Introduction To

Well Problems
 Natural Flow Choke
Production System PWH

Flowline

Vertical / tubing Flow

Performances

Tubing

Inflow Performance
Sand Casing
Face
Formation
Packer

re (Drainage Radius )
INFLOW PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS

1. Reservoir conditions
2. Types of fluid
3. Multiphase flow
4. Reservoir geometry
5. Reservoir Configuration / shape
6. Fluid entry
7. Rock heterogeinety
8. Rock type
9. Layering
10. Reservoir size and patterns
11. Drive mechanism
12. Well orientation
13. Well spacing
14. Well completion
 RESERVOIR CONDITIONS

1. Reservoir pressure ( high or Low Pressure )

2. Reservoir Temperature ( high or low

Temperature)
 Types of Fluid
1. Heavy Oil : high viscosity, high density, high Molecular weight
density < 20 API
2. Paraffinic oil : Viscosity increase as temperature decreases
3. Light Oil : low density and viscosity, High GOR, Properties
changes very quickly with pressure.
4. Resinic Oil : light color, low – medium viscosity, sticky oil, oil
wetting
5. Black Oil : Constant composition, high molecular weight, dark
color.
 VERTICAL FLOW/ TUBING FLOW
PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS

1. Well geometry
2. Well Orientation
3. Multiphase flow
4. Pressure
5. Fluid type
6. Fluid characteristics
7. Pump / artificial lift methods
8. Deep sea operation
9. Well completion
Gas
 PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS

1. Pipeline design ( diameter )

2. Multiphase flow ( gas – water – oil )
3. Pressure ( high or low)
4. Gas condensate (change phase, change properties)
5. Fluid characteristics ( viscosity, density, sticky, Molecular
Weight)
6. Transportation (multiphase flow)
7. Deep sea operation (low temp, high viscosity)
8. Bottle necking (increase gradient pressure)
 PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS

1. Gas condensate

a. Liquid deposition, b. Phase changes,

c. Properties changes.

Droplets of
Condensate Pipelines

OUTLET
INLET
Condensate
deposition

MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEM

PIPELINES FLOW PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS

1. Pipeline design ( diameter )

Large Medium Small

 MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEMS

2. Multiphase flow ( gas – water – oil )

a. Flow Pattern (vertical pipes, Horizontal pipes)

b. Lifting, Pump Selection, Liquid loading.
c. Phase Flow Prediction.
d. Modeling.
e. Emulsion
f. Mixing Properties
 MULTIPHASE FLOW PROBLEMS

a. Liquid Loading terjadi pada tekanan rendah di

Bottom hole
b. Aliran laminer di pipa horizontal,
c. Terjadi solid settling di pipa horizontal dan
vertikal.
d. Kehilangan panas lebih besar pada aliran yang
laminer,
e. Pump selection is important,
f. Bottle neck problem in pipeline network at low
pressure
 Oil - Water Laminer Flow Measurement
Problem

INLET Oil transmission Lines OUTLET

qo qo

t ( time ) t ( time )

NRE ≤ 2000

Oil Phase
Oil Density < Water Density
Water Phase
 Oil Phase
Water Phase

Decline Horizontal Inclined pipe

 RADIAL FLOW GEOMETRY IN
POROUS MEDIA
Single layer in single well

1 2

ln (re / rw )
k 
ln (r1/rw ) ln (r2 /r1 ) ln (r3 /r2 )
 
k1 k2 k3

3 k1h1  k 2 h 2  k 3h 3
k 
h1  h 2  h 3
 RADIAL FLOW GEOMETRY IN
POROUS MEDIA

3
2
1
SKIN

Value ln (re / rw )
Permeability
k 
ln (r1/rw ) ln (r2 /r1 ) ln (r3 /r2 )
Average  
k1 k2 k3

When k1 = 0, then k 0
 Productivity Index (PI)
Well

P1 P2

FORMATION

0.001127 k A (p1 - p 2 ) q 0.001127 k A

q    PI
 L (p1 - p 2 )  L
P1

Adanga Gas
P2 yang keluar
dari fasa
minyak
qL
 Gas
Vertical Fluid Transition in
Oil-water-Gas Oil-Gas one Layer
Water
Gas Zone

GOC

Oil Zone

Oil – Water
Transition
h Zone

Producing WOC

Original WOC

Water

Water Pc (pressure) ~ h (height) 0 SWIR SOR

SW
Fluid Flow Characteristic In Porous
Media

• Type of Fluids in the reservoir,

• Flow regimes,
• Reservoir Geometry,
• Number of Flowing Fluids in the reservoir
 Type of Fluids

In general, reservoir fluids are classified

into three groups:
1. Incompressible Fluids ( (water )
2. Slightly Compressible ( Oil )
3. Compressible Fluids ( Gas )
The isothermal compressible
coefficient (c)
1 V 1 
c - 
V P  P

V = fluid volume
ρ = fluid density
P = pressure
c = isothermal compressible fluid, p-1
 Incompressible Fluids
An incompressible fluid is defined as the fluid whose volume or
density does not change with pressure. This is

V 
 0 and  0
P P
Incompressible fluids do not exist; however this behavior may
be assumed in some cases to simplify the derivation and the final
form of many flow equations.

V = fluid volume
ρ = fluid density
P = pressure
 V
 0
P Incompressible

Slightly
Compressible
Volume

1 V Compressible
c -
V P

Pressure

Pressure – Volume Relationship

 V
 0
P Incompressible

Slightly
Compressible
Volume

Compressible

Pressure

Pressure – Volume Relationship

 Steady State Flow

P
 0
t

The flow regime is said to be a steady state flow if the

pressure at every location in the reservoir remain
constant. It does not change with time.
PseudoSteady-state Flow
P
 constant
t

The flow regime is said to be a pseudo steady state

flow if the pressure at every location in the reservoir
remain constant. But, it slighly changes with time.
 Persamaan Aliran Radial Steady
State
7.08 k h ( Pe - Pw )
q 
 ln (re /rw )
P = tekanan, psia
k = permeability, darcy
re = jari jari luar ( drainage radius) re
Pe
rW re
µ = Viscosity of fluid, cp
PW PW
h = Formation Thickness, ft
rW = jari jari sumur (Well radius)
 Q=0

Pi Pi

Radius / Distance
Q = constant

t1 t2 t3 t4 t4
Pi Pi

Pwf decreases as time increases

Radius /
Distance
 Q=0

Pi Pi

t1 t2 t3 t4
q
r1 r2 r3 r4
Pi Pi

re Pwf = constant re

Pressure Distribution as function of time

 Pressure Distribution as function of time

Pi Pi

0
re re

Pwf = constant
 Pressure Distribution as function of time

Pi

Pwf = constant
r

re

Pi

ht L ine
ig
Stra

0
rW Ln r 0.47 re re
 Well
Damaged

FLOW

Undamaged
Reservoir

Damaged

PSKIN {
R (radius)