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When motion of a body/particle is analysed by a moving system, then motion is said to be a relative motion.
Relative velocity of A w.r. to B is defined as the time rate of change of relative displacement of A w.r. to B, which
is given by
r uuur r r
r drAB dBA d uuur uuur d rA drB
VAB (OA OB)
dt dt dt dt dt
r r r r r r
VAB VA VB or VBA VB VA
Y
B
rB
A
rA
x
O
r
rA position vector of A at time t
r
rB position vector of B at time t
A
SWIMMER’S PROBLEMS
When boat/swimmer heads in the river to cross from one bank to another. Then motion of boat/swimmer in the
direction of resultant of velocity of flow in the river and velocity of boat/swimmer in still water.
r r r r
Vs,g Vs, w Vw,g ; Vs, g = velocity of swimmer w.r to ground.
r r
Let Vs, w V = velocity of swimmer in still water
r r
Vw,g u velocity of water flow..
B C
u
D u
d
V V+ u
A
[1]
[2] Kinematics
Swimmer heads along AD making angle with vertical in the direction of upstream so as while it crosses the
river it has less drift along the direction of river flow.
d
Time to cross the opposite bank = V cos
d
Minimum time to cross the river for which 00 i.e. For minimum time to cross the river swimmer should
v
head perpendicular to flow of stream.
Time to reach just. opposite back (only for v > u)
u vsin
1 u d d
i.e. sin and time to reach opposite bank
v u
2
V u2
2
V 1
v
For v < u then swimmer heads to reach the opposite bank for minimum drift or through shortest path and hence
dBC d
0 where BC = (u Vsin ).
d Vcos
V V
sin or sin 1
u u
d du
Time to reach the opposite bank through shortest path =
2
V v u 2 v2
V 1
PROJECTILE MOTION u
An oblique projection of a body from surface of earth the following motion of the body is said to be projectile
motion and body itself is called projectile is the angle of projection u is velocity of projection. After time t the
projectile reaches at P with velocity V. Y Vy
Then from equation of projectile
r r V
r d2 x r d2 y
a x 2 0 and a y 2 g (ˆj)
dt dt
P (x, y) Vx
We have v x u x u cos and v y u y gt = u sin gt x
ux
2 2 2 2 2
Hence v u x v y u 2u sin 2 gt g t
1
vy u sin gt
and tan tan 1
vx u cos
1 2
Equation of trajectory or path of projectile is given by x u cos .t and y u cos .t gt
2
Hence we have the equation by eliminating t.
1 x2
y x tan g 2 . Hence trajectory is a parabolic path.
2 u cos 2
Range is the horizontal distance from point of projection to the point in the same plane where projectile strikes
which is given by
R u cos T ; T timeof flight
2u sin 1 1 2u sin
Since T (Sy = 0 = u T .gT 2 u sin .T gT 2 0 T
g y 2 2 g
Kinematics [3]
u 2 sin 2
R . If is replaced by 900 . R does not change.
g
Hence for given initial velocity R remains the same for two possible values of angle of projections if one is then
other is / 2 .
u
u 2 u sin gt 0 or t
g sin
Projectile Motion on the inclined plane
2u sin
t
g cos
As at t = 0, Projectile is at O.
[4] Kinematics
2u sin
Time of flight g cos ; Range = OA = R is given
1
by Sx u x .t a x t 2
2
2
2u sin 1 2u sin
Sx R u cos . g sin .
g cos 2 g cos
2u 2 sin 2u 2 sin
cos .cos sin .sin cos( )
g cos 2 g cos 2
u2
R sin(2 ) sin
g cos 2
g cos
u cos
g sin
x x
r r 2u 2 sin cos( )
a x gsin ˆi & a y g cos ( ˆj); Rangedown the plane
g cos 2
2u sin
Time of flight =
g cos
u 2 (1 sin ) u2
Rmax down the plane = =
g cos 2 g(1 sin )
It occurs when direction of projection bisects the angle between the vertical and downward slope of the plane.