Strength of Materials

Internal Force Diagrams

Be onarme Yapılar

Dr. Haluk Sesig r

I.T.U. Faculty of Architecture
Structural and Earthquake Engineering WG
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS AND LOADS

Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

LOADS ACTING ON STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS AND LOADS

Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

CLASSIFICATION OF BEAMS AND LOADS

Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF LOADS
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF LOADS
 Load Paths

• Surface-forming structure, such as structural

sheathing or decking distributes the applied load to its
supporting joists or beams in the form of a distributed
load.

• Beams transfers the applied distributed load

horizontally to supporting girders, trusses, columns,
or bearing wall.

• Tributary area is the portion of a structure

contributing to the load on a structural element or
member.

• Load strip is the tributary area per unit length of a

supporting structural member.

• Tributary load is the load on a structural element or

member collected from its tributary area.

• Bearing refers to a point, surface, or mass that

supports weight, especially the area of contact
between a bearing member, as a beam or truss, and a
column, wall, or other underlying support.

• Anchorage refers to the means for binding a

structural member to another or to its foundation,
often to resist uplifting and horizontal forces.
 Tributary Area
• Loads uniformly distributed over an area of
roof or floor are assigned to individual
members (rafters, joists, beams, girders)
based on the concept of distributive area,
tributary area, or contributory area.
• This concept typically considers the area
that a member must support as being
halfway between the adjacent similar
members.
• The tributary width contributing to the load
on a joist is 1/2 the distance between
adjacent joists on both sides (which happens
to be the joist spacing).
• Since wood joists are spaced relatively
closely together, the load on the supporting
beam is assumed to be uniform.
• The load condition of the joist and beam are
shown below.
Tributary Area
Tributary Area
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURES

Point loaded beams Deformations in beams due to point loads

Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURES

A downward deformation leads TENSION (T)

stresses at the bottom of the beam element
T

T
An upward deformation leads TENSION (T)
stresses at the top of the beam element
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

NORMAL FORCE

(+)

(-)

Form and Forces, E.Allen, W. Zalewski

Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

SHEAR FORCE
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

BENDING MOMENT
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

DEFORMATION DUE TO BENDING (T:Tension, C:Compression)

Negative bending (hogging) Negative bending

Positive bending (sagging)

Contraflexure point
+ (V)
_

(M)
+
+ (V)
_

(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Shear Force Diagram of the point loaded beam - Follow the arrows

Note that:
Between point forces shear force
diagram shows constant variation
+
_ (V)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Bending Moment Diagram Area under shear force diagram

+
_ (V)

(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Bending Moment Diagram Area under shear force diagram

+
_ (V)

(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Bending Moment Diagram Area under shear force diagram

+
_ (V)

(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Bending Moment Diagram Area under shear force diagram

+
_ (V)

(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Bending Moment Diagram Area under shear force diagram

Total area under

shear force diagram

+
_ (V)

(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Bending Moment Diagram Area under shear force diagram

Total area under

shear force diagram

+
_ (V)

(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

arrows

+ _ (V)

+ (M)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

Shear Force Diagram of the uniform distributed loaded beam

For this load condition shear forces are decreasing linearly between point forces. To begin
The diagram follow the arrow at point A, 12kN than calculate the shear force variation due
To distributed load. shear forces decreasing linearly (4kN/m x 6m=24kN)
from +12kN at point A to (+12-24 = -12kN) -12kN at point G. At the right support close the
Shear force diagram with the force RG=12kN.

+
_
(V)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

+ (V)
_

MB=(12+8)x0.5x1
=10kNm
(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

+ (V)
_

MC=10+(8+4)x0.5x1
=16kNm
(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

+ (V)
_

MD=16+4x1x0.5
=18kNm
(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

+ _ (V)

MD=18-4x1x0.5
=16kNm
(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

+ (V)
_

ME=16-(4+8)x1x0.5
=10kNm
(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

TYPES OF CONNECTIONS

+ (V)
_

ME=10-(12+8)x1x0.5
=0
(M)
+
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

EXAMPLE:

VB=29.5-12x3=-6.5kN
VC=-6.5-5=-11.5kN
+
_ (V) VD=-11.5-5=-16.5kN
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

MF=29.5x2.46x0.5
=36.3kNm

+
_ (V)

+ (M)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

+ 0.54m
_ (V)
MB=36.3-6.5x0.54x0.5
=34.5kNm
+ (M)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

+ 0.54m
_ (V)
MB=34.5-6.5x1
=28kNm

+ (M)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

+ 0.54m
_ (V)
MB=28-11.5x1
=16.5kNm

+ (M)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

+ 0.54m
_ (V)
MB=16.5-16.5x1
=0

+ (M)
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams

LETS REMEMBER
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams
Strength of Materials
Internal Force Diagrams