

program podsustav podsustav
Sigurnosni POSIX
sustav podsustav
Win32
podsustav
OPERATIVNI PODSUSTAV
IZVRŠNE KOMPONENTE
Upravljanje Nadziranje Upravljanje Upravljanje Lokalni Upravljanje

objektima sigurnosnog procesima virtualnom proceduralni ulazno /
pristupa memorijom pozivi izlaznim
procesima
JEZGRA
HAL
(virtualno ra unalo)
RA UNALNE KOMPONENTE
Sl. 4-3 Struktura NT operativnog sustava
Blok s BIOS parametrima
FAT
Kopija FAT-a
Podaci
.
.
.
Sl. 4-4 Organizacija diska s FAT zapisni kim sustavom
89
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91
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Jezgra NT operativnog sustava upravlja ra unarskim zada ama.
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Izvršne komponente
Upravljanje
ulazno/izlaznim
sustavom
NT JEZGRA Upravlja ki
program
A A A
HAL
Procesor RAM Disk Grafi ki

ubrziva
Sl. 4-7 Princip virtualnog ra unala
92
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Sigurnosni identifikator: “Oskar” (s–1- 5)

(Security ID)
Skupni identifikator: PPP

(Group IDs) users
Admins
Zapisni ki objekt
ACE ACE ACE
Ime: D:\podaci.txt
5 F 5 5
Sigurnosni deskriptor (ACL)
34 " 35 ", 6 * 33 7 8#*
Sl. 4-8 NT sigurnosni koncept
4.3.4.3 Upravljanje procesima

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interaktivnih informacija na zaslonu ra unala.
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ulazni redovi ulazni red
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Win32
Win32 program C
program A Win32
program B Win16 Win16
program E Win16 program F
program D
(blokiran) (blokiran)
Sl. 4-9 Podsustav okruženja
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Pripremna faza Programi i zapisnici
1.1 Provjera osnovnih

ra unalnih komponenata
1.2 U itavanje i izvo enje BIOS
MBR-a
1.3 U itavanje "boot" sektora
1.4 U itavanje NTLDR-a
Faza u itavanja
2.1 Prebacivanje procesora na NTLDR

32-bitni radni protokol
2.2 Aktiviranje zapisni kog NTLDR
sustava
2.3 Izbor operativnog sustava NTLDR, BOOT.INI
2.4 U itavanje operativnog NTLDR, NTDETECT.COM

sustava
2.5 Identifikacija ra unalne NTDETECT.COM

konfiguracije
3.1 U itavanje NT jezgre NTOSKRNL.EXE
3.2 Inicijalizacija jezgre NTOSKRNL.EXE
3.3 U itavanje uslužnih SMSS.EXE,

programa AUTOCHK.EXE
3.4 Pokretanje Win32 WINLOGON.EXE,
podsustava LSASS.EXE, SCREG.EXE
Sl. 4-10 Proces pokretanja NT operativnog sustava
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Windows NT Workstation Version 4.0

Windows NT Workstation Version 4.0 (VGA)
Windows NT Workstation Version 3.51
Windows NT Workstation Version 3.51 (VGA)
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4.3.7.1 Ikone/simboli
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Sl. 4-12 Izbornik simbola na radnome stolu
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99
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Sl. 4-14 Imeni ki prozor s funkcijskim tipkama
Sl. 4-15 Zapisni ki sustav na imeni kom prozoru
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100
Sl. 4-16 Sadržaj imenika radnoga stola
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Sl. 4-18 Pomo ni izbornik
Sl. 4-19 Komunikacijski prozor za potvrdu brisanja
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4.3.7.2 Izbornik "Start"

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Sl. 4-22 "Control Panel" (s izgledom prozora MS Windows 98 i 2000)
Sl. 4-23 ''Printers''
Sl. 4-24 ''Task Bar''
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"MS Word"
dokument Slika
Imenik/folder
Program
Sl. 4-26 Ikone simboliziraju vrstu pridruženog objekta
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Sl. 4-27 Prikaz objekata malim simbolima
107
Sl. 4-28 Prikaz objekata s malim simbolima i dodatnim podacima
Sl. 4-29 Gumbi za promjenu na ina prikaza sadržaja u ''Windows Exploreru''
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Sl. 4-30 "File" i "Edit" izbornici
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Sl. 4-32 Linija alata "Windows Explorera"
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* / ( "!!#!!! :AA!# ( ( +
!!!# ( 71 # "6:8#
! 3 0 * # ;3 . ( K ( *( *- 0
*F;
113
Sl. 5-1 Trend razvoja Interneta kroz pove anje broja korisnika
(
#0 ;444 6 4 ( 4 ( 4 ; ( E 0 7 #
EF J . 0 *8 % H * /
( ( - . * 7 8#$ (
444 ) * (
/ - ) / *
. * - 71 # "6 8#
Sl. 5-2 Trend razvoja Interneta kroz pove anje broja web sjedišta
114
, 2 ) - - . 7 (
( * * 8
( ) ) * # 1 )
* (+ ) / / - +
( + # H - ) (* (
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2 / - +
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( c * I
* ( G ( + ( ( 71 #
"6?8 / . * #
DJELATNOSTI TEHNOLOGIJA
Trgovina
MREŽA
Industrija
Bankarstvo
Znanost
Sl. 5-3 Konvergencija informacijskih tehnologija
115
116
: )
Ra unalna mreža je skup ra unala povezanih komunikacijskim sklopovljem i

odgovaraju om programskom podrškom.
Komunikacijsko sklopovlje )
( #
Mrežna programska podrška ( * ) )

/ * ( *
#
vorovi ) ( )# 1 ( /
* ( - 2 ( *
* ) ( . ( -
6 - * ; /
;#
Protokol * ( *
* #
1 ( . ( .
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. 1 ( ( ;8 1 7 # ; 1F
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1 .* ( /
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( ( / ) #
( / ( 2 ( (
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= *
> 0
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: 0-F *
Sl. 5-4 OSI referentni model
117
1 ( 2 ( + # / #
. 7;0-F * ;8 . #
* () # ;3 @ ;
( / ( # 1 ( / ;; 5 ;
( ;3 @ ; (# * )
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Fizi ka razina 7;0-F * ;!( . - . * *(

( #3 ( . (
( 7 - 8I ( 7 8I
( - 7. * 8I ( ( (
7 *( 8# . * #
Razina podatkovne veze 7;3 @ ;8 * ( #

+ * # ( . *
7 8 ;3 @ ; ( * )
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( + # 5 ( .
* #, () ( #,
( * ( * # ( 6
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Mrežna razina 7; 5 ;8 7 #; ;8 2 ( -
)# ( ( ) 2
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+ ( - ) / ( (+ # 1 (
) - 7 # &- 8
( ) ( -
( # 0M : 7 # ; 0* &J*- ;8 0 7 #
; 0 * ;8#
Prijenosna razina 7; ;8 ( 2
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( . * 2 ) -
L -
)# $ ( / ( + * - *
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118
( #1 () (
) - ( #
Razina sastanka/susreta 7;1 ;8 + . * /

* ( 2 ( - * # * 7 8
2 ( ( * ) ( ( ( (
* ) I
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; 5 $ * L 1F ;8
#
Razina prezentacije 7;0 ;8 ( #$

+ ) ( . - /
( - #
( 2 ( - #
1 07 # ;1 5 0 * ;8 ( (
* #
Razina primjene 7; * ;8 + ( ( 1 )
# 0 - ( * # .
* ( - ( #
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+ # + 7 ( 8 7. 8 (
7 8( * 7 .8 ( 2
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119
120
: ! D
Topologija mreže je geometrijsko ure enje vorova i veza. Ovisi o veli ini, namjeni i
tehnologiji mreže, kao i udaljenostima povezivanja.
- ) ( * - #
) ( ) 7 # ;4 ( 5 64 ;8
)7 # ;@ * 5 6 @ ;8#
< ) ) / ( 7 !
8# 0 * . 7 . ( *
( *8# )
/ ( 2 71 # "6"8#
Sl. 5-5 Nepravilna topologija
d ) ) (
- - ( )
)# , 1 . ( ( . / 7; 5 ;8 #$
( * - *
* - G ( ? $L 7 ( 8( + $L 7 8
* (+ - * - / ( : <$L # 1 (
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G
(
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#
121
, 1 . ( ( 7;3 @ ;8 ( 7;0-F * ;8
* #
Zvijezdasta
topologija
Sl. 5-6 Zvjezdasta topologija
Sabirni ka
topologija
Sl. 5-7 Sabirni ka topologija
Prstenasta
topologija
Sl. 5-8 Prstenasta topologija
122
, zvjezdastoj topologiji 71 # "6>8 * 2 ( (+

) 2# ( / (
* - 2 ( /- # 0 ) (
2 ( ) ( 2 (
* ( ) ( * -
)# ( ( ( (
* * ( - )#
0 ( ) * ) .
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( )#
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(+ 2 # 1 (
) * /
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(+ + ( + )
+ * # ( - &- 33
7 # ; 3 ( 3 .* ;8# 0 ( (
- ( / * .
7 ( * 8#
Sabirni ku (paralelnu) topologiju 71 # "6=8 (+ (

- 7 #; * ;8 #
) . ( /( ( * (+ (
( . * ( )
- #3 ( * - +
(+ ( ( )
)# * )
( / ( + ) ( ( #
&- - (
( ( ;( ; ( 7:!$ 1&" ?8 ; ;
( 7:!$ 1& 8# 1 * ( ) &-
( + ) # * ( (
:! L ; &- ; ( :!! L#
prstenaste topologije 71 # "6C8 #

1 + ( ( ( ( ( #
; ; - #
( 0 ( * # +
- ; ;6 ( 7 9 8
) ) #
( ( * ( 7: L 9 L :> L 8#
d . ( ( *
(+ 2 ( #
( / ) - / -
( # )
* - / / ( / +
?0 &&& C! 6? ( . &- - 7 # ; &&& 6 .& * * (

& * *& ; 2 ( ) ( 8
123
- - ) - . &- # &-
* ( )
+ ( - ) - * #
: &
Ethernet protokol definira fizi ke karakteristike medija za prijenos podataka (koaksijalni

kabel, svjetlovod ili upletene parice). Ethernetom su tako er definirana elektri ka svojstva
signala, oblik podatkovnih paketa koji putuju Ethernet medijem i komunikacijski protokol.
&- # "6: 7 ( ( -
( ) G
Tab. 5-1 Format Ethernet paketa
Preambula Adresa Adresa Tip Podaci Kontro

odredišta polazišta lni niz
Preamble Destination Source Type Data Check

address address seq.
8 6 6 2 46-1500 4
&- )+ + (. *
&&& C! #?# H / ) ( &-
() # &&& C! #? # "6 G
Tab. 5-2 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet format
Preambula Odjeljiva Adresa Adresa Dužina Podaci Kontrolni

odredišta polazišta niz
Preamble Start Destination Source Length Data Pad Check

frame address address seq.
delimiter
7 1 2 ili 6 6 2 46-1500 4
5.2.1.1 Komunikacijski protokol

&- - (
( ( # ( 7 ( 8 )
( # 1 &- -
B1 LB3 ( 2 . # B1 LB3
( ( # 7# 1 5 ! $# & 7# -
( ; + + +;#
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&- ) ( ) ( (
( # &- 2 /
)#
) ( #
124
"Multiple Access" ( + ) - ) ( #
"Collision Detection" ( . + ( ( ( ( +
( # ( &-
2 + ) # 2 (
( # 1 ( ( +
) ( ( * ( #
0 )
# ( / (
# ( 2 +
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) #1 ( ( / &- )
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5.2.1.2 Fizi ke zna ajke
* & &+) & 4 &, % &

&-
) (
XK K
# ( &- ) ( /( ( "!! #0() * (
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* ( + 1#
"6A#
10BASE5
Otpornik 50Ω
Transiver Transiver
AUI
AUI Ethernet
kartica
Ethernet
kartica
Sl. 5-9 Povezivanje na 10BASE5 Ethernet
125
( ( ( "
# , ( ) ( ( "! # (
* ( "! Ω#
1 ( ) ( "!! ) + :!! #,
( / ( "!! /
/ 7 # 8 + &- #
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&- :!$ 1& + - ( (
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3 ( ( / /
( ( ) ( ( #H )
( "! Ω# 1 ( ( :C" (
( &- #
BNC priklju ak
Otpornik 50Ω
10BASE2
T-priklju ak
Ethernet kartica
Sl. 5-10 10BASE2 Ethernet
G )2 & % 0 & +& & % )/ # , )5 # / #

0 ( * * 7 # ; 06 5 ( 0 ; 98 2 +
( 2 - )* ( *
. * #1 / , 0 ( *7 # ;, 0 6 , - ( ( 5 (
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+ / - * 1 0 7 # ;1 0 6 1- ( ( 5 ( 0 ;8
(
. * ) #
9 , 0 ( 7 # ;, 06 , - ( ( 5 ( 0 ;8 (
+ ( . * #
126
Sl. 5-11 UTP priklju ci
0 ( (( )* 7 * 8# %( )
( #
) * ( # e* (
(+ ( * 2 ;E ; 71# "6: 8#
Hub
Sl. 5-12 Zvjezdasta topologija primijenjena na sabirni ku tehnologiju
0 * :!$ 1&6 :!!$ 1&6 # ;:!;

( :! L ;:!!; ( / +/ (
:!! L# ; ; ( ( ; 5 ( ; ( # ;E ;
0 ( * ( :!! ( ) :!$ 1&6 (
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( / - ) - ( ( #
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# ( ( ( .
. # ( &- ) 0 ( *
(+ ;& - E ; * ( (
127
0 ( * ( * # , ( * ((
&- #
: ,
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$ 6 # ( * (
. * #
"token"
Sl. 5-13 "Token Ring" koristi "token" za uskla ivanje komunikacije
# ( +
( / #
( ( ( ( ( #0 (
; ; 7 ) 8 ) ( ( #
) 2 ) ( + ( ( ( 71#
"6:?8# + ( * + / ( /
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130
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0 B0L 0 7 #; B 0 *L 0 * ;8
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) - ( 1 . ( 3 3
) ;3 .3 . ; 7
1 36 8#
TCP/IP podrazumijeva porodicu komunikacijskih protokola. U TCP/IP porodicu protokola se

ubrajaju IP protokol, TCP protokol, UDP protokol, ICMP protokol kao i mnogi drugi protokoli.
Pod tim imenom obuhva ene su i mrežne usluge ali i uslužni programi koji ostvaruju
mrežne usluge, kao što su npr. udaljena prijava za rad ili prijenos podataka.
: * * D
1 . ( 3 3 - - * *
( # ( 1 ( 3 3 9 # 1# "6:9
3 3 ( ( 1 . ( #
OSI DoD
Application
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport Transport (TCP)
Network Internet (IP)
Data Link Network interface
Physical
Sl. 5-14 Odnos OSI i DoD modela
Razina mrežnog su elja 7; 5 .* ;8 + .

( # +/ *
&- * 7;( * ( ;8 ) ) * # ( (
1 7;0-F * ; ;3 @ ;8#
Internet razina 7; ;8 ( - ( .
) ( . ( #
7 08 ( 0 7( 8 - #
0 07 # ; (( 0 * ;8 07 #; ((
131
0 * ;8 ( # ( /
* 2 ( ( #
Prijenosna razina 7; ;8 ( 1 # *
2 ) - ( - #0 (
( b f# 0 ( * * *
( ( / ( ( (+ # B0 7 #
; B 0 * ;8 ( *
/ ( * + -
2 + ( - # B0 ( *
- ( # , ( ( ( ) /
#, ( * ( + / (
#
Razina primjene 7; * ;8 - / ) B0L 0

( 7. Y # ; . 0 * ;8
+ 71 0Y # ;1 . 0 * ;8 7 8 (
( # B0L 0 (*
) - #
, 2 / 1 . ( B0L 0 ) ( 1 (
( ( B0L 0 ( - * -
* ) #
: 5 $
) !
B0L 0 * 2 ( - ( postupkom
enkapsulacije# & * ( ( +
7 # ; * ; 8 / ) 7
; ; 8# 1 ( ( ( 71#
"6:"8#
Ra unalo X Ra unalo Y
Application A Poruke/podaci A Application
TCP Transport T A Datagram T A Transport TCP
IP Network N T A Datagram N T A Network IP
Data Link and L N T A Okvir-Frame L N T A Data Link and

Physical Bitovi Physical
Mreža
Sl. 5-15 Princip enkapsulacije
+ 1# "6:" ( * #
+ 7 6 8 ( ( / #
132
/ () 2 ( *7 8# 0 ( *
2 ) ( - ;" # * ;
( 7( 8# 1 2 - (
( #0 +
#0 ( (
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&- ( # /
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( ( ( / ) -
(#
: 5 $) !
0 ( * B0L 0 ) ( )- 7
+ # 0 B0 ,30 8 +- +
0 # H+ - ( #
( 2 ( - ( )
# 0 ( ) - B0L 0
( / 1# "6:>G
TFTP Time Name Telnet FTP SMTP LPR

service resolution
ICMP, UDP TCP
IP
Sl. 5-16 Hijerarhija porodice TCP/IP protokola
Internet protokol 7 8 B0L 0 (* (

B0L 0 ( #3 . B =A:# 0 0
( ) 1 ( 7 ( 1 ( B0L 0
( ( / ( 8# 0 / ( * (
( 2 # ,( (
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( . . 7( 8 ( *#
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( ( g g ( . +
0 #, +/ B0 ,30
( B0L 0 ( *#
User Datagram Protocol 7 8 ( B0L 0 ( #3 .

B =>C# ( + 0 ( /
133
( 7 #* * 8 * 2
( - # 1 ( ( )
( * / * # +/ -
- # g ) g
+/ ) ( + (
) + # (
) + ) 17 #g 5 1F g8
( ( - #
Internet Control Control Message Protocol 7 8 (

- # g( ( g # 0 (
,30 B0 # B 0 # )
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Transmission Control Protocol 7 8 ( B0L 0 ( #

3 . B =A?# ( ,30 / (
* # g (6 6 (g ( * (
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5 ( 5
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B0 ( ( ) #
134
,30 ( ( )
7 ( ( ( 2 )
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File Transfer Protocol 7 , B A"A8 / ( 2 ( -

#0 ( B0L 0 ( # ( 0
( 2 ( * ( # 0
ftp ) #
Telnet 7 ' *, B C"98 ( . B0L 0 ( #

/ ( ( #
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7 ( 8# , ( B0L 0 )
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( / #1 ( ( ) +
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3 /- 3 ( / #
( ( ( ) (
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G #- #- #- ( :#J#J#J( : >#J#J#J
, $ ( ) ( ( B (
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$ G # #- #- ( : C#:#J#J( :A:# "9#J#J
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135
B G # # #- ( :A #:#:#J( ?# "9# "9#J
/ # / ( ">J ">J ">6 = (

(
) # , $ ( ">J ">6 ?
) ( B "9 7 # "6?8# 0 2
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2 : : >( * ( ( : C ( :A: $ ( :A (
? B7 # "6?8# 1 / / ( : > ( ) $
:> ?C? B !A= :": - ( )#
Tab. 5-3 Zna ajke A, B i C klasa Internet adresa
/ /
( ( )
:6: > : > :> === :9
$ : C6:A: :> ?C? >" "?9
B :A 6 ? !A= :": "9
< ) + 0 ( ()
#$ ( ( / *
( ) ( /- # * ) *
( B #
$ ! "" ( # ! ( 2
# # !#!#!#>( 7> 8 ( ) 7!#!#!8#
$ "" ; (* ; 6 /- # ;$ (* ;
+ )# # ) ( ) -
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( :>:#"?#::=# "" ( "" ; (* ; /
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h ?? ( /
1 ( + ( ( B0L 0
( 2 + - / (
/ ( ) - - # 1
)
( ( ( / * # , M
- ( /etc/hosts 71# "6:=8
-
4 ( 5 \Winnt\System32\drivers\etc\hosts 7 (
@ E 1 1 4 18# 1 (
/etc/hosts# ( : =#!#!#: 7
( 8# 0 ( ( ) ( ) ( /
) ( #, - (
= $ /- ( ( ( ) 7 #
#!#!#!8 ( * 7 #( ( # ""# ""# ""8 #0
7b *i
i: =#!#!#!8 ) / ( ) 7b (* i
i8#
136
7 - 8 ;161.53.117.160 pro10
pro10.sjever.fsb.hr loghost;# ( ( )
( . )#
#
# Internet host table
#
127.0.0.1 localhost
161.53.117.160 pro10 pro10.sjever.fsb.hr loghost
161.53.117.151 pro1 pro1.sjever.fsb.hr
161.53.117.154 pro4 pro4.sjever.fsb.hr
Sl. 5-17 Primjer "hosts" zapisnika
( ( B0L 0 ) - 7 # ftp8
) * 7 # :8# ( /
B0L 0 ) ( / ( /etc/hosts# ,
2 ( / ( ( 2 -
) * ) ( () ( (
#
: : ) D
B0L 0 ( 2 6 ) * ( )
- )# ( ) (
) * ( / ) -
( / * )
. # +/ ) G
3 17 # ;3 1 * ;8 (
1N 7 # ; 5 . 1 * ;8 ) . *
$ 3LE (#
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( * ###8 )# ) *
( ( - -
( ( ( (#
( ( - 3 1 (+
* 7 + 8 # B0L 0
3 16 ( ) #
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( - ) ( #
) ( ) ( ) +
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+ ) ( / - -
( - ( #
3 1 ) ( . ( * B0L 0 #
( / 3 16 + 7 * 8 - ( -
137
#3 1 - L( 7 # ;D FL ;8
6 ) * ( # ( ) 3 1 ) *
( 3 1 *# 3 1 ) * ( 3 1
+ - - + ( #1 ) *
( - ( # ) * ) (
) ( ) (
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( 7 ) * 8# ,30 (
( / ) #
+ * 3 16 $ 3 7 # ;$ F
3 ;8 ) , M * #4 ( 5
4 1 * $ 1 ) 3 1
) (+ #
3 1 * ( -
- - # 1 ( ( ( 2 - - *
( # - - - ; ;( ( (
71# "6:C8# ; ;( 7#8 #1
( ( ( ( ; ; +
# ( ; ; ( ; ;# ( .
) ( -() - ( * # hr 7E 8 us 71 38 it
7 8 com 7 * ( 8 edu 7( - -
8 ( C# , ; ;( ( 7 # fsb8
( + . ) * 7 # sjever8
( ) ( / 7 # pro18#
ROOT
domena
us com de it hr ...
fer srce fsb ...
sjever cadlab
pro1 pro2
Sl. 5-18 Primjer hijerarhije domena
C 3 / ( 2 1 6?:>> #
138
( - - 2
( - # #( sjever ( ( fsb
( ( hr / G
sjever.fsb.hr
( ( + ( / #G
pro1.sjever.fsb.hr
pro1 ( (
sjever.fsb.hr# + ( "" # *
( /( - - * - , M
4 ( 5 #, ( ( ( #
( - - ( + ( ( #
( ( (+ 7 8 ( ( (
- - - # ( (; ;
( (+ # * / ( )
# %( ( ( ( ( #
1 3 1 3 1 ) * ( # , M
* ( 3 1 ) * -
/etc/resolv.conf 71# "6:A8#
;resolv.conf file for DNS client

;
domain xxx.hr
nameserver 161.53.180.130
nameserver 161.53.160.131
Sl. 5-19 Primjer "resolv.conf" zapisnika
, resolv.conf
( . ( ;xxx.hr; ( . ( 3 1 ) *
( - 0 ( #, ( ( . + ) *#
) * - ( + / (
( #
&/ 8 ( 7 ( 8 (
( 3 1 #0( * + #,
/etc/named.boot - ( * ( . 3 1 # 1#
"6 ! ( /etc/named.boot #
139
; named.boot
;
; boot file for authoritive master name server for Berkeley.EDU
; Note that there should be one primary entry for each SOA record.
;
;
; type domain source host/file backup
file
;
domain a.b.com
primary a.b.com /etc/named/named.hosts
primary 117.53.161.IN-ADDR.ARPA /etc/named/named.rev
primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA /etc/named/named.local
secondary b.com 161.53.116.12
/etc/named/fsb_named.hosts
secondary 116.53.161.IN-ADDR.ARPA 161.53.116.12
/etc/named/fsb_116_named.rev
cache . /etc/named/root.cache
Sl. 5-20 Primjer "named.boot" zapisnika
- ( -( ;;; ( ) *# 0
( . * G /etc/named/named.hosts
7 8 (
7 ( 0 ( /etc/named/named.rev 7 (
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140
telnet pro1.sjever.fsb.hr
a
x lokalni DNS
poslužilac
Internet
Pitanje: "Tko je
pro1.sjever.fsb.hr?" hr
srce
fsb
Odgovor:
"161.53.117.151"
alpha2
sjever
pro1
pro4
Sl. 5-21 DNS decentralizirani model rješavanja IP adresa
0 * ( 3 16 / 1# "6 :# 0 (
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141
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OSI
Application NetBIOS/SMB
Presentation
Session
Transport NetBEUI
Network
Data Link
Physical
Sl. 5-22 Odnos OSI referentnog modela i ustrojstva NetBEUI/NetBIOS protokola
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$
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/ ( ifconfigG
pro10% ifconfig hme0

hme0: flags=863<UP,BROADCAST,NOTRAILERS,RUNNING,MULTICAST>
mtu 1500
inet 161.53.117.160 netmask ffffff00 broadcast 161.53.117.255
pro10%
( ( ( 161.53.117.160# , ( )
netmask broadcast ( )
( ) ( 2 7 ( "#?#98#
( iconfig &- . *
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K K
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151
pro10% netstat -i
Name Mtu Net/Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue
lo0 8232 loopback localhost 452109 0 452109 0 0 0
hme0 1500 pro10 pro10 12040362 0 7242413 0 1146581 0
( netstat ( ( G ;hme0; ;lo0; (

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( ( ( ( : =#!#!#: ( ) 6
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pro10% ping -s localhost

PING localhost: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from localhost (127.0.0.1): icmp_seq=0.
time=0. ms
time=0. ms
time=0. ms
time=0. ms
time=0. ms
^C
----localhost PING Statistics----
5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet
loss
round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 0/0/0
pro10%
ping ( + 7( 8 >9
- / ( B 0 # ( 7Ctrl-c8 (
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( ( # * (
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( 7 (
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) * 8G
pro10% ping -s www.fesb.hr

PING marjan.fesb.hr: 56 data bytes
64 bytes from marjan.fesb.hr (161.53.166.3): icmp_seq=0.
time=12. ms
152

time=7. ms
time=7. ms
time=7. ms
time=6. ms
time=7. ms
^C
----marjan.fesb.hr PING Statistics----
6 packets transmitted, 6 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 6/7/12
pro10%
0 ( * min/avg/max = 6/7/12 * #0
( 2 (
( / ( )
#1 ( ( #
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100% packet lossG
pro10% ping -s pro5.sjever.fsb.hr

PING pro5.sjever.fsb.hr: 56 data bytes
^C
----pro5.sjever.fsb.hr PING Statistics----
4 packets transmitted, 0 packets received, 100% packet
loss
pro10%
$ * –s ( ping / / * /
. * ;alive; 7 * / ( ;) ;8 ;not
alive; 7 ( ( 8G
pro10% ping bjesomar.srce.hr

bjesomar.srce.hr is alive
pro10%
:E
0 + 7 ( 8 / (
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153
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pro10% telnet alpha1.fsb.hr

Trying 161.53.116.11...
Connected to alpha1.fsb.hr.
Escape character is '^]'.
Digital UNIX (alpha1.fsb.hr) (ttyp1)
login: oskar
Password:
Last successful login for bojan: Thu Dec 9 13:43:36
1999 from bojan@pro10.sjever.fsb.hr
Digital UNIX V4.0F (Rev. 1229); Mon Jul 17 15:32:04

MET DST 2000
alpha1.fsb.hr>
0 ;Escape; ^]K
K / ( telnet
( #, ( telnet ( ) (
) / ( helpG
pro10% telnet pro1
Trying 161.53.117.151...
Connected to pro1.sjever.fsb.hr.
Escape character is '^]'.
SunOS 5.7
login: artur
Password:
Last login: Fri Apr 7 14:59:32 from pro10
Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.7 Generic October 1998
Fri Aug 4 12:43:42 MET DST 2000
pro1%
telnet> help
Commands may be abbreviated. Commands are:
close close current connection

logout forcibly logout remote user and close the connection
display display operating parameters
mode try to enter line or character mode
open connect to a site
quit exit telnet
send transmit special characters ('send ?' for more)
154
set set operating parameters ('set ?' for more)

unset unset operating parameters ('unset ?' for more)
status print status information
toggle toggle operating parameters ('toggle ?' for more)
slc change state of special charaters ('slc ?' for more)
z suspend telnet
! invoke a subshell
environ change environment variables ('environ ?' for more)
? print help information
<return> leave command mode
telnet>
pro1%
) ( z / 1-
# 0 + ( ( (
exit# # / (
( ( / G
$ hostname 7 ( ( 8
pro1 7 ( ; :;8
$ ^] 7 ( ( 8
telnet> z
pro10> hostname 7 ( ( 8
pro10 7 ; :!;8
pro10> exit 7 + ( 8
$ hostname
pro1
$ exit 7 ( 6 8
Connection closed
pro10>
( 6 -
( * - . .
7 ( vi ( ( more8# ()
H :!! # 1 ( , M
( ( / G
$ setenv TERM vt100 7 B61- 8
$ TERM=vt100; export TERM 7 $ 1- 8
+ ( ( ( + ( (
/ ( logout * Ctrl-d#
, + 1 )%
( rlogin . * telnet#
( rlogin ( , M g g ( G rsh rcp
( ( , M ( # /
( ( * (
( # 3 ( * ( (
155
# +
7$home8 ( .rhosts 7 ( # -
( ( / L 8# , )
+ * #,
G
#Primjer za .rhosts
#Ime ra unala Korisnik
alpha1.fsb.hr oskar
pro7 artur
( - ) ( /
A #
0 ( rlogin ( ( G
pro10% rlogin pro1

Last login: Fri Aug 4 12:43:42 from pro10
Sun Microsystems Inc. SunOS 5.7 Generic October 1998
Fri Aug 4 12:48:43 MET DST 2000
pro1%
, ( ( / * .rhosts
/etc/hosts.equiv ( G
$ rlogin pro4
Password: _________
Login incorrect
Login:
( ( * ) +
/etc/hosts.equiv# 2 / (
+ g 6 g7g g8 ( ) #
0 ( rlogin ( (
.login .profile .cshrc + ( telnet (#
( 2 ( #
:E" !
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( ( / #, ) 2
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rcp ( ( , M ( # + +# Ftp
telnet ( (
( ( / ( # Rcp +
( #
A * ( - - #
156
7
0 ) ( . B A"A# ( )
( * # (
( / (
( ( telnet# 0 #
( #G
pro10% ftp pro1

220 pro1 FTP server (SunOS 5.7) ready.
Name (pro1:oskar):
331 Password required for oskar.
Password:
230 User oskar logged in.
ftp>
;. ( ; ( /
ftp># 0 + ftp ( ) ( / (
help#
ftp> help
Commands may be abbreviated. Commands are:
! cr macdef open send

$ delete mdelete prompt status
account debug mdir proxy struct
append dir mget sendport pwd
ascii disconnect sunique put tenex
bell form mkdir quit trace
binary get mls quote type
bye glob mode recv user
case hash mput remotehelp rename
cd help nmap reset ?
cdup lcd verbose rmdir
close ls ntrans runique
ftp>
( , M ( ( ( (
( # # ( () ls –l )
/ ( dir 7 ( ( H 1 163 1
- 8G
ftp> ls -al
200 PORT command successful.
150 ASCII data connection for /bin/ls (161.53.117.160,42016) (0
bytes).
total 572
drwxr-x--x 32 bojan staff 2048 Jul 28 11:22 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 bojan staff 512 Oct 17 1997 ..
-rw------- 1 bojan staff 589 Jul 28 11:22 .Xauthority
-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 1572 Oct 8 1999 .cshrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 3602 Sep 13 1999
.desksetdefaults
drwxr-xr-x 15 bojan staff 512 Jul 28 12:30 .dt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bojan staff 5400 Nov 27 1997 .dtprofile
drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Sep 23 1999 .hotjava
157
-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 84 May 12 1997 .login

-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 776 Jan 10 1997 .mailrc
drwx------ 6 bojan staff 512 Jul 28 12:30 .netscape
-rw------- 1 bojan staff 127964 Sep 18 1998 .newsrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 174 Mar 19 1996 .profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 291 Nov 14 1997 .rhosts
drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Jan 19 1999 .wastebasket
drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Jan 8 1998 Mail
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bojan staff 501 Jun 23 1997 SunVideo
drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 1536 Apr 4 12:03 WWW
drwxr-xr-x 15 bojan staff 3584 Apr 4 12:14 cad
-rw-r--r-- 1 bojan staff 3657 Aug 28 1998 cde-
ideas.html
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bojan staff 61 Oct 22 1996 cp-lic1
-rw------- 1 bojan staff 3602 Oct 8 1997 mbox
drwx------ 2 bojan staff 1024 Jul 28 11:24 nsmail
drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 512 Apr 4 1997 papers
drwxr-xr-x 5 bojan staff 1024 Nov 23 1998 prg
drwxr-xr-x 4 bojan staff 2048 Jun 6 11:15 public_html
drwxr-xr-x 3 bojan staff 512 Mar 4 13:43 slike
drwxr-xr-x 2 bojan staff 1024 Nov 27 1997 sys
drwxr-xr-x 3 bojan staff 512 Feb 17 09:00 tmp
226 ASCII Transfer complete.
remote: -al
4722 bytes received in 0.32 seconds (14.28 Kbytes/s)
ftp>
0 ( ( ( ( /
#, ftp 1B # (
( * 7 * ( (
* 8 - ( ( ( binary# 0 1B
( ( / ( ascii#
+ ( ( ( )
# ( (
get ( ( put# ( get /
/ (
( ftp# 0 (
( put / ( / ( G
ftp> binary
200 Type set to I.
ftp> get sklop1.Z
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for sklop1.Z
(161.53.117.160,42021) (372
54 bytes).
226 Transfer complete.
local: sklop1.Z remote: sklop1.Z
ftp> quit
221 Goodbye.
pro10%
0 / / ( cd# , )
( !cdG
ftp> cd slike 7 ( 8
ftp> !cd download 7 8
158
ftp> !ls -1
... 7 () 8
ftp>
! ) ( - ftp ( / (
#
, ( ) + 6
( mget mput - / + # *.dat #
2 . * ftp /
( #0 ( - 6 ftp
/ - ( ( / ## ) (
) ( ftp ( prompt ( ftp ( ( *
–i 7ftp -i8#
+ / (
* , M ( at# ,
( / ftp #G
#
# Shell program za neinteraktivni prijenos podataka
#
ftp -in << XXXX pro1.sjever.fsb.hr
user oskar abcdxy # neinteraktivna prijava
cd /pub # pridruživanje imenika u kojem je zapisnik
get podaci.dat # kopiranje zapisnika
XXXX
, ( ftp ( * -in# * -n
/ ( ( ( . # "<< XXXX;
( / ftp ( ( ( ( /
;XXXX;#
/, M ( at ( G
pro10% echo "/bin/csh /usr4/user/pokreni_ftp.sh" | at 10:00p
( ( at / (
pokreni_ftp.sh #
0 ( 2 (
# ) * # 7 ( 7 8
( # (
) * ;. ( ; (
anonymous 7 8# 6 ( G
pro10% ftp pro1.sjever.fsb.hr

220 pro1 FTP server (SunOS 5.7) ready.
Name (pro1.sjever.fsb.hr:oskar): anonymous
331 Guest login ok, send ident as password.
Password:
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
ftp> dir
150 ASCII data connection for /bin/ls (161.53.117.160,42070)
(0 bytes).
159
total 18
dr-xr-xr-x 9 root 1000 512 Jun 9 12:43 .
dr-xr-xr-x 9 root 1000 512 Jun 9 12:43 ..
drwxr-xr-x 3 root other 512 Jun 14 10:52
Kolokvij
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 dev
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 etc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root other 512 Jun 9 12:44 nastava
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root other 512 Nov 14 1997 pub
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root other 512 Mar 18 1997 usr
226 ASCII Transfer complete.
ftp>
( # ;- 5 ;
; *( ; ) ( ( ( / ( 2
() ( + #
0 / .
444 ( * +
( #
, 5
, ( rcp ( (
( #0 ( . )
7 8 ( ( . # ( )
( ( () #G
pro10% rcp pro1:/usr/user/slika.jpg download/nova-slika.jpg
, ( . ( pro1
) /usr/user/slika.jpg# 3 ( .
+ #
( / + (
/( ( * + , Mg g # (
( ( .rhosts
( ( 7
( rlogin 8# , /
/ + ;permission denied;#
H) ( rcp / + - -
( #, * –r#
( ( ( / G
pro10% rcp -r /usr/user/artur/video pro1:/usr/user/artur/tmp
, ( () ( +
( # 3 ( (
+ ( ( / ( (
#
160
:E: & ! >
/ ( + 7e-mail8
+ - ) # 3 ( (
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0 * ;8 ( * B0L 0
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+ ( ( mail ( ( ( , M
#
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7 8 #1 ( ) B0L 0
( / + + ( (( - 0 ) -
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slanje ( ( ( mail 7 $ F
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pro10% mail marko@sjever.fsb.hr
( marko@sjever.fsb.hr () ( ( ( @ 7 #
F6 8# 0 ( 7marko ( 8 ( . *
+/ ) g g (
+ # 3 ( ( 7sjever.fsb.hr
8 ( . ( ( . # 3 *
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7Subject: ...8 () G
pro10% mail marko@sjever.fsb.hr

Subject: Sretna Nova Godina
Sve najbolje u Novoj Godini zeli ti
tvoj brat Vedran.
^D 7B 6( # 8
pro10%
0 - ( ) - / ( ) -
# vi ( # ( ()
( mail / ( .
( / ( * < ime zapisnikaG
pro10% mail marko@sjever.fsb.hr < pismo.txt
d - / ( mail #
( / ;No mail for
?! Mail $ F6 * + ( mail (
( #
161
;# ( /
( ;You have mail; 7 + 8# 2
( mail / () ( G
pro10% mail
From bojan@pro1.sjever.fsb.hr Fri Aug 25 10:58:39 2000
From: bojan@pro1.sjever.fsb.hr
Date: Fri, 25 Aug 2000 11:01:54 +0200 (MET DST)
Message-Id: <200008250901.LAA02309@pro10.sjever.fsb.hr>
Content-Length: 46
Proba
Slijedi tekst poruke.
Pozdrav,
Bojan.
0 / ( h 7 # - ( Y 8 mail / 7 8 -
- #G
? h
2 letters found in /var/mail/bojan, 0 scheduled for
deletion, 0 newly arrived
> 2 1178 bojan@pro1.sjever.fsMon Aug 28
11:59:57 2000 Mon Aug 28 11:59:
57 2000
1 1166 bojan@pro1.sjever.fsMon Aug 28
11:59:51 2000 Mon Aug 28 11:59:
51 2000
?
0 Mail ( ( 7 8 - - G
pro10% Mail
mailx version 5.0 Tue Oct 6 00:48:25 PDT 1998 Type ?
for help.
"/var/mail/bojan": 2 messages 2 new
>N 1 bojan@pro1.sjever. Mon Aug 28 11:59 26/1166
proba1
N 2 bojan@pro1.sjever. Mon Aug 28 11:59 25/1178
proba2
?
, 2 ( + ( /
+ # +/ - /var/mail
#
? 7 &8 mail # ) ( mail

( #0 + ( ( / ( VG
? ?
? print this help message
# display message number #
- print previous
+ next (no delete)
! cmd execute cmd
162
<CR> next (no delete)

a position at and read newly arrived mail
d [#] delete message # (default current message)
dp delete current message and print the next
dq delete current message and exit
h a display all headers
h d display headers of letters scheduled for deletion
h [#] display headers around # (default current message)
m user mail (and delete) current message to user
n next (no delete)
p print (override any warnings of binary content)
P override def.'brief' mode and disp. ALL header lines
q, ^D quit
r [args] reply to (and delete) current letter via mail [args]
s [files] save (and delete) current message (default mbox)
u [#] undelete message # (default current message)
w [files] save (and delete) current message without header
x exit without changing mail
y [files] save (and delete) current message (default mbox)
?
, Mail * ( help ?G
? help
mailx commands
alias,group user ... declare alias for user names

alternates user declare alternate names for your
login
cd,chdir [directory] chdir to directory or home if none
given
!command shell escape
copy [msglist] file save messages to file without
marking as saved
delete [msglist] delete messages
discard,ignore header discard header field when printing
message
dp,dt [msglist] delete messages and type next
message
echo string print the string
edit [msglist] edit messages
folder,file filename change mailboxes to filename
folders list files in directory of current
folder
followup [msglist] reply to authors of messages and
save copy
Followup [message] reply to all recipients of message
and save copy
from [msglist] give header lines of messages
header [message] print page of active message headers
help,? print this help message
hold,preserve [msglist] hold messages in mailbox
inc incorporate new messages into
current session
list list all commands (no explanations)
mail user mail to specific user
Mail mail to specific user, saving copy
mbox [msglist] messages will go to mbox when
quitting
next [message] goto and type next message
pipe,| [msglist] shell-cmd pipe the messages to the shell comm.
print,type [msglist] print messages
Print,Type [msglist] print messages with all headers
quit quit, preserving unread messages
reply,respond [msglist] reply to authors (only) of the
163
messages
Reply,Respond [message] reply to the author and recipients
of the msg
save [msglist] file save (appending) messages to file
Save [msglist] save messages to file named after
author
set variable[=value] set variable to value
size [msglist] print size of messages
source file read commands from file
top [msglist] print top 5 lines of messages
touch [msglist] force the messages to be saved when
quitting
undelete [msglist] restore deleted messages
undiscard,unignore header add header field back to list
printed
unread,new [msglist] mark messages unread
version print version
visual [msglist] edit list with $VISUAL editor
write [msglist] file write messages without headers
xit,exit quit, preserving all messages
z [+/-] display next [last] page of 10
headers
[msglist] is optional and specifies messages by number, author,

subject or type. The default is the current message.
?
( )
( ( & - () G
pro10% mail
Content-Length: 46
Proba
Pozdrav,
Bojan.
? 1
Content-Length: 46
Proba
Pozdrav,
Bojan.
? quit
Saved 1 message in /ul/tom/mbox
164
Held 0 messages in /usr/spool/mail/tom.

pro10%
) / ( d7 delete Mail
( 8# ( ) + (
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Reply-To: ipz-spelprojekt@zg.tel.hr
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
From: "Darko" <ipz-spelprojekt@zg.tel.hr>
To: <bojan.jerbic@fsb.hr>
Subject: Obavijest
Date: Tue, 18 Jul 2000 10:54:17 +0200
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Sastanak e se održati u subotu.
Pozdrav,
Darko.
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pro10% rup
pro10 up 4 days, 2:41, load average: 0.30, 0.05, 0.01
pro3.sjever.fsb up 23:55, load average: 0.02, 0.02, 0.02
pro5.sjever.fsb up 6 days, 20:46, load average: 0.14, 0.15, 0.10
studentski-zbor up 6 days, 20:47, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.01
pro6.sjever.fsb up 4 days, 2:24, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.01
( rup ( + 7 # (* 8 )
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* ( # pro3.sjever.fsb 7 - :" 8
( ( ( ( 7up 6 days,
20:468 / * ( ( - " :"
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pro10% rusers
Sending broadcast for rusersd protocol version 3...
pro10 bojan
pro3.sjever.fsb. gojani
Sending broadcast for rusersd protocol version 2...
pro10%
( $13 , M6
+ , M6 # whois
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pro10% rsh pro2 ls /usr
, ( rsh () /usr (
pro2# ( ls /usr / 2 #
( rsh ( * ( rlogin
rcp ( ( $home/.rlogin
/etc/hosts.equiv (
( / #
( rsh ( 7>, >>, <, <<8

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pro10% rsh pro2 cat podaci.1 > podaci.2
< / ( cat ( pro2 ()

( podaci.1 - podaci.2# 3
168
+ + ( ( pro2
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pro10% rsh pro2 cat podaci.1 '>' podaci.2
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pro2% setenv DISPLAY pro10.sjever.fsb.hr:0.0
pro10.sjever.fsb.hr: ( ( .
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# Primjer za /etc/dfs/dfstab
#
share -F nfs -o ro /usr3/staff
# Dozvola pristupa imeniku /usr3/staff za sva ra unala (samo itanje, –o ro,
"read only")
share -F nfs -o root=pro1:pro2 /usr4/people
# Dozvola pristupa imeniku /usr4/people za sva ra unala
# (dozvola pristupa administratoru samo s ra unala pro1 i pro2, -o
root=pro1:pro2)
# Primjer za /etc/exports
#
/usr/people
# Dozvola pristupa svim ra unalima
/usr2/fem -access=pro10
# Dozvola pristupa samo za ra unalo pro10
0 - ( ( mount
( #G
pro1% mount -F nfs pro10:/usr4/people /usr/users
0 ( / ( ) /usr4/people 7
( 8 pro10
/usr/users# ( * 2 pro10 (
( pro1
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170
pro10 pro1
/ /
bin etc usr usr4 bin etc usr usr
people users
mount
A ... A ...
Sl. 5-23 NFS – mrežni zapisni ki sustav
( ( mount ( umount ( 2
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171
172
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Sl. 5-24 "Network Neighborhood"
Sl. 5-25 Na prvoj se razini ispisuje popis ra unala lokalne radne skupine
174
Sl. 5-26 "Entire Network" sadrži popis svih radnih skupina raspoloživih u lokalnoj mreži
) ( G
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Sl. 5-27 Ozna avanjem radne skupine dobiva se popis pripadaju ih ra unala
Sl. 5-28 Za ozna eno ra unalo pojavit e se u prozoru ponu eni resursi
175
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Sl. 5-29 Naredba "Map Network Drive" nalazi se u izborniku "Tools" i na liniji alata
Sl. 5-30 Prozor naredbe "Map Network Drive"
176
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Sl. 5-31 Za prijavu na udaljeno ra unalo potrebno je upisom lozinke ("passworda")

dokazati autorizaciju prostupa
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Sl. 5-32 Po uspostavi komunikacije s udaljenim ra unalom raspoloživi resursi bit e

pridruženi zadanoj zapisni koj logi koj jedinici (npr. "E:")
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177
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Sl. 5-34 Pomo ni izbornik na ikoni pisa a
Sl. 5-35 Prozor "Printers", ikone sa provodnikom ispod simbola pisa a ozna avaju
mrežne pisa e
178
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179
Sl. 5-37 Popis korisnika i/ili skupine korisnika za koje su definirane dozvole pristupa
Sl. 5-38 Prozor za odabir korisnika i/ili skupine korisnika i njima odgovaraju e dozvole
pristupa
180
6 R A Z V O J N E T E Ž N J E
6 RAZVOJNE TEŽNJE
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Sl. 6-1 Intel Pentium 4, 1.4 GHz
Broj
tranzistora
10000K
1000K
100K
10K
1K
1966 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 97 2000
# Godina
Sl. 6-2 Trend pove anja broja tranzistora
? & # ; 1B 6 ( *( * 1 B ; ( #
183
1 * ( ( (
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Tab. 6-1 Pregled razvoja procesora u pogledu brzine i integracije
* 0 L 0 L $ *# P -
(+ (+ @,
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R,1 aS R 01S RE S R S Rµ S
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0 7:AAA#8 :!!! A#"Q:!> 9"! ? L>9 !# "
Prema SIA ("Semiconductor Industry Association"), do 2012 godine može se o ekivati

integracija od 180 miliona tranzistora po cm2, primjenjuju i minijaturizaciju procesorskih
zna ajki do 0.035 µm napajanja 0.5 volti.
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Sl. 6-3 Porodica skalabilnih višeprocesorskih ra unala
185
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Sl. 6-4 Vizualizacija rezultata analize naprezanja komponenata motora primjenom

metode kona nih elemenata i CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) sustava koji
omogu avaju oblikovanje i simulaciju umotvorina (Lana Rushing, Engineering
Automation, Inc.)
Sl. 6-5 Fotografski vjerno oblikovanje i vizualizacija arhitektonskih objekata (C. Mosher,
R. Burdock, Peripheral Vision Animations)
Sl. 6-6 Pomo u sustava prividne stvarnosti mogu e je "prošetati" tvornicom ve u fazi
projektiranja
188
Sl. 6-7 Ra unalni sustavi za simulaciju prividne stvarnosti omogu avaju ispitivanje
funkcionalnost budu ih proizvoda ili uvježbavanje njihovih korisnika (Caterpillar)
189
190
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Sl. 6-8 Primjenom ra unalnih mreža i simulacijom mogu e je obavljati dijagnostiku i

izvoditi udaljene operacije
191
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195
<< 9
Umjetna inteligencija je znanstveno podru je koje se bavi razvojem ra unarskih tehnika za

rješavanje zada a povezanih s ljudskom inteligencijom. Inteligencija je sposobnost
stjecanja i korištenja znanja u cilju indukcije novog. O ituje se u mo i komunikacije, u enja i
zaklju ivanja.
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metodologije zaklju ivanja i u enja.
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Ravnala
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Vrsta, pogleda:
zadacima
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201
7 P R I M J E N A
Spremanje dokumenta
Otvaranje postoje eg dokumenta
Sl. 7-2 Standardna traka s alatima
Odabrati lokaciju dokumenta
Potvrditi
Upisati ime
spremanje
dokumenta
Sl. 7-3 Save As su elje
7.1.1.3 Spremanje dokumenta s drugim imenom:
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202
7 P R I M J E N A
Naredbi za spremanje dokumenta mogu e je pristupiti kra enjem putem tipkovnice, na

na in da pritisnemo tipku Ctrl, držimo ju pritisnutu i pritisnemo tipku S (Ctrl+S). Kra enja su
dosta popularna kod naprednijih korisnika jer ubrzavaju rad. Na isti na in mogu e je skratiti
put i do drugih funkcija npr Ctrl+O krati put do naredbe File/Open i sli no.
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7 P R I M J E N A
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Zamijeniti trenutno Zamijeniti u cijelom

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7 P R I M J E N A
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7 P R I M J E N A
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213
7 P R I M J E N A
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7 P R I M J E N A
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7 P R I M J E N A
7.1.9.2 Kreiranje zaglavlja i podnožja za parne i neparne

stranice dokumenta
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Sl. 7-18 Dijaloški okvir naredbe za prijelom
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217
7 P R I M J E N A
Sl. 7-19 Page Setup dijaloški okvir
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Sl. 7-20 Ispis dokumenta
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218
8 L I T E R A T U R A
8 LITERATURA
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8 L I T E R A T U R A
220

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!!

1.1 POVIJEST RA UNARSTVA 3

2 OSNOVNI PRINCIPI RA UNALNE TEHNOLOGIJE 15

2.1 TURINGOV STROJ 17

4.1 ŠTO JE OPERATIVNI SUSTAV 81

5 RA UNALNE MREŽE 113

5.1 OSI REFERENTNI MODEL 117

6 RAZVOJNE TEŽNJE 181

6.1 MIKROPROCESORI BUDU NOSTI 183

7.1 MS WORD 200

Ra unarstvo se bavi gradnjom ra unala, ra unalnim programiranjem i obradom

Sl. 1-1 Abacus

, :A# / B- $ 7& :=A 6:C=: 1# :6 8 ( % -

Sl. 1-2 Prototip diferencijalnog stroja Charlesa Babbagea

Sl. 1-3 Jacquardov tkala ki stroj

< ( :C"9# < $ ( ( ; .-

Sl. 1-4 ENIAC

0 & B 7;& * * * (B * ; 1# :698

& B 7;& * * %- *-F %# 0 :A9"#

Sl. 1-6 Memorija na injena od željeznih jezgri, 1951.

Sl. 1-8 Prvi miš, Doug Engelbart, 1964.

Sl. 1-9 Intel 4004, prvi mikroprocesor, 1971.

Sl. 1-10 Apple I, 1976.

Suvremenu informacijsku tehnologiju karakterizira mikroprocesorska tehnologija visokog

Sl. 1-13 Osobna ra unala na pragu 21. stolje a

Sl. 1-14 Prijenosno ra unalo

Sl. 1-15 Džepna ra unala s pristupom na Internet i mobilne komunikacijske usluge

2 OSNOVNI PRINCIPI RA UNALNE

Sl. 2-1 Turingov stroj

Sl. 2-2 Primjer pohrane broja u Turingovu memoriju

Sl. 2-3 Postupak zaokruživanja Turingovim strojem

Tab. 2-1 Stanja i operacije algoritma zaokruživanja

,0 P >" ! @ %&H 0 & &1

0 & &1 ∈ R! CS N: @ %&H 1 H

0 & &1 TA ! @ %&H 0 & &1

Binarni broj je jedini na elementarna informacija nazvana "bit".

:Q =T: C !Q >T! :Q "T? !Q 9T! :Q ?TC :Q T9 :Q :T :Q !T:

Sl. 2-4 Pretvorba binarnog broja u dekadski

Sl. 2-5 Pretvorba dekadskog broja u binarni

2.2.1.1 Ekscesivna notacija

Tab. 2-2 Ekscesivna notacija

2.2.1.2 Komplementarna notacija

Tab. 2-3 Komplementarna notacija

Sl. 2-6 Prikaz racionalnih brojeva

S obzirom da ra unalo može interpretirati jedino binarne kombinacije, potrebno je

Tab. 2-4 ASCII tablica

^@ = 0 - 0x00 - 00 - %00000000 M-^@ = 128 - 0x80 - 0200 - %10000000

% = 37 - 0x25 - 045 - %00100101 ¥ = 165 - 0xA5 - 0245 - %10100101

n = 110 - 0x6E - 0156 - %01101110 î = 238 - 0xEE - 0356 - %11101110

Tab. 2-5 Binarna aritmetika za zbrajanje, oduzimanje, množenje i dijeljenje

010 110 110 110

101 001 001 001 (

010 110 110 110

G NE 7NOT8 I 7AND *, ∧8 ILI 7OR +, ∨8 Ex-ILI 7EX-

Sl. 2-7 Tablica istine i simboli NE (NOT) operatora

Sl. 2-8 Tablica istine i simboli I (AND) operatora

if (A and B) then C //ako su A i B istiniti tada je i C

Sl. 2-9 Tablica istine i simboli ILI (OR) operatora

if (A or B) then C //ako su A ili B istiniti tada je i C

Sl. 2-10 Tablica istine i simbol NI (NAND) operatora

Sl. 2-11 Operator NI kao kombinacija I i NE operatora

Sl. 2-12 Tablica istine i simbol NILI (NOR) operatora

Sl. 2-13 Tablica istine i simbol Ex-ILI (EX-OR) operatora