CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The increasing temperature leads to increasing demand of ventilation and

air conditioning which has a good impact in the industry but not in the environment.

Global warming is one of the biggest problems the world is facing at the

moment. This results to increase in sea levels, increase in temperature and acidity

of oceans, melting of ice caps, higher incidence of hurricanes, droughts, typhoons,

forest fires, and widespread of climate-related diseases

To provide comfortable environment conditions, engineers seek innovative

ways in ventilation and air conditioning systems. Ventilation and air conditioning

were equipped in different establishments to maintain a conditioned space.

Ventilation is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any given space to

provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen

replenishment, and removal of moisture, odours, smoke, heat, dust, airborne

bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. It removes unpleasant smells and

excessive moisture, introduces outside air, and keeps interior building air

circulating. Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as

the circulation of air within the building. This helps in maintaining acceptable indoor

air quality in buildings. Methods for ventilation may be divided into mechanical or

forced and natural types.

Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the

interior of an occupied space to improve comfort and can be used in both domestic

and commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to achieve

more comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and animals; however,

air conditioning is also used to cool/dehumidify rooms filled with heat-producing

electronic devices, such as computer servers, power amplifiers, and even to

display and store some delicate products, such as artwork.

1
 Outside and inside ambient air temperature are the main factors to be

considered in designing an air conditioning system. Other factors that must be

considered in designing are orientation of the building, elevation of the area, solar

haze factor, and climatic condition in relation with different months.

Objectives of the Design

The main objective of the design plate is to provide design of air conditioning

system appropriate for the three-storey dormitory located at Maria Christina St.,

Sampaloc, Manila.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Evaluate the physical parts of the building components and additionally

the materials used in the construction of the building and other factors

that adds to the cooling space.

2. Estimate/calculate the building cooling loads with the selected outdoor

and indoor design conditions at the peak hour of the day.

3. Present a psychometric calculation for equipment selection.

4. Choose the appropriate A/C unit taken from the available catalogue for

every conditioned space based on the computed heat load.

5. Present an air distribution system.

Significance of the Study

The importance of load calculation for engineers is to provide data for the

optimum possibilities for load reduction. It can also provide information for

equipment selection and HVAC system design. In addition, it also permits analysis

for partial load required for system design, operation and control. It provides great

knowledge for them to be a good professional.

The design project would be beneficial to the students in the said residential

building. It would provide a comfortable feeling for them.

2
 Student’s researcher would benefit from this project since it will add

knowledge and clear understanding in air conditioning cooling and heating load

calculation. Also, it would benefit the students taking the related subjects on air

conditioning which would serve as a reference material for them.

Background of the Study

Innovation in air conditioning technologies continue, with much recent

emphasis placed on energy efficiency and improving indoor air quality. Air

conditioners are now in demand to most school buildings to provide comfort to all

the teachers and students. With respect to heating and cooling load calculation

and equipment sizing, the unique features distinguishing dormitory building from

other types of buildings are the following:

Block load calculations can be used in dormitory buildings since it is multi-

storey structure. The method of calculation allows minimizing the number of list of

condition space per floor of a dormitory.

Dormitory buildings system loads are primarily imposed by heat loss or gain

through structural components and by air leakage or ventilation. Internal loads,

particularly those from occupants and lights, are larger in comparison to those in

commercial or industrial structures since large number of students are need to be

accommodated in a room. Miscellaneous load depends on the equipment in the

given space.

With these unique features of a dormitory, the engineers and architects

have come up with an idea to design the three storey dormitory building located in

Maria Christina Street, Sampaloc, Manila. Through this, the knowledge in

designing an air conditioning system could be applied in this design project.

The Dormitory has a total of three floors where the Ground Floor comprises

of 6 rooms, 18 of which will be equipped with air-conditioning. The considered air-

3
conditioned spaces includes one caretaker’s area and 17 rentable room space.

The selected condition spaces are to be subjected for proper air conditioning

services to achieve the thermal comfort that the occupants need.

Definition of Terms

For better understanding and clarification purposes, the following terms are

defined conceptually and operationally:

Air Conditioning. As defined by the American Society of Heating,

Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), it is the process of

treating air to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and

distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.

Chiller. A machine for cooling something, especially a cold cabinet or

refrigerator for keeping stored food a few degrees above freezing point. It removes

heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle.

Climate. The weather conditions of a region; conditions include

temperature, humidity, sunshine, pressure, and air movement.

Dry Air. A non-condensing component of the mixture, mainly the nitrogen

and the oxygen.

Dry Bulb Temperature. The air temperature taken with the sensitive

element of the thermometer in a dry condition.

Humidity. Term used to describe the presence of moisture of water vapor

in the air.

Infiltration. It is the process by which fluids pass slowly through a filtering

medium.

Latent Heat. Heat given off or absorbed in a process (such as fusion or

vaporization) other than a change of temperature.

4
 Psychrometric Chart. A graph of the properties of air; used to determine

how these properties vary as the amount of moisture in the air changes.

Psychometry. The science and practice of dealing with air mixture and their

control; it deals mainly with dry air and water vapour mixtures.

Relative Humidity. Term used to express the amount of moisture in a given

sample of air in comparison with the amount of moisture the air would hold if totally

saturated at the temperature of the sample; it is stated in a percentage.

Sensible Heat. It is the amount of energy that is normally released or

absorbed by a chemical substance during a change of temperature.

Specific Heat of Air. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature

of one pound of air one-degree Fahrenheit or one kilogram of air one degree

Celsius. The specific heat of air at sea level is 1.0062 KJ/Kg-K

Sensible Heat Ratio. A scale given on the right side of a psychrometric

chart; the ratio of sensible heat to the total added when moving from one point to

another on the psychrometric chart.

Ventilation. It is one of the most important engineering controls available

to the industrial hygienist for improving or maintaining the quality of the air in the

occupational work environment.

Wet Bulb Temperature. The air temperature taken when evaporation of

moisture is experienced.

I. Project Location and Design Building Orientation

a. Climatic Condition of the Locality as to where the Building will

be Constructed

The climatic condition of 1075-1079 Maria Christina St.,

Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines will be based on the gathered information

from ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (SI) and other reliable

5
 sources. The data about the location’s latitude and longitude on the

earth surface, elevation of the site from sea level, the maximum dry bulb

and the corresponding wet bulb temperature during summer, the daily

range in 1075-1079 Maria Christina St., Sampaloc, Manila Philippines

are to be considered.

The climatic condition in Manila for the summer design conditions is

as follows:

1. Latitude on the earth surface = 16° North latitude

2. Longitude on the earth surface = 120° East longitude

3. Elevation of the site from sea level = 13 m

4. Outdoor Conditions

Maximum dry bulb temperature, tDB = 33.9° C

Maximum wet bulb temperature, tWB = 26.7° C

Indoor Conditions

Dry bulb temperature tDB = 21° C

Relative Humidity = 50%

5. Daily Range in the locality = 6.5° C

6. Solar Haze factor = 0; negligible

b. Building Orientation Base on Site Plan

The architectural plan indicates the building structure with its

building orientation including its vicinity map. This plan usually indicates

the due north, to be oriented with boundaries and sides of the building.

With this proper orientation of the architectural plan, the students will

determine the duration of exposure to the sun of the building boundary

during daytime as implied by the climatic condition.

The project will be located at Maria Christina Street,

Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines.

6
Figure 1. Map of the Three Storey Dormitory (1075-1079) Maria Christina Street,
Sampaloc Manila Philippines (Google Map, 2017)

Figure 1 shows the location of the Dormitory at Maria Christina Street, Sampaloc,

Manila along with a few other dormitories and establishments next to it.

Figure 2. Location of the Vacant Lot where the Three Storey Dormitory is to be
constructed (Google Map, 2018)

Figure 2 shows the space with 150 sq. meters’ lot area in Maria Christina

Street, Sampaloc, Manila, Philippines which the building is to be constructed.