Section 2.

1 Continuous-Time Functions 1

Homework for Chapter 2

Homework Problems for Section 2.1

Problem 2.1.1

This problem illustrates the use of an interval to define a function.

6
e −2t 4

2
0
t
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure (i)

1
0.8
0.6
0.4 e −2t
0.2
0
-0.2
t
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure (ii)

e −2t

0 t
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Figure (iii)

Problem 2.1.2

This problem illustrates Definition 2.1.3.

(i) odd
(ii) even
(iii) odd
(iv) even
(v) neither
(vi) even
2 Chapter 2 Real Function

Problem 2.1.3

These integrations use the properties of even and odd functions, Remark 2.1.5.

(i) mπ −1 (t ) dt = 0 because this function is odd

∫− mπ tan
(ii) 2
cos( πt ) dt = 2  sin( πt )
2 2
∫−2 ∫
1 2
cos( πt ) dt = 2 = sin(2 π) = 0
0 π t = 0 π

This result can be obtained by inspection, because the integration is over exactly two
periods of the sinusoid.

(iii) π
∫− π sin(3t ) dt = 0 because this function is odd

(iv) 5
5 t2 
5
∫−5 0 ∫
t dt = 2 t dt = 2  
 2 t = 0
= 25

Problem 2.1.4

See Definition 2.1.3.

(a) x( − t ) + x( −( − t ))
x e (− t) = = x e (t )
2

(b) x( − t ) − x( −( − t ))
x o (− t) = = − x o (t )
2

(c) x( t ) + x( − t ) x( t ) − x( − t )
x e (t ) + x o (t ) = + = x( t )
2 2

Problem 2.1.5

These solutions use Definition 2.1.3.

(a) x e ( − t ) x e ( − t ) = x e (t ) x e (t )

(b) x o ( − t ) x e ( − t ) = − x o (t ) x e (t )

(c) xo ( −t ) xo ( −t ) = − xo (t )( − xo (t )) = xo (t ) xo (t )

(d) The area under the curve xo(t) on the interval [−a, 0] is clearly the negative of the area
under the curve xo(t) on the interval [0, a].

(e) The area under the curve xo(t) on the interval [−a, 0] is clearly the same as the area under
the curve xo(t) on the interval [0, a].
 Section 2.2 Common Functions 3

Homework Problems for Section 2.2

Problem 2.2.1

See Definition 2.2.11.

ωε
Sa   = Sa 
2 πfε  sin 2
= 2 πfε
( 2πfε ) = sinc( fε)
 2   2 
2

Problem 2.2.2

This problem illustrates the properties of the impulse function. Use the sifting property, Remark 2.2.2.

∞  N  N
 ∞ 
N
∫−∞ 
∑
f (t − kT ) δ(λ − kT ) dt =

 −∞ f ∑∫
( t − λ )δ ( λ − kT ) d λ  = ∑ f (t − kT )
k =1  k =1 k =1

Problem 2.2.3

This problem illustrates the definitions of the various functions in Section 2.2.

1
[sin(t )]us (t )

-1 t
-5 0 5 10 15

Figure (i)

1
[sin(t )] sgn(t )
0
t
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

-1

Figure (ii)
4 Chapter 2 Real Function

(
sin 2t − π4 ) 1

sin(2t )
0 t
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(
sin 2t + π4 )
-1

Figure (iii)

Π(t )sin(20t )
0

-1 t
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Figure (iv)

Λ(t )sin(20t )

-1 t
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Figure (v)

30
20 ln(10 t )
10
0 t
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 -10 0 2 4 6 8 10
-20
-30

Figure (vi)
 Section 2.2 Common Functions 5

Problem 2.2.4

Introducing the change of variables

εt = τ, εdt = dτ

the integral becomes

∞ ∞
∫−∞ δ(εt ) dt = ∫−∞ δ(τ) ε dτ
1

Problem 2.2.5

This problem illustrates Remark 2.2.2.

(i) ∞ 3λ δ(λ ) dλ = e 3( 0 ) = 1
∫−∞ e
(ii) ∞
∫−∞ 4 cos(πλ) δ(λ) dλ = 4 cos(π(0)) = 4
(iii) ∞
∫0 4 cos(πλ) δ(λ − π) dλ = 4 cos(π(π)) = 4 cos(π
2)

(iv) 5
∫−5 4λ
2 δ(λ + 1) dλ = 4( −1)2 = 4

(v) 5 3
∫0 λ δ(λ + 1) dλ = 0

(vi) This integral is not defined.

Homework Problems for Section 2.3

Problem 2.3.1

This problem illustrates the definitions of the discrete functions in Section 2.3.

2 X
δ(n) + 2δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 2)

1 X X
0
n
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Figure (i)
6 Chapter 2 Real Function

X
X (X0.8) u (n)
1
n −1
s

X X
X X X X
X-2 X-1 0
X Xn
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure (ii)

X
X X
12
10

X X(0.8) u (−n − 1) n −1
s
8

X X X X
6

X X 0 X Xn
4
2

-10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2

Figure (iii)

1 X
Sa( πn)
X-5 X-4 X-3 X-2 X-1 0
0
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 n
-1

Figure (iv)

X-10 X-9 X-8 X-7 X-6 X-5 X-4 -3 -2 -1 0

0
1 2 3
X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10n
-1 −2Π 3 (n)

X X X-2X X X X
Figure (v)

X X X X 1X X cos(0.4πn
X) X X
X XX XX XX XX XX XX XX X n
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 0 5 10 15 20

XX XX XX XX-1 XX XX XX XX
Figure (vi)
 Section 2.3 Discrete-Time Functions 7

Problem 2.3.2

See Definition 2.3.2.

(i) finite length

(ii) right-hand
(iii) left-hand
(iv) two-sided
(v) finite length
(vi) two-sided

Problem 2.3.3

Using results from Remark 2.3.10 we have:

(i) 2.4 π − 2 π = 0.4 π

(ii) 2 π − 0.4 π = 1.6 π
(iii) 8.4 π − 8π = 0.4 π

Problem 2.3.4

This problem illustrates some of the properties of discrete sinusoids discussed in Remark 2.3.10.

clear
% Define parameters
W0 = 0.2*pi; % frequency
k = 4; % parameter
n = [0:20]; % time vector
f1 = cos(W0*n); % Problem (i)
f2 = cos((2*k*pi+W0)*n); % Problem (ii)
f3 = cos((2*pi-W0)*n); % Problem (iii)
% Generate plot
plot(n,f1,'o',n,f2,'*',n,f3,'+')
xlabel('time')
title('Problem 2.3.4')

Problem 2.3.4
1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 5 10 15 20
time
8 Chapter 2 Real Function

Problem 2.3.5

This problem re-enforces the calculation in (2.3.6).

(i) sin((Ω 0 + 2 πk )n) = sin(Ω 0 n) cos(2 πkn) + cos(Ω 0 n) sin(2 πkn)

= sin(Ω 0 n)(1) + cos(Ω 0 n)(0) = sin(Ω 0 n)

(ii) sin((Ω 0 − 2 πk )n) = sin(Ω 0 n) cos(2 πkn) − cos(Ω 0 n) sin(2 πkn)

= sin(Ω 0 n)(1) − cos(Ω 0 n)(0) = sin(Ω 0 n)