A)B) Describing the circuit operation and its design:

OP-AMP is used in open loop mode.

Let the voltage at inverting terminal is V1 and voltage at non-inverting terminal is V2 .
When V1 > V2 output voltage is low ;
When V1 < V2 output voltage is high.
Transistor is ON when OP-AMP output is high i.e. V1 < V2
Transistor is OFF when OP-AMP output is low i.e V1 > V2
The bulb is between collector of transistor and +Vcc . Bulb is ON when transistor is
ON and it is OFF when transistor is OFF.
When the bulb is ON it gets heated up. Because of this heat, thermistor resistance R t
gets reduced.
Bead thermistor (thermistor are negative coefficient of resistance materials,whose
resistance decreases when temperature increases) 115-202CDK-801 is 2 KΩ at room
temperature (25o C)
At 0o C the resistance is 5KΩ and at 50o C the resistance is 910Ω
Therefore in any bead thermistor as temperature increases , resistance decreases
The OP-AMP does not consume any current because of its infinite input impedance.
Therefore, current into the inverting and non- inverting terminal is zero.
As a result resistance R1 and R2 act as if it is in series.
Let us assume the resistance R1 and R2 are of the value 10KΩ each. So the voltage V2
is Vcc/2.

V cc R 2
V2 = ( apply voltage divider rule to find voltage V2 )
R 2+ R 1
V CC V CC
when R3= Rt = 10KΩ , V2= . Therefore voltage V2 is fixed to
2 2

Let us assume the resistance R3 as 2KΩ. Bead thermistor resistance R t value is 2KΩ at
room temperature.
So at room temperature voltage V1 is also Vcc / 2.

V cc R3
V1 = (apply voltage divider rule to find voltage V1)
R 3+ Rt
V CC
when R3= Rt , V1=
2
When temperature of the bulb increases, which is sensed by Bead thermistor its
resistance Rt decreases.
When Rt decreases, V1 increases.
When V1> V2, opamp output becomes low ,which turn off transistor as a result bulb is
OFF(resulting in cooling off the bulb temperature). This in turn increases the
resistance Rt , which inturn reduces voltage V1.

Now V1< V2, opamp output becomes high, which turn on transistor as a result bulb in
ON (resulting in increase the bulb temperature) which reduces R t .
C . Voltage V2 at Non Inverting terminal:
Let us assume the resistance R1 and R2 are of the value 10KΩ each. So the voltage V2
is Vcc/2.
 V cc R 2
V2 = ( apply voltage divider rule to find voltage V2 )
R 2+ R 1
V CC V CC
when R3= Rt = 10KΩ , V2= . Therefore voltage V2 is fixed to .
2 2
AssumeV 2=12 V .

, then V2 would be 6V