Circular motion

v(t1 ) T - period
f =1/T - frequency
r d -angular frequency,
 
v(t 2 ) dt or angular speed
2
l If   const then    2f .
 T
r d
 - angular acceleration
dt
dl d r 
v   r v2
dt dt a rad    2r
r
 dv d  vvˆ  dv

dvˆ dv d
a   vˆ  v a tan   r  r
dt dt dt dt dt dt

a  a tan  a rad

a a 2
tan a 2
rad   dv 
dr   v r
2 2
 2
 r  2 4
 y
Circular motion and vectors


r  rrˆ  xiˆ  yˆj    z kˆ

r d
 x  r cos  z  ;   z
y  r sin  dt
x
d z
z  ;   z
dt
 dv d  vvˆ  dv

dvˆ  
a   vˆ  v  a tan  a rad
dt dt dt dt
 dv  dv   dv 
a tan  v  a tan sign v  rsign vˆ
ˆ ˆ
dt  dt   dt 
   
atan    r a rad  a rad rˆ
Comparison of Linear and Angular motion with Constant Acceleration

Straight-line motion Fixed-axis rotation

a x  const
v x  v0 x  a x t
x x  x 0  v0 x t  12 a x t 2
2 2
v x  v 0 x  2a x ( x  x 0 )
x  x0  12 (v x  v0 x ) t
 z  const
 z  0 z   z t
   0   0 z t  12  z t 2
 02   02z  2 z (   0 )
   0  12 ( z   0 z )t
Example: At t = 0, a grinding wheel has an angular velocity of 24.0 rad/s. It
has an constant angular acceleration of 30.0 rad/s2 until a circuit breaker trips
at t = 2.00 s. From then on, it turns through 432 rad as it coasts to a stop at
constant angular acceleration. What was its acceleration as it slowed down?

1) Angular speed at 2 s :

   0 z   z t  24.0rad / s   30.0rad / s 2  2.00s   84rad / s

2) Angular acceleration:

 02   02z  2 z (   0 )

 z2   z20 0   84rad / s  2
z    8.17rad / s 2
2 2 432rad 
 Relative motion
Galilean transformations:
relation between the description of a particle in two frames which are moving
with respect to each other with constant velocity.

  
rPA  rPB  rBA P y
t A  tB rP,B
rP,A
   y x
v PA  v PB  v BA rB,A B
   z
a PA  a PB  a BA
A
x
z
   
If v BA  const  rPA  rPB  v BA t
 Example: Moving Sidewalk
A person walking on moving sidewalk: You can have vperson,background = 0
(not moving relative to a picture on the back wall):

Picture on the
vp,s = -v i background

bg: background
Vs,bg = +v i s: moving sidewalk

Clearly velocity is a reference-frame dependent quantity!

  
v p,bg  v p,s  v s,bg  viˆ  viˆ  0

What are some frame Mass, time, temperature…

independent quantities?
 Example: Two kids decide to race. Both kids walk with speed vw. One kid (A)
will walk on the ground while the other (B) will walk on the “moving sidewalk”
that moves with speed v0. The race is roundtrip. Which kid wins the race?
A) Kid A. B) Kid B. C) Tie. D) Depends on the ratio vw/v0. E)Depends on the sign of v0

d Let d = length of
Time for roundtrip, kid A: tA  2 the moving sidewalk.
vw
Time for roundtrip, kid B: tB  tagainst SW  twith SW

vkid B relative to ground  vw  v 0 vkid B relative to ground  vw  v 0

   
d d    
tB   2v d 2v d  1   1 
 2 w
 2 w
 tA
vw  v 0 vw  v 0 vw  v 0 2
vw  v 0  2
 v 02 
1 v2  1 v2 
 w   w 
1
If v 0  vw , then  1, so tA  tB (answer A)
v 2
1  02
vw
Example: A boat can make it move at 5 m/s relative to the water
and is trying to go across a 100-m wide river to a point on the
opposite shore and right North of its starting position. The river
flows due West at 3 m/s. How long does the trip take?
N
A. 20 s v bw W E
B. 25 s v bg S

C. 33 s
v wg
x g  100m   
vbg  vbw  vwg
vbw  5 m /s
vwg  3 m /s vbg   vbw  2   vwg  2   5m / s  2   3m / s  2  4m / s

vbg  ? x g 100m
t    25s
t  ? vbg 4m / s