HYDRAULIC TURBINES

BASIC HYDRAULICS

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HYDRAULIC TURBINES

Prof. Leonardo David Donado Garzón, PhD

sites.google.com/view/hyds

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CLASSIFICATION

IMPULSE REACTION
Total drop in pressure The major portion of
of the fluid takes pressure drop takes
place in one or more place in the rotating
stationary nozzles. wheel. TYPES
There is not change in
OF
The other portion of
pressure variation in
pressure drops occurs TURBINES
flow over the buckets
into the runner.
or vanes

The fluid fills all the

The fluid does not fill
runner passages
the passageway.
completely.

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PELTON WHEELS

§ So called in honor of Lester

A. Pelton (1829-1908)
§ Patent in 1880 on an
improved with a splitter in
the middle.
§ W.A. Doble brought out the
ellipsoidal buccket, basis of
the modern forms

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FRANCIS TURBINES

§ First: steam turbine of Hero

about 120 BC.

§ Barker’s Mill

§ 1826: Fourneyron added

stationary guide vanes in the
central portion.

§ 1849: James B. Francis: inward-

flow turbine with purely radial
flow.

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KAPLAN TURBINES

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THE HYDRAULIC IMPULSE TURBINE

§ HORIZONTAL SHAFT
§ Single Nozzle

§ Single-overhung unit

§ Double-overhung unit

§ VERTICAL SHAFT
§ Multiple Nozzles

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SETTINGS

www.geppert.at

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HEAD ON IMPULSE TURBINE

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HEAD ON IMPULSE TURBINE

pB V ⎛ 1 2
⎞ ⎡ ⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎤ V12
2
v22 V22
h= + = ⎜ 2 − 1⎟ ⎢1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
B
+k + + h''
γ 2g ⎝ Cv ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎥ 2g 2g 2g
⎣ ⎦
Where:
Cv is the coefficient of velocity of the nozzle
A2 is the cross sectional flow area of the jet
A1 is the cross sectional flow area of the pipe upstream of the nozzle
V1 is the velocity of jet
v2 is the velocity of water relative to bucket at exit from bucket
V2 is the absolute velocity of water leaving the bucket
h´´ is the energy head delivered to the buckets
k is the bucket friction loss coefficient [0.2 – 0.6]

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NOZZLES

§ In order to maintain a constant speed

2
of rotation V
Pjet = γ Q 1
§ Size can vary with the position of the 2g
needle

§ Shape of both nozzle tip and needle

should cause a minimum friction loss
and avoid cavitation damage

§ The main idea is having all particles

of water moving in parallel lines,
energy.saving.nu/hydroenergy/technology.shtml
with no spreading out.

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EXAMPLE

A 6-in-diameter pipe (f = 0.020) of length 1000 ft delivers from a

reservoir with a water-surface elevation of 500 ft to a nozzle at
elevation 300 ft. The jet from the nozzle is used to drive a small
impulse turbine. If the head loss through the nozzle can be expressed
as 0.04 of the kinetic energy of the jet, find the jet diameter that will
result in maximum power in the jet. Neglect the head loss at entrance
to the pipe from the reservoir. Evaluate the power in the jet.

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HOMEWORK
§ How is regulated the speed in
an impulse turbine?
§ How are constructed the
wheels?
§ How is determined the wheel
diameter?
§ Efficiency variation with size
and head

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ACTION OF THE JET

Absolut
Jet velocity, V1

V1
a1
v1
u1 b1
Relative
Bucket velocity, v1
Bucket velocity, u

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ACTION OF THE JET
Absolut
Jet velocity, V2
Bucket velocity, u

Relative
Bucket velocity, v2

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TORQUE AND POWER FOR IDEAL CASES

CASE 1 α1 = 0º β2 = 180º
(
ΔV = V2 −V1 = 2 u −V1 )
V1

u v1 ( )
Fu = ρQ −ΔV = 2ρQ V1 − u( )
V1 = u + v1

V2 v2
D
(
T = Fu × = ρQD V1 − u
2
)
V2 = u + v2

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TORQUE AND POWER FOR IDEAL CASES

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TORQUE AND POWER FOR IDEAL CASES

CASE 2 α1 = 0º β2 = 165º

⎛ cos β2 ⎞
V1
Fu = ρQ ⎜ 1−
⎝
(
⎟ V1 − u )
1+ k ⎠
u v1

V1 = u + v1

⎛ cos β2 ⎞
V2
a2
b2 ηh = 2 ⎜ 1−
⎝
(
⎟ Cv − φ φ )
v2 1+ k ⎠
V2 = u + v2

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ACTUAL TORQUE AND POWER

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EXAMPLE

Find the torque and power transferred to the

buckets of an impulse wheel with a1=0°,
b2=160°, k= 0.44, f=0.46, Cv=0.98, a jet diameter
of 10 in, and a pitch diameter of 10 ft. Find also,
the hydraulic efficiency, and, expressed as a
percentage of the total head, find: the head loss
in bucket friction, the energy head loss at the
discharge, and the head loss in the nozzle.

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SPECIFIC SPEED
A turbine is to operate at 400
rpm under a net head of 1320
ft. If a single 6-in-diameter jet
is used, find the specific speed
of the machine assuming
Cv=0.98, f=0.45 and h=0.85.
Find also the required pitch
diameter of the wheel.
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REACTION TURBINES
§ Francis
§ 10 < Ns < 100

§ Flujo Radial

§ Flujo Mixto

§ Kaplan
§ 100 < Ns < 250

§ Flujo Axial

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SPECIFIC SPEED

§ For a small power under high head a Pelton wheel with its low
specific speed is used to keep the rotative speed down to a
suitable value, while for a large power under a low head a
reaction turbine with its higher specific speed is used to raise the
rotative speed to a suitable value.
§ A lot of possible combinations of N and P to get Ns with the
fixed H.
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REACTION TURBINES

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REACTION TURBINES

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TUBE TURBINE

10´ < h < 60´

Axial Flow

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SETTINGS

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DRAFT TUBES
§ Integral part of the reaction turbine
and a design criteria.

§ Enable the turbine to be set above

the tail water level without losing
any head thereby

§ Reduce the head loss at submerged

discharge to thereby increase the net

(p )
1 abs p V 2
V
= atm − z1 − 1 + hL + 2
2 head available to the runner

γ γ 2g 2g
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DRAFT TUBES

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NET HEAD

⎛ pB VB2 ⎞ VC2
h = ⎜ zB + + ⎟ −
⎝ γ 2g ⎠ 2g

(V −V ) (V −V )
2 2

h´= h − k´ 1
+ 2 2 C

2g 2g
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OPERATION AT DIFFERENT SPEED

For the inward-flow Francis

turbine the centrifugal action
decreases the flow with
increasing wheel speed
§ Francis: 0.7 < φe < 0.85

§ Kaplan: 1.4 < φe < 2.0

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MAXIMUM SPEED

§ PELTON à Nmax = 1.8 N

§ FRANCIS à Nmax = 2.0 N

§ KAPLAN à Nmax = 2.2 a 2.4 N

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OPERATION AT CONSTANT SPEED

§ Constant rotative speed is

achieved by varying
although the gate opening
with load.
§ Friction varies with Q2
§ Headwater and tailwater
may vary
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EFFICIENCY
§ For large turbine the leakage loss is
very small

§ For large turbine the fluid friction is

smallest than in a small one
§ Moody step-up:

1/5
1− η1 ⎛ D2 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟
1− η2 ⎝ D1 ⎠

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EFFICIENCY

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TURBINE PROPORTIONS AND FACTORS
§ D: Runner

§ Dt: Throat

§ Dd: Draft tube

§ Axial: All the same

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SPECIFIC SPEED

B 2
Ac = 0.95π BD = 0.95π D
D
N s2
Cr =
2⎛ B⎞
63800φe ⎜ ⎟ η
⎝ D⎠
2 2
N D
Cr = s t

63800φ BD0η
2
e

ηh ≈ 2φeC1 cosα1

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APPLICATION
§ Find the typical values for the
blade angles a1 and b 1’ of a
Francis turbine having a specific
speed Ns=20 and an hydraulic
efficiency hh=0.94.
§ If the turbine is to be used to
develop 3600 bhp under a head of
402 ft at 600 rpm, determine the
approximate values of B, D, Vr and
Q.
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CAVITATION

patm pv
− − zB
γ γ
σ=
h

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CAVITATION

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APPLICATION

§ Find the maximum permissible head under which a

Francis turbine (Ns=70) can operate if is set 10 ft
above tailwater at an elevation of 5000 ft wit a
temperature of 60 °F.

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HOMEWORK

§ Two or more identical turbines are to be selected for

an installation where the net head is 350 ft and the
total flow is to be 600 cfs. Select turbines for this
installation assuming 90% efficiency.

§ What is a pump – turbine?

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