Lecture 7

Continuous-Time Systems

signals & systems 1

convolution

signals & systems 2

 Continuous-Time Systems
A continuous-time system operates on the
input to produce an output

signals & systems 3

 Convolution Integral

h(t)

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )
 
y (t )  

x ( ) h (t   ) d  

x (t   ) h ( ) d
4
 Convolution
Ex: Find y(t) = x(t)* h(t)
1
1

0.9
0.9

0.8

0.7
x(t)=e-tu(t) 0.8

0.7 h(t)=e-2tu(t)
0.6
0.6

0.5
0.5

0.4
0.4

0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1

0
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

0 t 0 t
t 2t
x(t )  e u(t ) h(t )  e u(t )
signals & systems 5
 Convolution

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )   x( )h(t   )d

1

0.9

0.8

0.7


x( )  e
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1


0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

0 ∞
 Convolution

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )   x( )h(t   )d

1

0.9

h( )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1


0

-∞ -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

0
 Convolution

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )   x( )h(t   )d

1

0.9

0.8

0.7
h(t   )
0.6
 2 ( t  )
0.5 e
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0


-∞ t
 1

0.9

t 0 0.8

0.7 x( )
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

 ∞
0

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞
 1

0.9

t 0 0.8

0.7 x( )
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

 ∞
0

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞
 1

0.9

t 0 0.8

0.7 x( )
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

 ∞
0

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞
 1

0.9

t 0 0.8

0.7 x( )
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

 ∞
0

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞
 1

0.9

t 0 0.8

0.7 x( )
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

 ∞
0

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞
 t 0
h(t   ) x( )

t 0 

t 0
No intersection
y(t )  0
between x(t) & h(t) 14
 t 0
h(t   ) x( )

0 t 
t >0 intersection between x(t)& h(t)

signals & systems 15

 No intersection t 0
between x(t) & h(t)
y(t) = x(t) * h(t) = 0

t 0

signals & systems 16

 0 t0
y (t )   t  2t
e  e t0

t 2t
y(t )  (e  e )u(t )

y (t )

0 t ∞
signals & systems 17
 Convolution

x(t ) h(t )

0
∞ 0 ∞

?????????????????????
signals & systems 18
 x(t )
t 0

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞  ∞
 x(t )
t 0

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞  ∞
 x(t )
t 0

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞  ∞
 x(t )
t 0

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞  ∞
 t 0 x(t )

1 0
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞  ∞
y (t )  x(t ) * h(t ) t 0 x(t )
t
y (t )   1 e  ( t  ) d
0
t
y (t )   e  e dt 

0 1 0
t 0.9

 e d

h(t   )
t
y (t )  e
0.8

0.7

0.6
0
 ( t  )
y (t )  e t [e ]t0
0.5

0.4
e
0.3

y (t )  e t (e t  1) 0.2

0.1

t
y (t )  1  e
0

t
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0

-∞  ∞
 0 t0
y (t )   t
1  e t0
t
y (t )  (1  e )u (t )

signals & systems 25

0
 Convolution
Example 3: pulse input, unit step response.

x(t) = u(t) – u(t–2), h(t) = u(t)

?????????????????

26
 Convolution
Example 3: pulse input, unit step response.
x(t) = u(t) – u(t–2), h(t) = u(t)

x(t ) h(t )

0 2 0 ∞
27
Example 3: pulse input, unit step response.
x(t) = u(t) – u(t–2), h(t) = u(t)

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )  

x ( ) h (t   ) d

x(t ) h(t )

0 2 0 ∞
28
Example 3: pulse input, unit step response.
x(t) = u(t) – u(t–2), h(t) = u(t)

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )  

x ( ) h (t   ) d

x( )
h( )

0 2  -∞ 0 
29
 x( )

0 2 
h(t   )
1

-∞ t 0 

30
 x( )
t 0

h(t   ) 0 2 
1

-∞ t 0 

No intersection
y(t )  0
between x(t) & h(t) 31
 x( )
0t 2

0 2 
h(t   ) 1

-∞ 0 t
t
y (t )   11d
0 32
 x( )
t2

0 2 
h(t   ) 1

-∞ 0 t
2
y (t )   11d
0 33
 Convolution
Example 3: pulse input, unit step response.
Let x(t) = u(t) – u(t–2), h(t) = u(t).

signals & systems 34

 0 t0

y (t )  t 0t 2
2 t2


y(t)
2
2

0 2 t
 Convolution
x(t )
h(t )

0 2 t
0 2 t

?????????????????
signals & systems 36
 Convolution
x(t )
h(t )

0 2 t
0 2 t


y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )   x( )h(t   )d

signals & systems 37
 Convolution
x( )

h( ) 0 2 
1

-2 0 
signals & systems 38
 Convolution
x( )

0 2 
h(t   )
1

t-2 t 0  39
 t 0
No intersection x( )
between x(t) & h(t)

y(t )  0
0 2 
h(t   )
1

t-2 t 0  40
0t 2 x( )

0 2 
h(t   ) 1

t-2 t 
t
y (t )   11d  [ ]t0  t
41
0
2t 4 x( )

0 2 
1
h(t   )

t-2 t 
2
y (t )   11d  [ ]t22  2  (t  2)  4  t
42
t 2
 x( )
4t

h(t   )
0 2  1

2 4 t-2 t 

No intersection
between x(t) & h(t)
y(t )  0 43
 0 t0
t 0t 2

y (t )  
4  t 2t 4

0 4t

y(t)
2
t 4-t

0 2 4 t
 Convolution

?????????????????
signals & systems 45
Convolution

signals & systems 46

Convolution

signals & systems 47

Convolution

signals & systems 48

Convolution

signals & systems 49

Convolution

signals & systems 50

Convolution

signals & systems 51

Convolution

signals & systems 52

Convolution

signals & systems 53

Convolution

signals & systems 54

Convolution

signals & systems 55

Convolution

signals & systems 56

Convolution

signals & systems 57

Convolution

signals & systems 58

Convolution

signals & systems 59

 Convolution
Ex: y(t) = x(t) * h(t) = u(t) * u(t)

60
 Convolution
Ex: y(t) = x(t) * h(t) = u(t) * u(t)

x(t ) h(t )

0 ∞ 0 ∞
61
Example 3: pulse input, unit step response.
x(t) = u(t) , h(t) = u(t)

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )  

x ( ) h (t   ) d

x( ) h( )

0 ∞ -∞ 0 
62
 x( )

0 ∞
h(t   )
1

-∞ t 0 

63
 x( )
t 0

h(t   )
0 ∞
1

-∞ t 0 

No intersection
y(t )  0
between x(t) & h(t) 64
 x( )
0t 2

0 ∞
h(t   ) 1

-∞ 0 t
t
y (t )   11d  t
0 65
 0 t0
y (t )  
t t0
y (t )  tu (t )
y(t) = t ramp function
y(t) = t u(t) Unit ramp function

y(t) t
2

0 1 2 t
Evaluating Convolution Integrals
Step and Exponential

signals & systems 67

Example 3: pulse input, unit step response.
x(t) = u(t-2) , h(t) = e-3tu(t)

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )  

x ( ) h (t   ) d
1

0.9

h(t )  e 3t u(t )

0.8

x(t ) 0.7

0.6

0.5

1
0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

∞
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

0 2
0 ∞
68
 Convolution

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )   x( )h(t   )d

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
h( )
0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0


-∞ 0
 Convolution

y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )   x( )h(t   )d

1

h(t   )
0.9

0.8

0.7

3( t  )
e u (t   )
0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0


-∞ t
 x( )
t2 1

1
0 2 ∞
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5

t
0

No intersection
y(t )  0
between x(t) & h(t)
 x( )
t2 1

1
0 2 ∞
0.9

h(t   )
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5

t
0

t
y (t )   1 e 3( t  )
d
2
t2 t
y (t )   1 e  3( t  )
d
2
t
y (t )   1 e 3t  e 3 d
2
t
1  e 6 e 3t  6
e
3
y (t )  e  3t
d y (t ) 
2 3
e 3
1  e  3t  6
y (t )  e 3t  [ ]t2 y (t ) 
3 3
 3( t  2 )
e 3t
 e 6 1 e
y (t )  e 3t  [ ] y (t ) 
3 3
 0 t2

y (t )   1  3( t  2 )
 [1  e ] t2
3
1 3( t  2 )
y (t )  [1  e ]u (t  2)
3
y(t)

t
Ex :
 (t  3) *  (t  4)   (t  (3  4))
 (t  3) *  (t  4)   (t  7)
signals & systems 75
signals & systems 76
 Convolution
Associative or Cascaded System

x(t ) y (t )
h1 (t ) h2 (t )

y (t )  x(t ) * h1 (t ) * h2 (t )
y (t )  [ x(t ) * h1 (t )] * h2 (t )
y (t )  x(t ) *[h1 (t ) * h2 (t )]
signals & systems 77
Associative or Cascaded System

x(t ) y (t )
h1 (t ) h2 (t )

Ex :
h1 (t )   (t  3) h2 (t )   (t  4)
x(t )  u (t )
signals & systems 78
 Associative or Cascaded System
x(t ) y (t )
h1 (t ) h2 (t )

Ex :
h1 (t )   (t  3) h2 (t )   (t  4) x(t )  u (t )

Solution:
h(t )   (t  3) *  (t  4)   (t  (3  4))
h(t )   (t  7)
t ) * &systems
x(t ) * h(t )  u (signals (t  7)  u (t  7) 79
 Convolution
Distributive or Parallel System

signals & systems 80

Distributive or Parallel System

Ex :
h1 (t )   (t  3) h2 (t )   (t  4)
x(t )  u (t )
signals & systems 81
 Distributive or Parallel System

x(t )
y (t )

Ex :
h1 (t )   (t  3) h2 (t )   (t  4) x(t )  u (t )
Solution:
h(t )   (t  3)   (t  4)
y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )  u (t ) *[ (t  3)   (t  4)]
y (t )  x(t ) * h(t )signals
 u& systems
(t  3)  u (t  4) 82
 Convolution
The System impulse response
the input
x(t) = (t)

Input Output
System
I/P O/P
h(t)
x(t)= (t) y(t)
1

83
0
 Convolution
The System step response
the input
x(t) = u(t)

Input Output
System
I/P O/P
h(t)
x(t)=u(t) y(t)

∞
84
0