Applied Mechanics

Multiphase Flow Simulations -

Sprays, Cavitation
and Packing

Fabian Peng Kärrholm

Rasmus Hemph

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Diesel Engine

Fuel injection into a combustion chamber

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

EU Legislation
3
NOx
PM
2.5 HC+NOx
CO

2
g/km

1.5

0.5

0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
year

Passenger Cars
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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Motivation

Spray Modelling together with Experiments

Understanding of spray behaviour

Reduced Emissions & Increased Efficiency

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Spray Simulation Basics

Eulerian Grid Lagrangian Parcels

(Gas) (Liquid)

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 Applied Mechanics

Injection Model

Describes:
d
Size
Speed
Direction
Number of droplets
U

Use CFD to develop Injection Model

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Why Injection Model?

Current Models require knowledge of:

Spray Angle
Droplet Distribution
Discharge Coefficient

Same information that the model should give

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Diesel Nozzle Simulations

Physical conditions

100 bar injection

pressure
30 bar outlet
pressure

Code Validation Fluid is Diesel

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Diesel Nozzle Simulations

Homogenous Equilibrium Model
ρ − ρ l , sat
γ=
ρ v , sat − ρ l , sat
Equation of State
0
ρ = (1 − γ ) ρ +ψ (γ ) p
l

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 Applied Mechanics

Initial Issues/Problems

Vortex present close to no-slip walls

Solved by using impermeable slip walls, i.e. slip condition

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Initialization

laplacianFoam used to initialize

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Cavitation Probability

Line of sight method used in experiments, also

evaluated for computations

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Experimental results

Injection Pressure 70 bar

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 Applied Mechanics

Scheme Issues

LimitedLinearV used for div(phi,U)

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Solution

MUSCL used for div(phi,U)

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Diesel Nozzle Simulations

85 bar Cavitation
probability
0%

70 bar 100%

Injection
Pressure
Experiment Simulation
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 Applied Mechanics

Nozzle Flow Visualization

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Collision modeling in OpenFoam

• In order to study particle packing, the soft
sphere collision model (Tsuji 92) has been
implemented in OF by Rasmus Hemph
• Validated against experiments for flow of
particles from a hopper and particle
compaction in a column.
• Capable of <50000 particles (only serial so
far).

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Particle Packing example

• 35000 particles in water. Mean size 200 mu. Packing
velocity 1.4 mm/s
• Particles affected by drag, buoyancy, collisions and
lift forces

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Thank you!

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm
 Applied Mechanics

Diesel Nozzle Simulations

Homogenous Equilibrium Model
ρ − ρ l , sat
γ=
ρ v , sat − ρ l , sat
Equation of State
ρ = (1 − γ ) ρ l0 + (γψ v + (1 − γ )ψ l ) psat +ψ (γ )( p − psat )
ψ (γ ) = γψ v + (1 − γ )ψ l

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Fabian Peng Kärrholm