Section-Active Structure System

2015/3/20
Vivo City in Singapore
General Study of Structure Form I
建築結構系統 I
Omotesando Tod’s in Tokyo
Structure
System
Introduction Comparison and Difference
- Structure is the primary and solitary instrument for generating form

and space in Architecture.
- Structure can completely be hidden by the building form, it can as well

become the building form it self , Architecture.
- Structure relies on the discipline exerted by the law of natural science.
- Structure personifies the creative intent of the designer to unify the form,
material and force.
- Structure presents an aesthetic, inventive tool for both shaping and

experience building.
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- STRUCTURE: 1. Section-active Structure System

(1) Forms with test
2. Vector-active Structure System
(2) A design IMPLEMENTS
3. Form-active Structure System
- STRUCTURE SYSTEM: 4. Surface-active Structure System
(1) Forms can be incorporated into the plan of the design

5. Height-active Structure System
(2) Orders and design PRINCIPLES 6. Hybrid Structure System
Section-active Structure System
- Confinement of the Force
The Architect develop the structure CONCEPT in his design.

- Structures acting mainly through cross section
and continuity of the materials
- System in bending stress condition: Sectional force
Vector-active Structure System
- Dissection of the Force
- Structures acting mainly through composition

of compressive and tensile members
Types of - System in coactive stress condition: Compressive and Tensile force

Structure
System
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Form-active Structure System Hybrid Structure System
- Adjustment of the Force - Two structure systems with dissimilar mechanics of redirecting
forces.
- Structures acting mainly through material form

- These two structure systems can be locked together to form a
single operational construct with new mechanics.
- System in single stress condition: Compressive or Tensile force
Surface-active Structure System
- Dispersion of the Force
- Structures acting mainly through extension

and form of service
- System in surface stress condition: Membrane force Section-

active
Structure
System
Opera House, Sydney, Australia Water Cube, China
Height-active Structure System Section-active Structure System
- Collection and Grounding of the Force - The structure system of solid, rigid linear elements
- Structures acting mainly as vertical load transmitter - Compacted form as slab, in which the redirection of
the forces is effected through
- System without typical condition MOBILIZATION OF SECTION FORCE
- External forces are redirected through sectional fabric
Page 177
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Section-active Structure System Beam Structure
Wood
1. Beam Structure
2. Frame Structure
Steel
3. Beam Grid Structure
4. Slab Structure
Concrete
Page 179
Beam Structure
Example: Find the internal reactions at points indicated. All axial force
reactions are zero. Points are 2-m apart.
P = 20 kN
Beam 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10
Structure
6 7
8 kN 12 kN
12 m
20 m
Point 6 is just left of P and Point 7 is just right of P.
Beam Structure
V & M Diagrams P = 20 kN
- The structure function of beam systems is performed by actions

within the cross section.
- Consequently, the design of the beam CROSS SECTION, in compliance 8 kN 12 kN

with the specific materials is the primary concern in developing structure. 12 m
20 m
8 kN
V
(kN) x
-12 kN
96 m-kN
b
Simply supported beam
M
a c
(m-kN) x
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Beam Structure
V & M Diagrams P = 20 kN
Deflection Point
8 kN 12 kN
12 m
20 m
8 kN
V
(kN) x
What is the area of the

blue rectangle? -12 kN
96 m-kN What is the area of
96 m-kN
b the green rectangle?
-96 m-kN
M
a c
(ft-kips) x
Beam Structure Beam Structure
Common Relationships Firth Bridge

Cantilever bridge with total length of 2,528.7 m and longest span of 521.3 m
P Constant Linear
Load
Designer: Sir John Fowler and Sir Benjamin Baker
Location: Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
Built year: 4 March 1890
Constant Linear Parabolic
Shear
Linear Parabolic Cubic
Moment
Common Relationships
P Constant
Load M
Constant Constant Linear
Shear
Linear Linear Parabolic
Moment
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- Influence of the cantilever action on beam efficiency
CASE 1 Simply supported beam
M Diagrams
CASE 2 Beam with both ends cantilevered 1/3 of column span
M Diagrams
Guandu Bridge
165 meters long through the arch bridge
CASE 3 Beam with both ends cantilevered by ½ of column span
Designer: Tung-Yen Lin

Location: Tamsui, New Taipei City, Taiwan
Built year: 31 October 1983
M Diagrams
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Page 182
http://simbiosisgroup.net/18507/confea-new-headquarters-ppms-arquitetos-associados-brasil
CONFEA New Headquarters

Architects: PPMS Arquitetos Associados
Location: Brasil
shear connection
Moment Diagrams
Ma
- Inflection point
- cantilever + simply support
- Ma<Mb
Mb
Moment Diagrams
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Frame Structure
- Influence of the frame stiffness on stress distribution and structure form
Frame
Structure
Page 186
Frame Structure Frame Structure

- System of Three-Hinged Frame
Simply supported beam Structure
Page 190
Rigid Frame Structure
- Two-hinged frame set upon cantilevers of three-hinged frame

- due to the continuity of the frame corner, deflection of the beam
can be reduced differently according to the degree of the column
stiffness and materials.
- This results in control over degree of deflection and hence over

structure form.
- Contrary to the simply beam that need additional stiffening of

supports for receiving the rotation.
- By its own deflection in the rigid frame, vertical reactions are

generated the produce a reverse rotation.
Page 193
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Special Form Umbrella
Riken
Yamamoto
Special Form Umbrella Special Form Umbrella

Riken Yamamoto
1945 Born in Beijing, China
1968 BA from Department of Architecture,

College of Science and Technology, Nihon University
1971 MA from Tokyo University of the Arts, Faculty of Architecture

Research Student, Hara Laboratory at Institute of Industrial Science,
the University of Tokyo
1973Founded Riken Yamamoto & Field Shop Co., Ltd.
http://riken-yamamoto.co.jp/index.html?lng=_Eng

Namics Techno Core
Function: Research Center

Location: Niigata prefecture, Japan
Architects: Riken Yamamoto & Field Shop
Structural Engineer: Arup Japan
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TOYO ITO
1941 Born in Keijō, Japanese Korea

(Now Seoul, South Korea)
1965 BA from Department of Architecture,

the University of Tokyo
1979 Toyo Ito & Associates
http://www.toyo-ito.co.jp/WWW/index/index_en.html
Library of Tama Art University
Location: Tokyo, Japan

Architect: Toyo Ito
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- Mechanism of complete frame and multi-panel frame
- The rotation will be resisted by the column and deflection is Arthur Vierendeel
obstructed, efficiency will be increased with the number of the (10 April 1852 – 8 November 1940)
column added.
a civil engineer born in Leuven, Belgium. He had

a career as a university professor, and civil
engineer. The structure known as the Vierendeel
truss is named after him.
Page 194
- A simulation results on the Vierendeel truss
shear force distribution bending moment distribution

Page 195
- Vierendeel Truss Grammont, Belgium,1898
- Such trusses do not have the usual triangular

voids seen in a pin–joint truss bridge
- rather employing rectangular openings and rigid

connections in the elements.
- unlike a conventional truss, it must also resist

substantial bending forces.
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- The first bridge of Arthur Vierendeel was built in Avelgem in 1902, - Gustav-Heinemann-Brücke, Berlin, 2005
crossing the Scheldt river.
- De eerste Vierendeelbrug ,Grammene, Belgium ,1922.

Span=56.16m
- Osera de Ebro Bridge, Spain 2002
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- Mechanism of complete frame and multi-panel frame

- According to the shear distribution in a beam, the column are
subjected to a very different degree of bending.
Page 195
- Long span structure system composed of multi-panel frame

- multi-panel frame continuous through all floors
- Single-story multi-panel frame as support for each two floors
Page 198-199
HSBC Headquarters in Hong Kong
- Vierendeel Truss
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- The most conspicuous features of

the building are the eight groups of
four aluminium-clad steel columns.
Suspension truss to
hang the floor
- Rise from the foundations up through
the main structure.
- The triangular suspension trusses

Loading from floor transmit
which are locked into these masts,
to the Vierendeel Truss via
supporting the weight of the floor.
the suspension truss and
therefore to the foundation.
- Aluminium-clad steel columns (Vierendeel Truss)
Suspension truss
Suspension component to
hang the floor
Floor slab
To see the details
Vierendeel Truss

Vierendeel Truss composed Cross brace
by 4 giant steel tube
Brace for resist

the lateral force
Rotational Box beam

connector and bolt
Part of
suspension truss
Part of
suspension truss
Suspension component to
hang the floor
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- Supreme Federal Tribunal
Location: Rio, Brazil
Architect: Oscar Niemeyer
- Triangular suspension trusses
Frame Structure
- Because of the superiority of rectangular geometry in buildings,

the frame structure mechanisms qualify as space definition.
- Frame structure system is the superstructure within which all Beam Grid
other structure mechanisms can be put in action. Structure
- Efficiency to create the space with large span and tall building.
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Beam Grid Structure Beam Grid Structure
Simply parallel beam
- In the parallel beam system only the beam under load will
be deflected.
- The entire structure system participate in the resistance

mechanism against single load.
Page 200
Beam grid Influence of side proportions upon magnitude of biaxial load dispersal
- Through insertion of a transverse beam to the parallel beams,

one part of the load is transmitted to the beams not directly loaded. - two identical beams at right angels to each other receive one half
of the total load.
- The other parallel beams do not participate in the resistance
mechanism against single load. - consequently each support reaction equals ¼ of the total load
Page 200 Page 200
Influence of side proportions upon magnitude of biaxial load dispersal
- if beam of same section have different length, the stiffer (shorter) beam
takes most of the load.
Section of the grid beam - assuming that the ratio of the side is 1:2, the stiffness of beams will
have a ratio 1:8, hence the shorter beam receives 8/9 of the total load.
Deformation caused by the loading

in the grid beam
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beam grids for floor plan with unequal sides beam grids for floor plan with unequal sides
- SQUARE GRID - SKEW GRID
- in rectangular floor plans of which one side is markedly longer than - the skew grid avoids the disadvantage of unequal beam lengths
the other. in oblong floor plans.
- in order to allow equal load dispersal in two axes, the long beam - moreover, shorter beam spans at the corners provide additional
must be stiffened accordingly. stiffness, which is achieved like a fixed end condition.
Page 202 Page 202
SQUARE GRID beam grids for floor plan with unequal sides
- SKEW GRID
Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei, Taiwan Page 202
Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei, Taiwan Luce Memorial Chapel, Taichung, Taiwan
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SKEW GRID - Geometry of beam pattern
2000 World Expo Timber Pavilion
Architect: Herzog & De Meuron
Location: Hannover, Germany
Page 203
SKEW GRID - Grid relationship to lateral space enclosure
Hōshakuji Station
Japan Page 203
Kuma Kengo
Concerns of the form decision in the design of the beam grids - Consistency of beam grid structure
- Geometry of beam pattern
- Grid relationship to lateral space enclosure
- Consistency of beam grid structure
Page 203
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Beam Grid Structure Slab Structure
- provided that both sets of beams have approximately equal stiffness, - Structural slab systems: Load transfer and optimization forms
load is dispersed by bending mechanism in two axes.
1. Flat, two-way spanning slab/
- in the case of a point load condition, due to mutual interpenetration beamless floor
also the beams not directly under load deflect. 2. Point-supported slab/mushroom
floor slab with drop panel
- consequently bending resistance is increased. 3. Slab simply supported along two
opposite side/one-way slab
4. Slab supported along three sides
5. Simply supported slab/two-way

(reinforced) slab
6. Ribbed slab/ribbed floor
7. Waffle slab/coffer slab
8. T-beam floor
9. Cantilever slab/fixed end slab

Page 201
Page 207
Slab Structure
- Examples of structural slab system
Slab
Structure
Page 208
Slab Structure Slab Structure
- Bearing mechanics of the simply supported slab - Examples of structural slab system
- Beam action
- Total system reaction
- Torsional force mechanics
- Negative cross bending
- Fixed-end action in the diagonals
Page 208
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Culture Center
Natori, Japan
TOKYO APARTMENT
Idabashi-ku, Tokyo
Sou Fujimoto
House NA
Suginami-ku, Tokyo
Sou Fujimoto
Taiwan Tower Competition Proposal
- Examples of box frame system

TOKYO APARTMENT
Idabashi-ku, Tokyo
Sou Fujimoto
Page 209
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- Examples of box frame system
Page 209
Taipei Fine Arts Museum, Taipei, Taiwan
Slab Structure
END
Hoki Museum, Chiba, Japan

Nikken Sekkei
21

Section-Active Structure System

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2015/3/20

Vivo City in Singapore

General Study of Structure Form I

Omotesando Tod’s in Tokyo

Introduction Comparison and Difference

- Structure is the primary and solitary instrument for generating form

- Structure can completely be hidden by the building form, it can as well

- Structure relies on the discipline exerted by the law of natural science.

- Structure presents an aesthetic, inventive tool for both shaping and

- STRUCTURE: 1. Section-active Structure System

- STRUCTURE SYSTEM: 4. Surface-active Structure System

(1) Forms can be incorporated into the plan of the design

(2) Orders and design PRINCIPLES 6. Hybrid Structure System

Section-active Structure System

- Confinement of the Force

The Architect develop the structure CONCEPT in his design.

- System in bending stress condition: Sectional force

Vector-active Structure System

- Dissection of the Force

- Structures acting mainly through composition

Types of - System in coactive stress condition: Compressive and Tensile force

Form-active Structure System Hybrid Structure System

- Structures acting mainly through material form

Surface-active Structure System

- Dispersion of the Force

- Structures acting mainly through extension

- System in surface stress condition: Membrane force Section-

Opera House, Sydney, Australia Water Cube, China

Height-active Structure System Section-active Structure System

- External forces are redirected through sectional fabric

Section-active Structure System Beam Structure

3. Beam Grid Structure

Point 6 is just left of P and Point 7 is just right of P.

- The structure function of beam systems is performed by actions

- Consequently, the design of the beam CROSS SECTION, in compliance 8 kN 12 kN

What is the area of the

Beam Structure Beam Structure

Common Relationships Firth Bridge

Linear Parabolic Cubic

Beam Structure Beam Structure

Constant Constant Linear

Linear Linear Parabolic

Beam Structure Beam Structure

- Influence of the cantilever action on beam efficiency

CASE 1 Simply supported beam

Beam Structure Beam Structure

- Influence of the cantilever action on beam efficiency

CASE 2 Beam with both ends cantilevered 1/3 of column span

Beam Structure Beam Structure

CASE 3 Beam with both ends cantilevered by ½ of column span

Designer: Tung-Yen Lin

Beam Structure Beam Structure

Beam Structure Beam Structure

CONFEA New Headquarters

Beam Structure Beam Structure

- cantilever + simply support

Frame Structure Frame Structure

Simply supported beam Structure

Frame Structure Frame Structure

- Two-hinged frame set upon cantilevers of three-hinged frame

- This results in control over degree of deflection and hence over

- Contrary to the simply beam that need additional stiffening of

- By its own deflection in the rigid frame, vertical reactions are