Fluid Machines (EG 616 ME)

Ram C. Poudel
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus
December 14, 2012
 Statement of Plagiarism

These PowerPoint slides are courtesy of

:

http://web.iitd.ac.in/~pmvs/index.php?q=turbo
 Options for High Head Sites
• Easily split into multiple number of low specific speed jets.
• Can produce high velocity jets/streams.
• Pure and maximum change in direction of flow velocity is
feasibile.
• Invent a machine which absorbs energy by changing the
direction of a high velocity jet.
• No variation of static pressure across machine.
• Entire machine is exposed to atmospheric pressure.
Concept of Simple & Complete Moving Impulse
Blade
 Analysis of Simple Moving Impulse Blade
Vre = -Vri Vae = Vre +Ub

Ub

Vri = Vai - Ub Vai

Vae  Vri  U b  Vai  U b   U b  Vai  2U b

Vwhirl  Vre  Vri  2Vai  U b 

  
FA  m V  2 mVai  U b  Pb  FR  U b  m U b V
  
FR  m V  2 mVai  U b  Pb  2 mVai  U b U b
Kinetic power lost by the jet :

 
m 2
2
2 m 2
2
 
KP  V ai  V ae  V ai   Vai  2U b  2


m 2
2

KP  V ai  Vai  2U b 
2


KP  2 mVai  U b U b

Power lost by jet = Power gained by the Blade

Pb  2 mVai  U b U b  2 AjetV jet V jet  U b U b


 Blade Power
Efficiency of Impulse Blade 
Jet Power

DN  DN
2 2 gH  U U  
2 2 gH  
blade  
blade  60  60
gH gH

 ND max 
gH 60 gH
U max .eff . 
2  2
 Pelton Turbine: The First Titled Impulse Turbine

• Lester Allan Pelton, considered to be the

father of modern day hydroelectric
power, was born in Vermilion Township,
Erie County, in Ohio.
• On September 5, 1829.
• Pelton embarked on an adventure in
search of gold.
• Shifted to California from Ohio in 1850,
he was 21 years old.
• After a failed quest for gold, he joined in
the gold mines as a millwright, and
carpenter at Camptonville, Yuba County,
California in 1864 .
Captonville
 Camptonville Gold Mine : Use of Hydro Power
• Water wheels were being used to provide mechanical
power for all things mining, air compressors, pumps,
stamp mills and operating other machines.
• The energy to drive these wheels was supplied by powerful
jets of water which struck the base of the wheel with flat-
faced vanes.

• These vanes eventually evolved into hemispherical cups,

with the jet striking at the center of the cup on the wheel.
• Pelton observed that one of the water wheels appeared to
be rotating faster than other similar machines.
• It turned out initially that this was due to the wheel had
come loose, and moved a little on its axle.
 Damaged Wheel is A Better Design

• He noticed the jet was striking the inside edge of the cups,
and exiting the other side of the cup.
• His quest for improvement resulted in an innovation.
• Pelton reconstructed the wheel, with the cups off center
only to find again that it rotated more rapidly.
• Pelton also found that using split cups enhanced the effect.
By 1879 he had tested a prototype at the University of
California, which was successful.
• He was granted his first patent in 1880.
• By 1890, Pelton turbines were in operation, developing
thousands of horsepower, powering all kinds of equipment.
 A Patent on Water Wheel

• In 1889 Pelton was granted a patent with the

following text.
• "Pelton water turbine or wheel is a rotor driven by the
impulse of a jet of water upon curved buckets fixed to its
periphery; each bucket is divided in half by a splitter edge
that divides the water into two streams. The buckets have a
two-curved section which completely reverses the
direction of the water jet striking them."
 Different Layouts of Pelton Turbine

• Arrangement of Jets
• Arrangement of Runners
• Arrangements of Turbine Shaft
Arrangement of Jets
Arrangement of Runners
 Hydro Power Plant using Pelton Wheel

The Pelton wheel was first used at

the Mayflower Mine in Nevada City,
California in 1878
Original Pelton Wheel
Special Features of Bucket For Circumferential Arrangement
 Kinematics of Flow for Actual Bucket in flow plane

Vw,i  V jet  cos  i

Vw,e  U b  Vr ,e  cos180  e 
Euler torque equation:   m  r  Vw,i  Vw,o 
 For flow past a bucket: Vr ,e  Vr ,i  Vr ,e  kb Vr ,i

Vw,e  U b  Kb Vr ,i  cos180  e 

V jet  cos  i  U b
Vr ,i 
cos  i
  V jet  cos  i  U b  
  m  r  V jet  cos  i  U b  kb   cos180   e  
  cos   
  i  

  V jet  cos  i  U b  
P  m  U b  V jet  cos  i  U b  kb   cos180   e  
  cos  i  
  
Circumferential Arrangement of Buckets in
rotational Plane
 More Patents for Marginal Modifications

• A U.S. patent was issued to Pelton 1880.

• Shortly thereafter, the Nevada City Foundry began to
manufacture the wheels and ship them all over the world.
• In 1888, with partners, Pelton established his own firm, the
Pelton Water Wheel Company, in San Francisco.
• Many others made subsequent versions of Pelton's original
design, with some claiming uniqueness.
• Samuel Knight, and others patenting significant
improvements, including William A. Doble, who became
chief engineer of Pelton’s company in 1912.
 Runner with Advanced Buckets
• The runner consists of a circular disc with a number (usually more
than 15) of buckets evenly spaced around its periphery.
• Each bucket is divided vertically into two parts by a splitter that has
a sharp edge at the centre and the buckets look like a double
hemispherical cup.
• The striking jet of water is divided into two parts by the splitter.
Bucket Displacement Diagram
• A notch made near the edge of the outer rim of each bucket is
carefully sharpened to ensure a loss-free entry of the jet into the
buckets,
• i.e., the path of the jet is not obstructed by the incoming buckets.
Special Design Features to Minimize
Irreversibilities…..
HEPP with Pelton Wheel
Hydro Electric Plant with High Heads
patm

Vpenstock
2

p friction  pstatic   patm  gH

2
V jet2
 gH  gh friction
2
Key Parts of Pelton Turbine
 Parts of Advanced Pelton Turbine
• The main components of a Pelton turbine are:
• (i) water distributor and casing,
• (ii) nozzle and deflector with their operating mechanism,
• (iii) runner with buckets,
• (iv) shaft with bearing,
• (v) auxiliary nozzle.
• Auxiliary nozzle is used as brake for reducing the speed
during shut down.
• The runner is located above maximum tail water to permit
operation at atmospheric pressure.
Analysis of Intake System for Modern Pelton
Wheel
General Layout of Intake system for HEPP
Power Tunnels : Constant Pressure & Accelerating
Flow
Key Parts of Pelton Turbine
 Jet Coverage by Bucket during Displacement

Design of Nozzle is of Prime importance in Pelton Wheel

Nozzle used in 62.5 MW Pelton Wheel
Mechanism of Control of Jet dimensions
The Nozzle and Jet : A Key Step in Design




djet,VC d0

Free Surface Shape for Maximum Power

 Geometrical Relations for Nozzle

The values of α varies between 20 to 30°

whereas β varies from 30 to 45°.
 Industrial Correlations for Jet Area variation with
stroke
Optimal value of Outlet jet area, ao

ao  As  Bs 2

s is the displacement of spear

 
A  2ro sin  
sin    
    sin   sin  sin 2
B
sin    
2
 Geometrical Relations for Nozzle

1.1dO – 1.3dO

2dO – 2.4dO
dO

0.8dO – 0.9dO
1.2dO – 1.4dO
5dO – 9dO
 Performance Analysis of Nozzle-Spear Valve

Ideal Nozzle-spear Valve:

2
V
p  gz  constant Along flow direction
2
Real Nozzle-spear Valve:
2
p V
  ptotal  constant - Δp friction
 2
 4 fLV 2

p friction 
penstock

2d penstock
0.0625Pipe Material Absolute Roughness, e
f  2 micron
  k 5 .74   (unless noted)

log   brass
drawn
0.9  
1.5
  3.7 Dhdrawn
Recopper 
commercial steel
1.5
45
wrought iron 45
asphalted cast iron 120
galvanized iron 150
cast iron 260
wood stave 0.2 to 0.9 mm

concrete 0.3 to 3 mm

riveted steel 0.9 to 9 mm

Thank you!