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LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
a = 400 a = 400
Lcalc = 18710
Lbeam = 19410 Bi = 50
Ldeck =19510
GIRDER DIMENSIONS
Cover pp = 25 mm
y6 = 100 mm
y5 = 125 mm
y4 = 0 mm
y3 = 300 mm
y2 = 75 mm
y1 = 150 mm
x1 = 750 mm
x2 = 750 mm
x3 = 200 mm
x4 = 0 mm
15.11
15.11
0.00
0.00
-5.56
-14.42
-14.42
MATERIAL DATA
h = 200 mm
b = 1100 mm
Cover = 25 mm
Bar radius = 14 mm
GIRDER DESIGN
TOP 0 mm
1
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
#N/A
2 7 120 ●●●●●●●
1 10 60 ●●●●●●●●●●
BOTTOM 17 mm
[ 0.6']; [Grade 270 KSI] ; [LOW RELAXATION] ; [SEVEN WIRE] -- PRESTRESSED STRANDS
PBEAM 64 PROJECT NAME………: YAVUZ SELiM BULVARI ALTGECiT iNSAATI
Version 1.1 LOCATION…..……....: BEYLiKDUZU-ISTANBUL
REGULATION…….....: AASHTO LRFD 2007
TURAN BABACAN
PROJECT NAME………:
LOCATION…..……....:
REGULATION…….....:
UNITS DATA…….......:
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
PRECAST SECTION
Beam heigth hb =
Beam Area Abeam =
Moment of inertia I =
Distance from centroid top fiber Yt =
Distance from centroid bottom fiber Yb =
Section modulus top fiber St =
Section modulus bottom fiber Sb =
Description Area
(in2)
Beam 530.88
DECK SLAB
hc > 17,5 cm
Mu = 39.21
Mr = ɸ.Mn
Mr = 58.200972
Mr > Mu ;
BEARING CONTROLS
GIRDER CONTROLS
3,5 ≤ S ≤ 16 OK
4,5 ≤ ts ≤ 12 OK
20 ≤ L ≤ 240 OK
Nb ≥ 4 OK
10.000 ≤ Kg ≤ 7.000.000 OK
≤ 1.82 OK
159.78626921 < 195 OK
2.4801488235 > 1.82 OK
ft-top 0.623√f'ci
(ksi) -1.38
-0.693355261 OK
-0.536785557 OK
0.2281723585 OK
0.2368152502 OK
fb-bot. 0.6f'ci
(ksi) 2.93
2.9322191675 OK
2.7827482171 OK
2.0524729209 OK
2.0442218915 OK
0.1372701246 OK
0.7845772227 OK
0.9004583934 OK
1.2196150662 OK
0.203571653 OK
0.90 ≤ 2.2 OK
0.77 ≤ 1.95 OK
1.22 ≤ 2.93 OK
0.14 ≤ 1.63 OK
YAVUZ SELiM BULVARI ALTGECiT iNSAATI
BEYLiKDUZU-ISTANBUL
AASHTO LRFD 2007
US SI
1 in. 25,4 mm 25.4
1 in.2 645,2 mm2 645.2
1 ft. 0,305 m 0.305
1 ft.2 0,093 m2 0.093
1 psi 0,006895 MPa 0.007
1 ksi 6,895 MPa 6.9
1 kip 4,448 kN 4.4
1 k-ft 1,356 kN-m 1.356
1 lb 0,004448 kN 0.004
1 kip 1000 lb 1000.0
1 Kn 1000 N 1000.0
1 lb/ft 0,01459 kN/m 0.015
SI US
1 mm 0,0394 in. 0.039
1 mm2 0,002 in.2 0.002
1m 3,279 ft. 3.3
1 m2 10,753 ft.2 10.8
1 MPa 145,035 psi 145.0
1 MPa 0,145 ksi 0.145
1 kN 0,225 kip 0.225
1 kN-m 0,737 k-ft 0.737
1 kN 224,82 lb 224.8
1 lb 0,001 kip 0.001
1N 0,001 kN 0.001
1 kN/m 68,54 lb/ft 68.5
Beam heigth hb = 750 mm
Beam Area Abeam = 342500 mm2
Moment of inertia I = 23173044657.3 mm4
Distance from centroid top fiber Yt = 383.698296837 mm
ance from centroid bottom fiber Yb = 366.301703163 mm
Section modulus top fiber St = 60393921.0791 mm3
Section modulus bottom fiber Sb = 63262181.0307 mm3
OK
kN.m
kN.m
OK
6 θ 14 / 20
hc ≤ 0.70 hri OK
ht ≤ minLW OK
Reinforcement (14.7.6.3.7) :
hsi ≤ hmax OK
hsii ≤ hmax OK
0.78 ≤ 2.18 OK
0.20 ≤ -0.42 OK
0.23 ≤ 0.93 OK
> 135.1 OK
≤ 7.87 OK
≤ 7.87 OK
> 1489.81 OK
≤ 0.42 OK
> 1272 OK
> 1526 OK
OK
dv ≥ 0.72h ≥ 26 OK
dv ≥ 0.9dc ≥ 30 OK
293.21 280.19 Mu>Vudv OK
325.52 277.26 Mu>Vudv OK
419.67 268.51 Mu>Vudv OK
543.57 256.40 Mu>Vudv OK
exex1 0.10 -0.140 OK
Vu > 0.5 ø (Vc + Vp ) > 26 OK
stirrup s ≤ smax OK
stirrup 0.182> 0.064 OK
stirrup 0.053< 0.182 OK
stirrup ≤ 0.25 f'c bv dv OK
body 1.75 > 0.15 OK
body Avf ≥ 0.05 bv / fy OK
body Vn ≤ 0.2 f'c Acv OK
body Vn ≤ 0.8 Acv OK
long.reinf. 158.20 276.554 OK
stirr.end 1.402 > 1.323 OK
L/800 > Σ∆ 0.92 0.247 OK
PROJECT NAME………:
LOCATION…..……....:
REGULATION…….....:
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
300
COMPOSITE SECTION
Akomp =
hc =
Ic =
ybc =
ytg =
ytc =
Sbc =
Stg =
Stc =
Description
Beam
Haunch
Deck
Total
PRECAST GIRDER
ROW
2
1
BOTTOM
Number of beam Nb = 11 #
300 14100
2000
80
250
0
1100
15.53
7.66
7.66
5.63E+05 mm2 871.88 in2
9.50E+02 mm 37.40 in
5.52E+10 mm4 132527 in4
5.55E+02 mm 21.87 in
1.95E+02 mm 7.66 in
3.95E+02 mm 15.53 in
9.93E+07 mm3 6059.95 in3
2.84E+08 mm3 17305.25 in3
1.58E+08 mm3 9653.32 in3
7 1 1478 OK
10 3 2956 OK
17 4 mm OK
TRUCK LOAD
TANDEM LOAD
LANES LOAD
ELASTOMERIC BEARING
Pad length (bridge longit
STRANDS
PROJECT NAME………: YAVUZ SELiM BULVARI ALTGECiT iNSAATI
LOCATION…..……....: BEYLiKDUZU-ISTANBUL
REGULATION…….....: AASHTO LRFD 2007
IMPACT FACTOR
IMPACT(aashto) 0.27
P1 = 30.00 kN
P2 = 120.00 kN
P3 = 120.00 kN
X1 = 4250 mm
X2 = 4250 mm
10.00
Qlanes = 10.00 kN/m
Note : [*] Kiriş ringde çalışıyor.dingil araları %50 azaltıldı. Dingil yükleri %50 arttırıldı.
ELASTOMERIC BEARING
Pad length (bridge longitudinal direction) Lm = 300 mm
in mm
0.5 12.7
0.6 15.24
0.7 17.78
Strand diameter Cap = 14.2 mm
[ 0.6']; [Grade 270 KSI] ; [LOW RELAXATION] ; [SEVEN WIRE] -- PRESTRESSED STRANDS
Top face of the beam(compression) As'
⑤ 6 Ø16
INPUT DATA:
250
0
1100
Cover pp = 25 mm 1.00 in
y6 = 100 mm 3.94 in
y5 = 125 mm 4.92 in
y4 = 0 mm 0.00 in
y3 = 300 mm 11.81 in
y2 = 75 mm 2.95 in
y1 = 150 mm 5.91 in
x1 = 750 mm 29.53 in
x2 = 750 mm 29.53 in
x3 = 200 mm 7.87 in
x4 = 0 mm 0.00 in
2_ MATERIAL DATA
2.2_ STEEL
[*] Kiriş ringde çalışıyor.dingil araları %50 azaltıldı. Dingil yükleri %50 arttırıldı.
IMPACT(aashto) 0.27
IM = 0.27 0.15
3_ STRAND PATTERN= [ 0.6']; [Grade 270 KSI] ; [LOW RELAXATION] ; [SEVEN WIRE] -- PRESTRESSED STRANDS
0.0
STRAND
PATTERN
ROW
NUMBERS
6 0 0 0.00 0.00
5 0 0 0.00 0.00
4 0 0 0.00 0.00
3 0 0 0.00 0.00
2 7 120 4.72 7.00 ●●●●●●●
1 10 60 2.36 10.00 ●●●●●●●●●●
BOTTOM 17 in. 17
4_ Debonding
0.16L = 9.82 ft
Ltrans+K[fpe-2/3*fpei)scap = 8.46 ft
L/2
STRAND
PATTERN
X1 29.52755905512
X2 29.52755905512
X3 7.874015748032
X4 0
Y1 5.905511811024
Y2 2.952755905512
Y3 11.81102362205
Y4 0
Y5 4.92125984252
Y6 3.937007874016
IXX
A(in2) yb (in) A*yb Ix A*(yb-yb')^2
A1 174.3753487507 2.952755906 514.8878408 506.7793709 22935.26189
A2 31.96881393763 6.88976378 220.2575763 15.48492522 1813.413163
A3 23.25004650009 7.381889764 171.6292803 16.8926457 1152.125251
A4 93.00018600037 14.76377953 1373.034242 1081.129325 10.90648565
A5 0 20.66929134 0 0 0
A6 0 20.66929134 0 0 0
A7 53.28135656271 23.95013123 1276.095482 71.68946862 4837.846586
A8 38.75007750016 23.12992126 896.2862414 78.20669303 2938.790989
A9 116.2502325005 27.55905512 3203.746565 150.1568506 20064.77883
Σ 7655.94 1.92E+03 5.38E+04
IYY
A yl A*yl Iy A*(yl-yl')^2
A1 174.3753487507 14.76377953 2574.439204 12669.48427 0
A2 15.98440696881 7.217847769 115.3730162 104.0931084 910.1694935
A3 15.98440696881 22.30971129 356.6075046 104.0931084 910.1694935
A4 23.25004650009 14.76377953 343.2585605 120.1254805 0
A5 93.00018600037 14.76377953 1373.034242 480.501922 0
A6 0 10.82677165 0 0 0
A7 0 18.7007874 0 0 0
A8 0 14.76377953 0 0 0
A9 26.64067828136 7.217847769 192.2883603 173.488514 1516.949156
A10 26.64067828136 22.30971129 594.3458409 173.488514 1516.949156
A11 38.75007750016 14.76377953 572.0976009 200.2091342 0
A12 116.2502325005 14.76377953 1716.292803 8446.322848 0
Σ 7837.74 2.25E+04 4.85E+03
0.00
0.00
-5.56
-14.42
-14.42
Composite section
DEAD LOAD [ DC ]
[LRFD Art. 3.3.2]
Dtab 0.36 kip/ft Gcd/1000*(ts/12*S+th/12*thw)
Dbeam 0.56 kips/ft Gkiris/1000+DA
DC +DW
x x/L V M w
ft. kips k-ft
0.00 0.000 34.77 0.00
3.13 0.051 31.22 103.29
3.50 0.057 30.80 114.72 L
4.60 0.100 29.55 148.06
6.14 0.200 27.81 192.08
12.28 0.300 20.86 341.47
18.42 0.400 13.91 448.18 V= w (0.5 L-x)
24.55 0.425 6.95 512.21 M=0.5 w x (L-x)
27.62 0.450 3.48 528.21
30.69 0.500 0.00 533.55
34.77 533.55
LIVE LOADS [ LL ]
Truck load
0.69
LOADING RESULT
61.38
TRUCK LOAD
TRUCK TRUCK + IM
x x/L
V M VLT MLT
ft. kips k-ft kips k-ft
0.00 0.000 51.39 0.00 31.95 0.00
3.13 0.051 48.30 140.88 30.02 68.04
3.50 0.057 47.93 156.32 29.79 75.50
4.60 0.100 46.84 201.21 29.12 97.18
6.14 0.200 45.32 260.00 28.17 125.57
12.28 0.300 39.25 453.75 24.40 219.15
18.42 0.400 33.18 601.55 20.63 290.53
24.55 0.425 27.11 684.76 16.85 330.72
27.62 0.450 24.08 698.42 14.97 337.32
30.69 0.500 21.04 693.45 13.08 334.92
max value 51.39 698.42 31.95 337.32
TANDEM LOAD
FACTORED UNFOCTORED
x x/L
Vlta Mlta
ft. kips k-ft kips k-ft
0.00 0.000 43.77 0.00 21.45 0.00
3.13 0.051 43.77 77.42 21.45 29.48
3.50 0.057 43.77 86.53 21.45 32.95
4.60 0.100 43.77 113.85 21.45 43.36
6.14 0.200 43.77 151.81 21.45 57.81
12.28 0.300 -5.69 303.61 -2.79 115.62
18.42 0.400 -5.69 455.42 -2.79 173.43
24.55 0.425 -5.69 607.22 -2.79 231.24
27.62 0.450 -5.69 683.12 -2.79 260.14
30.69 0.500 -5.69 759.03 -2.79 289.05
max value 43.77 759.03 21.45 289.05
Mg 265.44 k-ft
Ms 170.50 k-ft
yb 14.42 in
ybs= the distance from center of gravity of the strand at midspan to the bottom of the beam
ybs 2.36 in
lossy 20.00 %
GHS 12 #
Sb 3860.50 in3
eh 0.00 in
ybsend 3.33 in
ybs 3.33 in
HS 17 #
ec 11.09 in
eci 11.09 in
Viok 8.00 %
Mg 265.44 k-ft
Ms 170.50 k-ft
Msdl 97.60 k-ft
ec 11.09 in
I 55673.46 in4
Ic 132527.26 in4
ybc 21.87 in
ybs 20.04 in
fb.reqd 1.82 kip/in2
RH 60.00 %
∆fpSR 8.00 kip/in2 17-0,15*RH
Ms 170.50 k-ft
MSDL 97.60 k-ft
ybc 21.87 in
ybs* 20.04 in loss-ec
I 55673.46 in4
Ic 132527.26 in4
∆fcdp 0.42 kip/in2 Ms*12*ec/I+Msdl*12*(ybc-ybsu)/Ic
∆fpCR 19.69 kip/in2 12*fcgp-7*Dfctp
Ms 170.50 k-ft
MSDL 97.60 k-ft
ybc 21.87 in
fpi 202646.85 lbf/in2
HS 17 #
Mg 265.44 k-ft
∆fpR2 2.862 kip/in2 0,3*(20-0,4*DfpES-0,2*(DfpSR+DfpCR))
Karea 530.88 in2
Ekrs 4360.17 ksi
Estr 28275.00 ksi
ec 11.09 in
∆fctp 0.42 ksi
∆fpSR 8.00 ksi
Stresses at Midspan
≤ 0.60f'ci.reqd.
ec 11.09 in
Morta 285.6758 k-ft 0,5*Gkiris*(Lbeam/2)^2/1000
Due to ½(effective prestress + permanent loads) + transient loads for load comb. Service I
0.4f'c 1.95 kip/in2 precast beam
Stresses at Midspan
FATIGUE
ft 0.93 kip/in2
ffat 0.23 kip/in2 ≤ 0.93 OK
Mu 1489.81 k-ft
fpu 270.20 kip/in2 fpu/1000
fpe 159.79 kip/in2 fpe>0,5fpu > 135.1 OK
LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT
SHEAR DESIGN
Critical section near the supports is the greater of: [LRFD Art. 5.8.3.2]
bv 7.87 in
a 6.35 in
0.72h 26.93 in [LRFD Art. 5.8.2.9]
dc 34.07 in hc-ybsend [LRFD Art. 5.7.3.3.1]
0.9dc 30.66 in
dv 30.89 in dc-0,5*a dv ≥ 0.72h ≥ 26 OK
dv ≥ 0.9dc ≥ 30 OK
x/L 0,1L
minβ 3.48
Vc 59.21 kips 0,0316*Betta*(fuci_/1000)^0,5*bv*dv
[LRFD Art. 5.8.2.4-1]
Vu 104.30 kips Vu > 0.5 ø (Vc + Vp ) > 26 OK
Ø ex < 1,0
Uu/f'c -0.2 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.125 0.25 0.5 1
0.075 22.20 20.40 21.00 21.80 24.30 26.60 30.50 36.40
0.1 18.10 20.40 21.40 22.50 24.90 27.10 30.80 36.70
0.125 19.90 21.90 22.80 23.70 25.90 27.90 31.40 37.00
0.15 21.60 23.30 24.20 25.00 26.90 28.80 32.10 37.30
0.175 23.20 24.70 25.50 26.20 28.00 29.70 32.70 36.80
0.2 24.70 26.10 26.70 27.40 29.00 30.60 32.80 36.10
0.225 26.10 27.30 27.90 28.50 30.00 30.80 32.30 35.70
0.25 27.50 28.60 29.10 29.70 30.60 31.30 32.80 35.80
β ex < 1,0
Uu/f'c -0.2 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.125 0.25 0.5 1
0.075 6.32 4.75 4.10 3.75 3.24 2.94 2.59 2.23
0.1 3.79 3.38 3.24 3.14 2.91 2.75 2.50 2.18
0.125 3.18 2.99 2.94 2.87 2.74 2.62 2.42 2.13
0.15 2.88 2.79 2.78 2.72 2.60 2.52 2.36 2.08
0.175 2.73 2.66 2.65 2.60 2.52 2.44 2.28 1.96
0.2 2.63 2.59 2.52 2.51 2.43 2.37 2.14 1.79
0.225 2.53 2.45 2.42 2.40 2.34 2.14 1.86 1.64
0.25 2.39 2.39 2.33 2.33 2.12 1.93 1.70 1.50
interpolation β 1 Ø 2
0,1L -0.200 -0.128 -0.100 -0.200 -0.128 -0.100
2 0.100 3.790 3.496 3.380 18.100 20.400
0.101 3.484 18.147 19.790 20.439
3 0.125 3.180 3.044 2.990 19.900 21.900
interpolation β 1 Ø 2
0,2L -0.200 -0.118 -0.100 -0.200 -0.118 -0.100
1 0.075 6.320 5.037 4.750 22.200 20.400
0.097 3.514 18.513 20.055 20.400
2 0.100 3.180 3.343 3.380 18.100 20.400
STIRRUP CALCULATION
stirrup s= 150 mm
spacing s= 5.906 in
0.8dv 24.72 in
smax 24.00 in
if Vu ≥ 0.125 f'c then; [LRFD Eq. 5.8.2.7-2]
0.4dv 12.36 in
smax 12.00 in
s 5.906 in s ≤ smax OK
Av.seç 0.182 in2/ft 2*Pi()*C924^2/4 0.182> 0.064 OK
STIRRUP CALCULATION
0,1L
kips
Vbarr 1.55
Vw 3.86
VLT 29.12
VLL 8.82
Vu 74.11 1,25*Vbarr+1,5*Vw+1,75*(VLT+VLL)
Vh 2.40 kips/in
Vn = Vu/ø
Vn 2.67 kip/in
Avf' 1.75 in2/ft existing => 2x5 Ø12 1.75 > 0.15 OK
As fy + Aps fps ≥ Mu / [dv ø] + 0.5 Nu/ø +[Vu/ø -0.5 Vs -Vp) cot Ø [LRFD Art. 5.8.3.5]
Lbearing 11.81 in
end of beam 0.49 ft
cot Ø 2.78
ø 0.90
Nu 0.00
Mu 48.30 kip-ft
Vu 117.01 kips
Vs 161.18 kips
Vp 0.00 kips
dv 30.89 in
eh 0.00 in
ybsend 3.33 in
As 2.18 in2
fy 60.90 kip/in2
Ltransfer 2.80 ft
right 158.20 kips Mu / [dv ø] + 0.5 Nu/ø +[Vu/ø -0.5 Vs -Vp) cot Ø
left 276.55 kips 0+SHS*Sarea*fpei*(eh+ybsend*cotO)/(Ltransfer*12) OK
REINFORCEMENT DRAWING
④③②① ④③②①
DEFLECTIONS CALCULATION ↓
Deflection due to wearing surface weight at midspan +
Deflection due to barrier weight at midspan
Gbw 0.21 kips/ft
Eci 4360.17 kip/in2
Ic 132527.26 in4
L 61.38 ft
UNITS
US SI 0 SI US
1 in. 25,4 mm <=> 1 mm 0,0394 in.
1 in.2 645,2 mm2 <=> 1 mm2 0,002 in.2
1 ft. 0,305 m <=> 1m 3,279 ft.
1 ft.2 0,093 m2 <=> 1 m2 10,753 ft.2
1 psi 0,006895 MPa <=> 1 MPa 145,035 psi
1 ksi 6,895 MPa <=> 1 MPa 0,145 ksi
1 kip 4,448 kN <=> 1 kN 0,225 kip
1 ft-kip 1,356 kN-m <=> 1 kN-m 0,737 ft-kip
1 lb 0,004448 kN <=> 1 kN 224,82 lb
1 kip 1000 lb <=> 1 lb 0,001 kip
1 Kn 1000 N <=> 1N 0,001 kN
1 lb/ft 0,01459 kN/m <=> 1 kN/m 68,54 lb/ft
PROJECT NAME………: YAVUZ SELiM BULVARI ALTGECiT iNSAATI
LOCATION…...……....: BEYLiKDUZU-ISTANBUL
REGULATION……......: ELASTOMERIC BEARING DESIGN AASHTO LRFD 2007
METHOD B
εi = 0.02662 durometer 50 60 70
δLi = 0.212963 mm C 0.013966 0.01513 0.011639
δLt = 1.197919 mm x 0.288213 0.262921 0.284806
δcr = 0.006655 mm εi = Cs^x 0.02662 0.012879 0.009775
Σδ = 1.204574 mm
0.07 hri = 0.56 mm δLi ≤ 0.07 hri OK
Check Shear Deformation (14.7.5.3.4) :
α = 1.17E-05 /°C
tset = 20 °C
γTU = 1.2
Ls = 18710 mm
θsx = 0.003 rad. Construction Tolerance
θsz = 0.003 rad.
σs = 2.411111 MPa
Nel = 5
G.S = 6.5625 Mpa
n = 6
Lch = 0.5 GS (Lpad/hri)^2 (θsx/n)
Lch = 2.360366 Mpa Lch ≤ σs OK
Wch = 0.5 GS (Wpad/hri)^2 (θsz/n)
Wch = 2.360366 Mpa Wch ≤ σs OK
ht = 63 mm minLW=min(Lpad/3 , Wpad/3)
minLW = 100 mm ht ≤ minLW OK
hmax = 8 mm
hsi = 0.241111 mm hsi =3 hri σs / fy
hsi ≤ hmax OK
hsii = 0.119596 mm hsii =2 hri σL / Aft
hsii ≤ hmax OK
Metrication Conversion Guide for 318M and 318S
Note:
Based on IEEE/ASTM SI 10-2002 document
The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining
values in any way.
Rules: 1. Convert in. to mm using the factor 25.40 and round to two significant digits.
2. Orange shading: equivalence number for ACI 318M document.
3. Change to m, when conversion reaches 1000 mm.
Example 1: 1/2 in. = 0.5 x 25.40 = 12.70 à use 13 mm
Rule: Convert in. to mm using the factor 25.40 and round to 2 significant digits.
Example : 0.013 in. = 0.013 x 25.40 = 0.3302 à use 0.33 mm
Rule: Convert ft2 to m2 using the factor 0.09290 and round to 2 significant digits.
Therefore 5,000 ft2 = 5,000 x 0.09290 = 464.5 à use 460 m2
Rule: Convert in2/ft to mm2/m using the factor 2117 and round to 2 significant digits.
Therefore : 0.10 in.2/ft = 0.10 x 2117 = 211.7 à use 210 mm2/m
Rule: Convert yd3 to m3 using the factor 0.7646 and round to 2 significant digits.
Example : 50 yd3 = 50 x 0.7646 = 38.23 à use 38 m3
Rule: Convert lb to kN using the factor 0.004448 and round to 2 significant digits.
Example : 16,000 lb = 16,000 x 0.004448 = 71.17 à use 71 kN
Rule: Convert lb/ft to kN/m using the factor 0.01459 and round to 2 significant digits.
Example : 1,500 lb/ft = 1,500 x 0.01459 = 21.89 à use 22 kN/m
Rule: Convert psf to kN/m2 using the factor 0.04788 and round to 2 significant digits.
Therefore : 100 psf = 100 x 0.04788 = 4.788 à use 4.8 kN/m2
Rule: To convert °F to °C use the conversion above and round to the nearest degree.
Except for temperatures above 212 deg F, for which the conversion is rounded to 2
significant figures).
Example: 35 °F = (35 – 32)/1.8 = 1.67 à use 2 °C
According to ACI style manual, the degree symbol should be used with
temperature, °F and °C.
Rule: Convert the unit weight in lb/ft3 to kg/m3 using the factor 16.02 and round to three (3) significant
digits. (Show to the nearest 5 kg/m3 for values in the 'ones' digit.)
Example: 144 x 16.02 = 2307 à use 2310 kg/m3
NOTE:
In SI Units the kg is a unit of mass therefore the term "unit weight" in a SI document should be "unit density."
Rule: Convert psi to MPa using the factor 0.006895 and round to two (2) significant digits (except for
concrete stress levels 5000 psi and above round to the nearest 5 MPa - see shaded equivalents
below).
Example 1: 4440 psi = 4.44 x 6.894757 = 30.61 à use 31 MPa
Example 2: 12,000 psi = 12 x 6.894757 = 82.737 à use 85 MPa
Rule: Convert psi to MPa using the factor 0.006895 and round to 2 significant digits.
Therefore : 29,000,000 psi = 29,000,000 x 6.895 / 1000 = 199,995 à use 200,000 MPa
1/12.043 or 0.08304
Rule: To convert the multipliers of use the factor 1/12.043 (or 0.08304) and round to two (2)
significant digits. Show constants or multipliers in front of equation.
Conversion of reinforcing steel grades per ASTMs listed in the 318: (Minimum yield strengths)
Not included: A 53 - 02, A 307 - 04, A 500 - 03, A 501 - 01
A 185 - 02 and A 497 - 02 refer to A 82
A 185 - 02 and A 497 - 02 refer to A 82
A 775 - 01 and A 934 - 03 refer to A 615, A 706, and A 996
A 884 - 02 refers to A 82, A 185, A 496, and A 497
ASTM
in.-lbs Units [in.] SI Units [mm] Designated
ACI 318M
Strand No.
ASTM A 416/ A 416M–02
0.250 6.4 6 6
0.313 7.9 8 8
0.375 9.5 9 9
0.438 11.1 11 11
0.500 12.7 13 13
0.600 15.2 15 15
*Where ACI 318 gives limits on general 'Tendon' sizes, an exact conversion of shall be made.
(Example; 5/8" tendon will be converted to 16 mm)