Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
U
Vri
Vai
Vai
Vri Inlet Velocity Triangle
U
Vre
Vae Vre
Vrc
Vr
Va Vw
U
Flow through Blades
Vre
U
U
Vae
Vni
Vri
U
Vai
Fluid Dynamics of Blades
U
ae ai be bi
Vae Vai Vri
Vre
• If the stream is to enter and leave the blades without shock or much
losses, then relative velocity should be tangential to the blade inlet tip.
• Vri should enter at an angle bi, the inlet blade angle.
• Similarly, Vre should leave at be, the exit blade angle.
• A blade is said to be symmetric if bi = be.
• The flow velocities between two successive blade at inlet and exit are
Vfi & Vfe.
• The axial (basic useful) components or whirl velocities at inlet and exit
are Vwi & Vwe.
Impulse Turbine
U
ae ai be bi
Vae Vai Vri
Vre
The driving force on wheel FR mVre cos b e Vri cos b i
U
Vai cos a i U Vri cos bi
ae ai be bi
Vai cos a i U
Vae Vai Vri Vri
Vre cos b i
cos b e
2U Vai cos a i U k 1
cos bi
d 2
Vai
cos b e
2U Vai cos a i U k 1
cos bi
d 2
Vai
U U
2
cos b
d 2 cos a i k 1
Vai Vai cos bi e
cos b e
d 2fcos a i f k 1
cos bi
For a given shape of the blade, the efficiency is a strong function of f.
d d
For maximum efficiency: 0
df
cos b e
2cos a i 2f k 1 0
cos bi
cos a i
cos a i 2f 0 f
2
cos a i cos b e
d ,max 2 cos a i cos a i k 1
2 cos bi
cos b e
d ,max f cos a i k
2 2
1
cos bi
Impulse-Reaction turbine
• This utilizes the principle of impulse and reaction.
• There are a number of rows of moving blades attached to the
rotor and equal number of fixed blades attached to the casing.
• The fixed blades are set in a reversed manner compared to the
moving blades, and act as nozzles.
• The fixed blade channels are of nozzle shape and there is a
comparatively small drop in pressure accompanied by an
increase in velocity.
• The fluid then passes over the moving blades and, as in the
pure impulse turbine, a force is exerted on the blades by the
fluid.
• There is further drop in pressure as the fluid passes through the
moving blades, since moving blade channels are also of nozzle
shape.
• The relative velocity increases in the moving blades.
U
ae ai be bi
Vai Vri
Vae Vre
V12 V02
h0 h1
2
0 1 2
First law for moving blades:
V r22 Vr21
h1 h2
2
U
a2 a1 b2 b1
Va1 Vr1
Va2 Vr2
• If the stream is to enter and leave the blades without shock or much
losses, then relative velocity should be tangential to the blade inlet tip.
• Vr1 should enter at an angle b1, the inlet blade angle.
• Similarly, Vr2 should leave at b2, the exit blade angle.
• In an impulse reaction blade, Vr2 > Vr1.
V r22 Vr21
h1 h2
2
• The flow velocities between two successive blade at inlet and exit are
Vf1 & Vf2.
• The axial (basic useful) components or whirl velocities at inlet and exit
are Vw1 & Vw2.
U
a2 a1 b2 b1
Va1 Vr1
Va2 Vr2
The driving force on wheel F mV cos b V cos b
R r2 2 r1 1
V12 V02
h0 h1
2
V r22 Vr21
h1 h2
2
V12 V02 V r22 Vr21
h0 h2
2 2
h0 h2
2 2
The enthalpy drop in the moving blades
The enthalpy drop in the stage
h1 h2
h0 h2
h1 h2 V r22 Vr21
2
h0 h2 Va1 V02 V r22 Vr21
2
Vr 2 2
V r1
2
Va1 V0
2
1
2
Vr 2 Vr1 2
a1
V V 2
1
0
2U Vr 2 cos b 2 Vr1 cos b1
d
Va21
2
V r 2 V r21
Va1 V0
2
1
Va1 V0 cos b 2 Vr1 cos b1
2 2
1
stage
Va21
Va1 cos a1 U
Vr1
cos b1
2
Va1 cos a1 U 2 Va1 cos a1 U
2
2Uf
cos b1
Va1 V0 cos b 2
2
cos b1
cos b1
1
stage
Va21
2
cos a1
U
cos a
U
U 2 V
cos b
2
1
2 f Va1 1 0 cos b 2
Va1
Va1 cos b1 1 Va1 cos b1 1
stage
Va21
2
cos a
U
cos a
U
U 2 V
cos b
2
1 1
2 f Va1 b Va1
1 Va1
0
1 cos
Va1 cos b1 2
cos b1 1
stage
Va21
For a given shape of the blade, the efficiency is a strong function of U/Va1.
d stage
For maximum efficiency: 0
U
d
V
a1