Chapter 4

Fluid Kinematics

Charbel Bou-Mosleh, Ph.D.

Mechanical Engineering Department
Notre Dame University

Fall 2011
 Note to Students

These slides were developed during the fall semester of 2011 (for
MEN 320) at the Mechanical Engineering Department at Notre Dame
University, and provided to you through blackboard in PDF format. The
book that was used in preparing these slides is entitled “Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics” by Munson, Young and Okiishi. Most of the figures,
pictures and tables are taken from the book companion site provided by J.
Wiley & Sons, Inc.

These slides are intended to help you study the course by guiding you
through reading the book. They should NOT be used as your only source
of information since they are not complete and MAY contain typographical
errors.

Charbel Bou-Mosleh, Ph.D.

Notre Dame University, Louaize
Fall 2011

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 1 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Velocity field:

drA
V  u ( x, y, z, t )ˆi   ( x, y, z, t )ˆj  w( x, y, z, t )kˆ
dt
V  (u 2   2  w2 )
MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 2 Chapter 4
 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Flow descriptions:
Two general approaches:

• Eulerian method: obtain information

about flow with respect to a fixed
point in space

• Lagrangian method: involves following

fluid particles as they move and
determining how properties change
(as function of time)

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Three-Dimensional Flows:

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Streamline: line everywhere tangent to the velocity field

dy v

dx u

 Streakline: line connecting all particles in a flow that have

previously passed through a common point

 Pathline: line traced out by a given particle

as it flows from one point to another
 Lagrangian concept
MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 5 Chapter 4
 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field:
Time rate of change of velocity
VA  VA (rA , t )  VA xA (t ), y A (t ), z A (t ), t 

using the chain rule

dVA V A V A dx A V A dy A V A dz A
a A (t )     
dt t x dt y dt z dt
where subscript A can be dropped to obtain
V V V V DV
a u v w  Material derivative
t x y z Dt

D           D    
 u v w or   V    
Dt t x y z Dt t
MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 6 Chapter 4
 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field:

D          
 u v w
Dt t x y z

Local Derivative Convective Derivative

represents result of
unsteadiness of flow spatial variation of flow

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 7 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field:
– Flow property associated with a fluid particle may vary
because of the particle’s motion

– Portion of acceleration given by V  V is called the

convective acceleration

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field - Streamline coordinates:

– Convenient in many flow situations

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field - Streamline coordinates:

– Convenient in many flow situations
– Velocity always tangent to ŝ:
V  Vsˆ
– For steady 2-D flow:
DV
a  as sˆ  annˆ
Dt
D(Vsˆ) DV Dsˆ
a  sˆ  V
Dt Dt Dt

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field - Streamline coordinates:

DV Dsˆ
a s V
ˆ
Dt Dt
 V V ds V dn ˆ  sˆ sˆ ds sˆ dn 
   s  V    
 t s dt n dt   t s dt n dt 
 ()
Steady state  0
t
Also, V  ds dt and since n = constant  dn dt  0
Therefore,
V  sˆ 
a V sˆ  V V 
s  s 

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 11 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field - Streamline coordinates:

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 12 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Acceleration field - Streamline coordinates:

So finally,
V V2
a V sˆ  nˆ
s 

Convective acceleration Centrifugal acceleration

along the streamline, as normal to fluid motion, an

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Control volume and system representation:

 The governing laws of fluid motion stated in terms of fluid

systems and not control volumes  to use governing equation in
a CV approach need to introduce “Reynolds Transport Theorem”

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 14 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 The Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Let B  any fluid parameter (velocity, acceleration, …)
b  amount of this fluid parameter / unit mass
 B  mb where, B is an extensive property
b is an intensive property
For example, 1) B  m  b  1
V2 V2
2) B  m b  kinetic energy/unit mass
2 2

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 15 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 The Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Amount of an extensive property of a system  summation of
amount associated with fluid particles
mi

Bsys  lim  bi ( ii )   bd

0 sys
i

Infinitesimal fluid fluid particle Covers entire

particle of size  system

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 16 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 The Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Bsys  lim  bi ( ii )   bd

0 sys
i

B  b
Time rate of change:
 bd
 sys
d
dBsys  System

dt dt
dBCV d


CV
bd  Control Volume
dt dt
MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 17 Chapter 4
 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 The Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Bsys  lim  bi ( ii )   bd

0 sys
i

B  b
Time rate of change:
 bd
 sys
d
dBsys  System
Relationship between

dt dt Two  The Reynolds
dBCV d

CV
bd  Control Volume
Transport Theorem
dt dt
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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 The Reynolds Transport Theorem:

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 19 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 The Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Conservation of mass,
for the System:
 d
 sys
d
dBsys dmsys 
  0
dt dt dt

For the Control Volume:

 

dBcv dmcv d cv d
0

dt dt dt

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Assumptions: 1) Fluid flow perpendicular to (1)(2)

2) V1 &V2 are constant
MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 21 Chapter 4
 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

t System  CV
at 
(t  δt) System  CV  I  II

If B is an extensive parameter of
the system, then

t Bsys (t )  BCV (t )
at 
(t  δt) Bsys (t  t )  BCV (t  t )  BI (t  t )  BII (t  t )


MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 22 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

The change in the amount of B in the

time interval t is:
Bsys Bsys (t  t )  Bsys (t )

t t
BCV (t  t )  BI (t  t )  BII (t  t )  Bsys (t )  BCV (t )

t

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 23 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

The change in the amount of B in the

time interval t is:
Bsys Bsys (t  t )  Bsys (t )

t t
BCV (t  t )  BI (t  t )  BII (t  t )  Bsys (t )

t
Therefore,
Bsys BCV (t  t )  BCV (t ) BI (t  t ) BII (t  t )
  
t t t t
MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 24 Chapter 4
 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

As t 0,
Bsys DBsys

t Dt

Also,  
   bd
BCV (t  t )  BCV (t ) BCV
lim   CV 
t 0 t t t

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 25 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Note that,
BII (t  t )  ( 2b2 )(II )  2b2 A2V2t
Therefore, the time rate of change of this property is:

 BII (t  t )
Bout  lim   2b2 A2V2
t 0 t
Similarly,
 BI (t  t )
Bin  lim  1b1 A1V1
t 0 t

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 26 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

Finally,
DBsys BCV 
  Bout  Bin
Dt t
or
DBsys BCV
   2b2 A2V2  1b1 A1V1
Dt t
Valid for the assumption stated before

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 27 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem:

For more general conditions,

DBsys 
  bd   bV  n̂ dA
Dt t CV CS

Time rate of change of Rate of change

arbitrary extensive of B within CV
parameter of a system
(m, momentum, …) Net flow rate of B
across entire CS

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Moving Control Volumes:

• Analysis is sometimes simplified if CV is allowed to move
and/or deform  CV moving, accelerating and/or deforming
 COMPLEX problems

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 29 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Moving Control Volumes:

• CV translates with
constant Vcv
• Vcv  Vfluid
• W  relative velocity (carries fluid across moving CS)
• V  absolute velocity (carries fluid across fixed CS)

Vcv  Vabs  W  V  W  VCV

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 30 Chapter 4

 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Moving Control Volumes:

The “Reynolds Transport Theorem” for a moving nondeforming
control volume is,
DBsys
  bd   bW  n̂ dA
Dt t CV CS

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 Chapter 4 – Fluid Kinematics

 Selection of Control Volumes:

• Some tips:
– If V at some point is required  point on CS
– CS perpendicular to fluid velocity

MEN 320 - Dr. Bou-Mosleh 32 Chapter 4