Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a congenital ailment. Symptoms include advanced

weakening of muscles while rapidly getting worse. A malfunctioning gene usually causes them

from a protein called dystrophin in the muscles. This protein helps keep muscles intact. DMD is

often inherited from mother to baby with a history of the disorder. Carriers of DMD are women

having a typical dystrophin genetic factor on one X chromosome and an abnormal gene factor on

the other X chromosome. The condition sets off in the early years of a child and, in most cases,

often affecting boys owing to the means the disease is transmitted hereditarily. Women who are

carriers and have no symptoms of the gene disorder have a 50 percent chance of transmission to

their sons. The females born by these mothers have a 50percent chance of becoming carriers. It is

in rare conditions that a female is affected by the ailment.

Statistics show that DMD infects 1out of each 3,600 male babies and since it is genetic risk is

high in a family with a history of the disorder. The symptoms vary from slightly emaciated

muscle feebleness severe weakening effects and can commence in infantile or adulthood.

Physical symptoms include awkwardly running, movement, tiredness, falling frequently, fatigue,

and strain with motor abilities. Contractures muscles of Achilles ligament and cramps damage

functionality since muscle filaments reduce. Treatment aims to control the start of symptoms to

make the most of the quality of life. In the long run, DMD distresses all controlled muscles that

are the heart and respiratory muscles. The leading cause of death of DMD patient death is due to

respiratory failure.
 Muscles and Facial Expression

The facial muscles consist of roughly 20 flat skeletal muscles. The majority of these muscles

originate from the fibrous structures radiating the skin above an elastic ligament. Facial muscles

originate from the 2nd pharyngeal superior, therefore supplying nerves in the face. The

attachment to bones of the brain helps accomplish vital roles for everyday living that include

chewing and the expressions on the front. Facial muscle location is in the medial to the ears,

grander to the jawbone, and inferior to the coronal joint of the brain. The daily function is

significantly impaired if muscles do not develop. The primary feature of the face muscles is

moving facial skin, unlike other tissues whose purpose is to move joints. Mouth muscles are

majorly responsible for the elevation and depression of the mouth, opening, and closure of the

mouth and lips movement.

Furthermore, the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is responsible for pulling nostrils up to

open the nose. Together, the major and minor zygomaticus and risorius are the most

vital laughter muscles. Nose muscles narrow and fold up nostrils. Reduction of the orbicularis

oculi allows glancing, shuts the eyelids, and, lastly, supports tear fluid flow. Moreover, some

two extra eyelid muscles reduce the eyebrow hence allowing wrinkling of the brow. The

epicranius, in contrast, lifts the ears and eyebrows. The platysma pulls the corner of the mouth

sideways, downwards, and constricts the skin. Auricular muscles are easily adjustable and

explain the reason as to why some people are capable of freely moving their ears. Face muscles

do not only regulate the position and size of facial openings but also make them extra

communicative. In that way, the face can send reactions and show the current psychological state
of a person. The mental state plays a surprising part conveyance of nonverbal communication

among people.

References

Shakhovskaia, N. I., Shishkin, S. S., Skozobtseva, L. F., Shakhovskiĭ, V. A., Rodnikova, N. I., Lunga, I.

N., ... & Krakhmaleva, I. N. (1999). The use of low doses of prednisolone for the treatment of patients with

Duchenne-Becker myodystrophy. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni SS Korsakova, 99(6), 23-

26.cenarios.

Baranov, V. S., & Baranov, A. N. (2000). Gene therapy of monogenic hereditary diseases. Duchenne

myodystrophy. Voprosy meditsinskoi khimii, 46(3), 279-292

McMahon, T. A. (1984). Muscles, reflexes, and locomotion. Princeton University Press..