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Calorific Value of Coal PDF
Calorific Value of Coal PDF
Saurabh Priyadarshi
M.Sc. (Geology), MMEAI, MGMI, QCI
Chief Geologist
IPL.
spgetsmail@gmail.com
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KP/COAL/004/16 August 2012
(For Internal Use Only)
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Calorific Value of Coal
Abstract
Coal is generally analysed to determine its physical, chemical, thermal, mechanical properties like size consist,
proximate values, ultimate values, calorific value and HGI.
Calorific Value (CV) is an important thermal property of coal which indicates the amount of heat energy that
could be liberated on combustion of a specific quantity. The other important thermal properties of coal are
plastic, agglutinating and agglomerating indices. These analyses enable determination of suitable end use
industry like metallurgical, thermal or cement.
This knowledge piece is a scientific compendium ranging from energy or calorie entrapment in coal to its
variation with rank, definition and determination of CV, units of expression and interunit conversion of CV,
understanding effect of analyses bases of CV , role of CV in evolution of coal grading system ,impact of
moisture on CV and impact of CV on coal quantity required for power generation and cost.
Key Words: Coal, Calorific Value, Rank, kcal/kg, UHV, GCV, AR, AD GCV, UHV, Calorimeters.
_________________________________________________________________________________
This heat energy is called calorific value. 3. Definition of Calorific Value (CV)
1. Direct Method.
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Calorific Value of Coal
A Bomb Calorimeter is used under static 4.1.3. Why is UHV/LHV/NCV less than
(isothermal) or adiabatic conditions in a lab or a GCV/HHV?
plant to determine CV.
Because
NB: The term Bomb is misleading but is generally used for
such equipment. Technically, the term decomposition a. UHV/LHV/NCV assumes that all water
vessel is more appropriate. CV can also be determined by
other apparatus like Solution Calorimeter, Differential vapors or latent heat produced during
Scanning Calorimeter, Titration Calorimeter, Gas combustion leave uncondensed and can
Calorimeter and Reaction Calorimeter. not be recovered.
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Calorific Value of Coal
In Europe and the Americas following units are in The bases are suffixed to the analyses either
vogue. (Table 2). as a superscript or within braces.
2. MKS MJ/kg Mega Joule per kilogram. Braces : GCV (adb)/UHV (arb)
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Calorific Value of Coal
Fig 14: Distribution of Indian Coal Table 5: Pre 1962 Mining Scenario.
5
7.2. CFRI Recommendation
7.1.2. Characteristics: Indian coals are of drift
origin which causes widespread variation in Based on the study of Indian Coal Industry and
quality. Indian coals range from sub-bituminous associated aspects, CFRI recommended UHV
to bituminous and lignite rank. system for coal grading for Indian coal (specific
formula for high and low moisture coals)
Some other characteristics are mentioned in
Table 4. High moisture coals
UHV = 8900 – 138(A+M) (iii)
Table 4: Coal Characteristics. Where A: Ash % and M: Moisture %
SN Characteristics
Low moisture low volatile coal
1 Drift origin.
UHV = 8900 – 138(A+M) –150(19.0- VM) (iv)
2 Drift origin ensures inclusion of mineral matter during Where A: Ash % and M: Moisture %, VM: Volatile Matter %
coalification.
Where ash and moisture % are determined as
3 Due to mineral matter, ash content is high.
per IS: 1350-1959 standards after equilibrating
4 Ash content ranges from 35% to 50%.
coal sample at 60% relative humidity and 40°C
5 The inherent ash content is intricately embedded in coal temperature.
and can’t be removed normally.
6 Removal of inherent ash content in coal requires coal NB: 1.In case of coal with moisture less than 2% and volatile content less
beneficiation. than 19%, the UHV shall be the value arrived as above, reduced by
150 kcal/kg for each 1% reduction in volatile content below 19%
fraction pro-rata.
7 The washability curves of coal show that reduction of ash
below a certain level results in generation of proportionate
rejects, reduction of yield due to NGM and is costly. 8. Correlation between UHV and GCV 5 ?
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Calorific Value of Coal
SCCL.In the process 103 ROM samples were To nullify the effect CFRI developed a co relation
drawn for analyses and study. between GCV and UHV
GCV=2111+0.6812x UHV (v)
The analyses of coalfield wise samples are
presented in (Table 67/2) NB: India continued with the UHV system even after the GOI instituted two
major studies well up to December 2011.
Table 67/2: Coalfield Weighted Average
Analyses.
9. UHV System Coal Grading System in India.
Coalfields Moist % Ash% Ash+Moist % GCV UHV
60% RH 60% RH 60% RH kcal/kg kcal/kg Government of India classified Indian Non
Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Max Avg Coking (NC) coals into 7 grades on basis of UHV
WCL 1.5 9.1 5.3 18.9 60.8 39.9 27.4 65.7 46.6 2104 5379 3742 ‐167 5119 2476 for marketing in India through notifications.
SECL 2.2 9.1 5.7 15.0 43.2 29.1 21.0 50.0 35.5 3555 6345 4950 2000 6002 4001 (Table 7)
NCL 5.2 10 7.6 17.4 42.4 29.9 24.6 48.0 36.3 3541 5545 4543 2276 5505 3891
MCL 2.5 8.3 5.4 30.0 52.8 41.4 34.8 57.8 46.3 2585 4460 3523 924 3380 2152 This was in vogue till December 2011
CCL 0.8 8.4 4.6 23.5 46.5 35.0 27.1 52.0 39.6 3280 5635 4458 1724 5160 3442
SCCL 4.5 8.9 6.7 17.1 46.5 31.8 24.9 41.6 33.3 3311 5681 4496 1779 5464 3622 Table 7: UHV System
3891
3000 3622
3442
exceeding 4200 5089
2000 2476
2152 F Exceeding 2400 40.1 to 47.0 Exceeding 3865
but not but not
1370.5
1000
1265.5
1015.5
652.5
874.5
0
WCL SECL NCL MCL CCL SCCL
G Exceeding 1300 47.1 to 55.0 Exceeding 3113
CoalMines
but not but not exceeding
exceeding 2400 3865
Intra Mine Diff between GCV and UHV(kcal/kg) Inter Mine GCV(kcal/kg)
Inter Mine UHV(kcal/kg) NB: 1.Coal from Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, and Nagaland are
not graded. 2. Coking coal used for steel industry grade-I (ash<15%) and
grade-II (ash 15-18%).3. Further classification for semi-coking, weakly coking
coal is done on ash %age and UHV.
CFRI further evaluated their inference and
attributed the scatters to the prevalent (UHV) 10. Conversion
grading system, wherein;
Under UHV system UHV-GCV- NCV can be
• UHV system assumes that Ash and converted from one to another using the
Moisture values are mostly similar following equations:
intracoalfiled but varies inter coalfields.
UHV= 8900 - 138(A+M) (vi)
• GCV system considers organic and GCV= (UHV + 3645 -75.4 M)/1.466 (vii)
NCV = GCV - 10.02M (viii)
petrographic composition of coal is
almost similar intracoalfiled but varies (UHV, GCV and NCV are in kcal/kg, (“A” is % Ash; “M” is % Moisture).
with intercoalfiled.
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Calorific Value of Coal
11. GCV System of Coal Grading in India. Comparative standout differences between the
UHV regime and Present Mining Practices are
From January 20126 Coal India Limited (CIL) presented (Table 9.) .The appreciation of the
migrated from Useful Heat Value (UHV) system comparatives will facilitate resolution of the
of grading, marketing and pricing non-coking dilemma.
(NC) coal in vogue since 1979 to Gross Calorific
Value (GCV) system from 1st January 2012. Table 9: Differences.
Under GCV system the NC coals have been SN UHV Regime Present Mining Practice
1 The figure 8900 in the This figure 8900 is
classified into 17 bands of 300 KCal/Kg each formula {UHV= 8900 - irrelevant today as coal is
ranging from 7000 kcal/kg to 2200 kcal/kg (Table 138(A+M)} came from excavated from several
8 7/1).vis-à-vis 7 grades in the erstwhile UHV highest dmmf CV of coking coalfields, i.e. Mahanadi, Ib
coals of Jharia coalfield valley, North Karanpura
system. only. etc..
2 Coal quality presumably Coal quality varies.
Table 8 7/1 GCV System. consistent.
2.1 Ash%: 20-25 Ash%: >20-45
SN Grade Kcal/kg 2.2 Moisture%: 2-5 Moisture%: 6-11
2.3 GCV(kcal/kg): 5000- GCV(kcal/kg): 3500-
GCV( Min) GCV(Max)
5550 5000
1 G1 7000 3 Figure 138 in the formula Weightage factor of 138 is
{UHV= 8900 - 138(A+M)} not applicable to present
2 G2 6701 7000 applicable to low range of day high range of moisture
moisture and ash. and ash.
3 G3 6401 6700
4 Coal primarily consumed Coal consumed by modern
4 G4 6101 6400 by steam engine of industries which use more
railways-one of the most efficient stoker fired system.
5 G5 5801 6100 inefficient steam generation
equipment.
6 G6 5501 5800
5 UHV determined indirectly GCV determined directly by
7 G7 5201 5500 by deducting ash and a bomb calorimeter.
moisture.
8 G8 4901 5200 6 UHV employed in India GCV employed almost
only for coal grading. globally for coal grading.
9 G9 4601 4900
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KP/COAL/004/16 August 2012
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Calorific Value of Coal
6000.00
GCV(New ) Max
UHV(Old) Max (mines/stockyard/purchase point) to the point of
5000.00
UHV(Old) Min
GCV(Old) Min consumption (power plant/steel plant/cement
plant etc) except for Total Moisture (TM) %.
kcal/kg
GCV(Old) Max
4000.00
3000.00
2000.00
TM in coal comprises Inherent Moisture (IM) and
1000.00
Surface Moisture(SM). IM is locked up in the
molecular structure of coal and can be removed
only by heating to temperature over 1000C. SM
0.00
G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 G13 G14 G15 G16 G17
Bands
lies on surface of coal and can be removed by
evaporation/prolonged exposure to atmosphere.
12.3. Dilemma Resolved: It’s GCV Presence of moisture in any form reduces the CV
of coal as shown in Table 10.
From discussions in SN 11.1 and 11.2 it is
concluded that UHV system is dated and out of Table 10: Effect of Moisture on CV of Coal.
sync with present day mining practices. Figures
Metrics Point of Point of Consumption
and tables highlight GCV as an unbiased and Release (PoC)
contemporary system in terms of geology and (PoR)
consumer. Total Moisture(TM) % 12.0 8.0
Inherent Moisture (%) 2.0 2.0
Surface Moisture (%) 10.0 6.0
GCV system is relevant, scientific, ensures Calorific Value
conservation of mineral and provides value for GCV(kcal/kg) 4000
PoC
{(100-TM )/(100-TM
PoR PoR
money to consumer as well as the supplier. }*GCV (ix)
={(100-8)/(100-
12)}*4000
=4181.81
12.4 India: Globally Aligned Coal Grading. 1. TM and 1. TM and GCV are
GCV are determined in lab.
determined Coal is spread out and
India embraced GCV grading system in 2012 - Remarks in lab. air dried to remove
after 33 long years and aligned itself with global Surface Moisture.
2. TM and 2. GCV is determined
coal grading system GCV are by applying Total
reported Moisture Correction
on AR and reported on AD
basis. basis.
12.5. Should India Continue with GCV?
From the above example it is observed that CV
GCV considers the potential energy /intrinsic of coal at point of release with high moisture is
energy for expression of energy content in coal lower than at the point of consumption due to
which is an important physical principle. reduction in moisture which causes increase in
combustibles per kilogram.
India should hold on to the GCV system and not
relent to cartels. India shall do well to voice its
scientific temper by seeking coal supplies for 14. Effect of Calorific Value on Coal Quantity and
industry specific use based on Ash, Moisture, Unit Cost of electricity.
Sulphur, HGI and HGI values.
Such secondary parameters should remain Coal provides energy to heat up boilers in a
contemporaneous with mining practice and end power plant. The energy comes from CV of coal.
usage. Hence CV of coal plays an important role in
design of boiler-turbine-generator and in firming
up quantity and quality requirements and in
13. Effect of Moisture on Calorific Value.
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KP/COAL/004/16 August 2012
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Calorific Value of Coal
2nd Stage: Steam Cycle Efficiency: A 1000 MW Power Plant produces 10, 00,000
units of electricity. Hence the cost of coal per unit
Modern Rankine cycle adopted in coal fired will be
power plants have efficiencies ranging between
Rs 978795.2/10, 00,000 = Rs 0.9787. (xv)
32 % to 42%.This depends on steam parameters
like pressure and temperature. Higher steam
15. Conclusion
pressures and temperatures in the range of 230
bars and 6000C respectively have efficiencies This KP is a one stop shop for all those who wish to
around 42%. For calculation let’s consider know and those who need to specifics of mineral
Efficiency of 38%. exploration, mine planning, geology, quality control
and HSE. The present article is yet another
Hence overall Power Plant Efficiency contribution to the KYC (KYC (KNOW YOUR COAL)
series.
38% of 88%=33.44% (x)
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KP/COAL/004/16 August 2012
(For Internal Use Only)
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Calorific Value of Coal
Acronyms
Term Expression
CV Calorific Value
HGI Hard grove Index
1g one gram
oC Zero degree centigrade
% percent
GCV Gross Calorific Value
HHV Higher Heating Value
NCV Net Calorific Value
LHV Lower Calorific Value
UHV Ultimate Heating Value
(f-p-s foot-pound-second
MKS Meter, Kilogram, Second
Btu British thermal unit
MJ Mega Joule
Lb pound
Kg kilogram
kJ kilo Joule
SI System Internationale
_
Released by email on 21st September 2012-09-2012
To: All BD Team Members
CC: CEO, VP (ATPP), VP (NTPP),
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KP/COAL/004/16 August 2012
(For Internal Use Only)
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