ANGELES UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

2009 Angeles City, Philippines

COLLEGE OF ALLIED MEDICAL PROFESSIONS
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

The Relationship Between the Length of the Forearm and

the Foot Size: A Quantitative Correlational Study

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Mathematics in the Modern World

Submitted by:
Almodovar, Kian Stuart T.
Canlas, Hidekoh A.
Lozano, Arianne Klein D.
Ponio, Mica Alysa L.
Roque, Kim M.
Tambag, Mc Gregor G.
BSMT 1C

Submitted to:
Ms. Rosemarie Quinto

March 2020
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

RATIONALE

The foot is the terminal part of the leg, below the ankle joint, on which the body stands
and move. In a da Vinci’s famous drawing known as “Vitruvian Man”, a perfectly proportioned
person, represented the role of humans in the universe. Vitruvian Man was named after,
Vitruvius, a Roman architect who first suggested the concept of human proportions (Dove,
2015). With the Vitruvius Man, da Vinci was able to produce a “golden proportion”, in which
relationship between two ratios which was expressed mathematically as 1: 1.61803, commonly
known to the Greek as phi (Place, 2000). A comparison of two body part proportion ratio was
also mentioned by Place, in which the length of foot is the same as the length of forearm,
demonstrating a golden relationship between the hand and the foot. In the interest of the
researchers, other than the main purpose of the study, it has been established to know the sizes of
the shoes that will be bought next time.

The researchers decided to conduct a study on the relationship between the foot size and
forearm size of an individual aged between 19 to 22 in Angeles University Foundation. The
study aims to know if there is or there is no significant relationship between the length of the
forearm and foot size of the students by answering the following questions:

1. Can the foot size be determined based on the length of the forearm?
2. Will it show a positive correlation given the fact that male and female do not have the
same shoe sizes (which affects their foot sizes)?

The researchers hypothesize that there is a relationship between the length of the forearm
and foot size among the individuals in Angeles University Foundation. There will be no same
correlational result between foot size and forearm length since every individual is unique. But,
each individual has symmetrical body parts and shows golden proportion.

PROCEDURE

A. Research Design
The researchers used a quantitative approach for the said study. To properly obtain
quantifiable information, statistical analysis was the main point for representing the data
gathered to describe, test and examine relationships. Descriptive-Correlational design was
employed in the study. It is a statistical procedure used to describe and measure the degree of
association or relationship between two different variables: X (the length of the forearm) and Y
(foot size). The research design has no attempt is made to manipulate or control the independent
variable, instead, a correlation statistic is used to relate the two variables (Hayyi, 2014). To
determine these predictions, degree and directions of a relationship must be analyzed. Analysis
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

will be interpreted, identified, and studied to prove if there is or there is no casual connection.
Data gathered can help to determine predictions.

B. Research Instrument / Data Measure

After the approval of the variables, the researchers immediately proceeded to data
gathering stage of the study. Researchers roamed around the campus and presented an
unstructured survey interview to obtain the desired answers. In order to ensure ethical research,
the informed consent of each participant in the study will be secured (Holloway, cited in
Groenewald, 2004). The respondents were given a short briefing concerning the nature and
purpose of the study before distributing the survey questions and giving the unstructured
questions. It took almost two hours for the researchers to finish the survey because of the
accessibility of the respondents. Close ended questions had been used, but rest assured, the
questionnaire was constructed in such a way that respondents were able to answer it easily. In
order to maintain the reliability of the gathered data, the researchers asked the respondents to
affix their first name and attach their signature in the survey questionnaire assuring that their
personal information will be handled carefully. The respondents were asked to remove their
shoes to know the sizes and then a tape measure was used to determine the length of their
forearm, from their elbow to the bone before the hand.

C. Research Locale
The respondents in this study involved 60 students from Angeles University Foundation,
limited to those who are inside the main campus.

D. Population of the Study

Since shoe sizes differ from male to female, the respondents are 50% male students and
50% female. Simple random sampling method was used by the researchers in choosing their
respondents. According to Bhat (2018), simple random sampling is a sampling technique where
every item in the population has an even chance and likelihood of being selected in the sample.
This kind of technique will be used to avoid biases and unwanted effects.

E. Data Gathering Procedure

The instrument was distributed to the respondents. After the retrieval of the instrument,
the data gathered was summarized, treated statistically, and analyzed. The first data were
written according to their shoe sizes; therefore a converter is used to convert the shoe sizes of
male and female to their foot sizes, respectively, using infinity shoes/Fsizeschart converter
website.
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

F. Scope and Delimitation

To limit the scope of the research, college students aged eighteen (18) to twenty two
(22), in which the mean is 20 years old. The respondents were thirty (30) female students and
thirty (30) male students. The students were limited to those who are inside the Angeles
University Foundation main campus. The random selection comes after in accordance with
their availability and accessibility at the time of the interview (February 28, 2020 at 3:00 PM).

CALCULATIONS AND ANALYSIS

Table I. Data Table

FOREAR 11 10. 10.6 10.5 10.5 10. 10.5 10. 10.2 10. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

M LEGTH 6 5 5 2

FOOT 11.25 10. 9.875 10.7 10.6 10. 10.6 10. 9.875 9.2 10.9 10. 10.75 10. 10. 10.4 10. 10.25 10.2 10.25

LENGTH 2 5 6 4 5 9 6 6 4 5

FOREARM 10 10 10 10 10 10 9.8 9.8 9.8 9. 9. 9.8 9.8 9.8 9. 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5

LEGTH 8 8 6
FOOT 10.12 10.125 10.125 9. 9.875 9. 10. 9.87 9.875 9. 9. 9.375 9.2 8.7 9 8.7 . 8.2 10. 10.6

LENGTH 5 9 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8.75 5 6

FOREAR 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.45 9.45 9.4 9.45 9.3 9.3 9 9 9 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.3

M LEGTH 5
FOOT 10.4 10. 10.125 10.125 9.9 9.75 9.6 9.87 9.25 9.2 8.75 9 8.25 9.6 9.2 8.75 9.25 9 9.25 9.25

LENGTH 4 5 5 5
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Figure I. Scatter plot of obtained data

FOREARM LENGTH versus FOOT SIZE

11.5

11
FOOT SIZE (in inches)

10.5

10

9.5

8.5

8
8 18 28 38 48 58 68
FOREARM LENGTH (in inches)

Computation of Correlation Coefficient

n ( Σ xy )−(Σ x)( Σ y )
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿

Wherein:
n=60 Σ x 2=5719.97

Σ x =585 Σ y 2=5830.258

Σ y=589.95 ¿
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

Σ xy =5764.701 ¿

60 (5764.701 ) −[ ( 585 ) (589.95 ) ]

r= ¿¿
√ [ ( 60 ) ( 5719.97 ) ]−( 342 225 ) ¿[(60) (5830.258 ) ]−(348041.0025) ¿
r =0.58
2
r = 0. 34 (Coefficient of Determination)

Table II. Pearson Correlation Coefficient Statistical Guide

Analysis:
The Pearson correlation coefficient indicates the correlation and the strength of the association
of the two variables. The scatter plot was accomplished using Microsoft Excel. In the data
showed above, r = 0.58, therefore there is a moderate correlation between the forearm length
and the foot size. The interpretation was determined using Table II.
The value of the coefficient of determination was r2 = 0. 34 which indicates that 34 percent of
the variation in different length of forearms of 60 different students is explained by the different
foot sizes.

Influential Point
The presence of outliers or influential points give the regression equation a product of y=0.7823x
+ 2.2052 and the value of coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.3356 or 34%. When the outliers
are removed, y= 0.7681x + 2.3555 and R2 = 0.3826 or 38%. The value of the coefficient of
determination increased (34% to 38%) upon the removal of two points (FL: 10.2, FS: 9.25, and
FL: 10, FS: 10.9). The slope of the linear regression line has not changed.
Figure III. Without the Influential Point
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

FOREARM LENGTH versus FOOT SIZE

11.5

11
FOOT SIZE (in inches)

10.5
f(x) = − 0.03 x + 10.64
10 R² = 0.43

9.5

8.5

8
8 18 28 38 48 58 68
FOREARM LENGTH (in inches)

Computation of Linear Regression

Σ y Σ x 2−Σ x Σ xy n Σ xy−Σ x Σ y
y=a+bx where, a= and b=
2
n Σ x −¿ ¿ n Σ x2 −¿ ¿
n=60 Σ x 2=5719.97
Σ x =585 ¿
Σ y=589.95 Σ xy =5764.701
Wherein:

[(589.95)( 5719.97 ) ]−[(585) ( 5764.701) ]

a=
[(60) ( 5719.97 ) ]−342225
a=2.21

b=
[ (60 )( 5764.701 ) ] −[ (585 )( 589.95 ) ]
[(60) ( 5719.97 ) ]−342 225
b=0.78
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

y=2.21+ 0.78 x

r2 = 0. 34

Analysis

The Linear Regression is used to determine the extent to which there is a linear relationship
between a dependent variable and one or more independent variable. The computed regression
slopes upward that indicates a positive linear relationship between the two (2) variable, forearm
length as the X and foot size as the Y. As the forearm length increases, the foot size also
increases.

To support the analysis, the data from three respondents will be used. Allen, for instance, has a
foot size and forearm length of 10 inches. If the forearm will become 9.5 inches, the foot size
will also decrease, hence the data of Miko. If the forearm length, on the other hand, increases to
10.5, the foot size will also increase, hence the data of Jeremy. Since the confidence level is the
percentage of all possible samples that can be expected to include the true population parameter,
the researchers show that using the 99% confidence, the study has a high level of confidence.
Where, the confidence interval is +/- 0.986 to +/- 1.028.

Figure II. Slope of Regression Line

FOREARM LENGTH versus FOOT SIZE

11.5

11
FOOT SIZE (in inches)

10.5 f(x) = 0.78 x + 2.21

R² = 0.34
10

9.5

8.5

8
8 8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5 11 11.5
LENGTH OF FOREARM (in inches)

Linear ()
Linear (FLFLvsvsFS)
FS
The slope of regression line directs upward with the lower end at the line of y-intercept of
the graph and the upper part extends upward, away from the slope. The slope shows the positive
linear relationship between the independent variable X (the length of the forearm) and the
dependent variable Y (the size of the foot). If one value increases, the other will most probably
increase too. The given analysis is supported by the slope of the line that describes both the
direction and steepness of the line. The equation y=mx+b that can also be restated as y=b+ax. In
the case of the researchers’ study, y=2.21+0.78x, having 2.21 as the slope.
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

Testing for Significance of the Correlation Coefficient

1. Ho: There is no significant relationship between foot size and forearm length.
H1: There is a significant relationship between foot size and forearm length.
2. The desired level of significance is 1%, therefore, a = 0.01
3. r =0.58
4. The equation of degree of freedom is the number of respondents minus two or df = N-2,
wherein N=60, therefore, df = 58.
5. Critical Region

6. If | t | = tcomputed > ttabular = Reject H0

If | t | = tcomputed < ttabular = Failed to Reject H0

To solve for the tcomputed the equation was used. The result was 5.42.

The ttabular is determined by the t distribution table.

In the conducted research, tcomputed is greater than the ttabular, which means the null
hypothesis is rejected. The data was | t | = 5.42 > 2.326 = Reject H0
7. Conclusion:
Based on the data, the researchers decided to reject the null and accept the alternative,
therefore, there is a significant relationship between the foot size and the forearm length.

CONCLUSION

To sum it up, the findings supported the data and hypotheses of the researchers. There is
a moderate relationship between the length of forearm and the foot size, based on the coefficient
correlation. The coefficient of determination showed that there is a 34% relationship between the
two variables. The slope of the linear regression also implies a positive result. Lastly, the
significance of correlation coefficient proved that there is a significant relationship between the
two variables. The interesting part about the research was to prove that the myth about the
relationship between the two variables is true, and can be proved by the solutions and analyses
provided in the study.
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THE LENGTH OF THE FOREARM AND THE FOOT SIZE…

Based to the results, the influential point may still be improved and elaborated more. It
can still be explained further using different variables. The respondents’ data affect all parts in
the research, if somehow their number arises, the influential point will also change.
There are still possible lurking variables, the regression line, for instance. If it will be
used to calculate either one of the variables, the data of having sixty (60) different data sample
should be put in caution. To better reflect on this relationship, more studies about the subject
matter and the large sample size are warranted.
DOCUMENTATION

NAME AGE SEX FOREARM FOOT SIGNATURE

Faith 18 F 24 cm 7 inches
Ericka 19 F 25 cm 9 inches
Aki 18 F 24.5 cm 6.5 inches
Charlene 18 F 25.5 cm 8.5 inches
Tisha 18 F 23 cm 6 inches
Patricia 19 F 25 cm 8 inches
Coreen 19 F 27 cm 9 inches

Shella 20 F 24.5 cm 6 inches

Angela 22 F 25 cm 8 inches
Regina 20 F 25.5 cm 8 inches
Mika 19 F 25 cm 7.5 inches
Rosene 19 F 25 cm 7 inches

Coline 19 F 23.5 cm 6.5 inches

Anne 19 F 25 cm 7 inches
Ivy 18 F 22 cm 7 inches
Shamira 19 F 24.5 cm 6 inches
Patricia 18 F 23.5 cm 5 inches
Alyssa 18 F 24 cm 6 inches
Aliana 18 F 24.5 cm 5 inches
Yrhda 20 F 26 cm 7 inches
May 18 F 24 cm 7 inches
Annalyn 19 F 27 cm 10 inches
Shane 18 F 21 cm 7 inches
Shann 18 F 25 cm 11 inches
Eunice 19 F 22 cm 6.5 inches
Daisy 18 F 26 cm 9 inches
Divana 19 F 21.5 cm 7 inches
Rosence 20 F 25 cm 6 inches
Jeanne 19 F 23 cm 7 inches
Jona 19 F 24 cm 9 inches
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NAME AGE SEX FOREARM FOOT SIGNATURE

Allen 20 M 10 inches 10 inches
Christian 19 M 10 inches 9 inches
Miko 19 M 9.5 inches 9.5 inches
Renz 19 M 10 inches 9 inches
Jerico 18 M 10.5 inches 9 inches
John 19 M 10 inches 9.5 inches
Arch 22 M 10 inches 9.5 inches
Charles 18 M 10.5 inches 10 inches
Jude 18 M 10 inches 9 inches
Aaron 19 M 9.5 inches 8.5 inches
Erickson 19 M 9 inches 7 inches
Jeric 22 M 10.5 inches 9 inches
Kean 19 M 10 inches 8 inches
Jeremy 19 M 10.5 inches 10.5 inches
Gerson 21 M 10.5 inches 10 inches
George 20 M 9.5 inches 8 inches
Lu 18 M 10 inches 11 inches
Gole 20 M 9.5 inches 8.5 inches
Kheos 19 M 10 inches 8.5 inches
Justin 19 M 9.5 inches 9.5 inches
Moe 18 M 10 inches 8.5 inches
John Paul 19 M 10 inches 42 cm
Arsonn 18 M 8.5 inches 40 cm
Dave 19 M 10 inches 11 inches
James 19 M 10 inches 10.5 inches
Keith 19 M 9.5 inches 10 inches
Jherrie 18 M 9.5 inches 7 inches
Diego 22 M 11 inches 12 inches
Patrick 19 M 9.5 inches 10 inches
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RECOMMENDATION
1. We the researchers recommend individuals to make use of their forearm as shoe
size basis.

2. We recommend future researchers to make use of our study as basis for future
studies relating to relationship of foot size and forearm length.
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REFERENCES

Hayyi, A. (2014). The Correlation Explicit Grammatical Knowledge and Writing

Ability of Efl Students. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Laurie L. Dove "Is your foot really the same length as your arm from wrist to elbow?" 26 June 2015.
https://smellyforearmandfeet.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/about-us/