0423522 – REINFORCED

CONCRETE 1
Doç.Dr. Murat Serdar Kırçıl

avesis.yildiz.edu.tr/kircil
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap)
Limit state defines a particular state of a structure which may be collapse
or loss of function, either partial or total. Structures must be designed so
that the probability of reaching a limit state is lower than prescribed level.

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE (Son limit durum)

The collapse of a part of a structure or the whole structure.

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (Kullanılabilirlik limit durumu)

The loss of a function of a structure because of excessive deformation,
wide cracks or vibration under the effect of service loads (dead+live). For
instance; a slab which doesn’t collapse but vibrates.
γm= 1 γf = 1

Characteristic design and loads are used for the calculation made for
serviceability limit states.
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Fundamental principles and methods for design of reinforced
concrete structures
Limit state design (Limit durumlara göre hesap)
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (Kullanılabilirlik limit durumu)
The serviceability limit state is the design to ensure a structure is
comfortable and useable. This includes vibrations and deflections
(movements), as well as cracking and durability. These are the conditions
that are not strength-based but still may render the structure unsuitable
for its intended use, for example, it may cause occupant discomfort under
routine conditions.
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY

Elastic design (working stress design / Allowable stress design)

Both steel and concrete are assumed to be linear elastic and Hooke
Law is valid.

Concrete can not take any tension

Bernouilli-Navier hypothesis is valid

There is a modular ratio between concrete and steel reinforcement

Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Transformed section (uncracked)
εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As

As
εs σs/n (n 1)As
εct σct
bw
εs: Strain in tensile reinforcement
εct: Strain in concrete at the level of tensile reinforcement
σs: Tensile stress in tensile reinforcement
σct: Tensile stress in concrete at the level of tensile reinforcement

n: Modular ratio
(can be assumed 10
for deformation
calculations)
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Transformed section (uncracked)
εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As

As
εs σs/n (n 1)As
εct σct
bw
σ'c: Stress in concrete at the
level of compressive
reinforcement

n: Modular ratio
(can be assumed 10
for deformation
calculations)

Tensile stress in concrete at

the level tensile reinforcement
Similarly the concrete stress at the
level of compressive
reinforcement
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Transformed section (uncracked)
εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As

As
εs σs/n (n 1)As
εct σct
bw

n: Modular ratio
(can be assumed 10
for deformation
calculations)

Tensile force taken by tensile

reinforcement
Effective tensile force taken by
tensile reinforcement ,

,
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Transformed section (uncracked)
εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As

As
εs σs/n (n 1)As
εct σct
bw

Compressive force taken by compression reinforcement

, Effective compressive force taken by compression reinforcement

,
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Transformed section (cracked)
εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As

As
nAs
sε σs/n
bw
Tensile force taken by tensile
reinforcement

Compressive force taken by

compression reinforcement
Effective compressive force taken by
,
compression reinforcement

,
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
Transformed section
εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As

As
εs σs/n (n 1)As
εct σct
bw

εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As

As
nAs
εs σs/n
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY

Beam bending stiffness is required for the deflection check of RC beams.

If concrete in tension is NOT cracked (M<Mcr) gross section stiffness is
used (Ic). However, if concrete in tension is cracked then cracked section
stiffness (Icr) must be taken into account.
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Cracked section stiffness

εc σc

d-x
nAs
εs σs/n
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Cracked section stiffness

εc σc
εs σ́s/n (n 1)As
As x

As d-x
nAs
εs σs/n
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Cracked section stiffness

b εc σc
hf
x

d-x
nAs
εs σs/n
bw
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Cracked section stiffness

b εc σc
hf
x

d-x
nAs
εs σs/n
bw
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Deflection check
IMMEDIATE DEFLECTION
Immediate deflection is calculated with service load
(dead+live) p=g+q

p=g+q

M<Mcr I=Ic
M≥Mcr I=Ief
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Deflection check
IMMEDIATE DEFLECTION
Immediate deflection is calculated with service load
(dead+live)
- -
+

X1 X2 𝑋 + 𝑋 ⁄2 𝑋 = 𝑋 + 𝑋 ⁄2
X1 X2
- - - -
+ ≡ + 𝑝𝑙 ≡
+ 𝑝𝑙
8 8

M<Mcr I=Ic
M≥Mcr I=Ief
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Deflection check
IMMEDIATE DEFLECTION / TS500
Immediate deflection is calculated with service load (dead+live)

Mcr= Cracking moment

Ic= Moment of inertia of uncracked section
y=Distance between center of gravity and tension side of the section

If M exceeds Mcr then tension side of the section cracks and Ic decreases;
however, concrete between cracks can take tensile stress and there is still
uncracked regions along the beam where M<Mcr

Mcr
M<Mcr M>Mcr M<Mcr
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Deflection check
IMMEDIATE DEFLECTION / TS500 – Effective stiffness
If M exceeds Mcr then tension side of the section cracks and Ic decreases;
however, concrete between cracks can take tensile stress and there is still
uncracked regions along the beam where M<Mcr

Mcr
M<Mcr M>Mcr M<Mcr

Icr= Moment of inertia of cracked section

Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
Deflection check
LONG TERM DEFLECTION / TS500

δi = Immediate deflection
δig = Immediate deflection caused by dead load only

γt= Dead load duration coefficient

ρ’= Compressive reinforcement ratio
(Compressive reinforcement ratio at support section for cantilever beams)
(Compressive reinforcement ratio at mid-span section for simple and
continuous beams)

Dead load duration coefficient (TS500)

Loading duration Duration Load duration Duration
coefficient (γt) coefficient (γt)
5 years or longer 2.0 6 months 1.2
12 months 1.4 3 months 1.0
Reinforced Concrete 1 Lecture Notes
Dr.Murat Serdar Kırçıl
SERVICEABILITY
DEFLECTION LIMITS / TS500