CHAPTER 2

Fluid Machinery
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my

Lecturer: Azli ABD RAZAK

October 9, 2013
 Content
 Classification of turbomachines
 Elementary pump and turbine theories.
Velocity triangles
 Centrifugal pump; Performance curves
 Axial flow pump; Performance curves
 Pumps arrange in parallel and in series
 Turbine; Reaction turbines vs. impulse
turbines
 Radial flow and axial flow turbine
 Impulse turbine
Classification of Fluid Machines
• Positive Displacement

• Turbomachines

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified

Classification of Turbomachines
 Turbomachines involve a collection of blades,
buckets, flow channels or passages arranged
around an axis of rotation to form a rotor.
 Turbomachines are mechanical devices that either
extract energy from a fluid (turbine) or add energy to
a fluid (pump) as a result of dynamic interactions
between the device and the fluid.
 Turbomachines are classified as axial-flow, mixed-
flow, or radial flow.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified

Classification of Turbomachines

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 4

Basic Energy Consideration
• Fan blade driven at constant angular velocity

a) fan blade geometry (b) absolute velocity, V;

relative velocity, W, and
blade velocity, U at the
inlet and exit of the fan
blade section.
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 5
Basic Energy Consideration

b c

a d

Blade speed U = wr

Absolute fluid velocity = V Relative velocity = W

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 6
Basic Energy Consideration
Blade speed U = wr b c
Absolute fluid velocity = V

Relative velocity = W

V  W U

a d

Velocity triangle
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 7
Basic Energy Consideration

Idealized flow through

a windmill: (a) windmill
blade geometry;
(b) absolute velocity, V;
relative velocity, W,
and blade velocity, U at
the inlet and exit of the
windmill blade section.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 8

Basic Angular Momentum
• For steady flow

 r  F    r V V  nˆdA
cs
1 2

1 Sum of the external torque (moments)

net rate of moment-of-momentum (angular

2
momentum) through the control surface.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 9

Basic Angular Momentum
• The axial component of this equation applied to the
one dimensional simplification of flow through a
turbomachine rotor,
 1 r1V 1   m
Tshaft  m  2 r2V 2 

– Tshaft is the shaft torque applied to the content of the

control volume
– “-” associated with mass flowrate enter (inflow) control
volume and “+” out of the control volume (outflow).
• This equation known as Euler turbomachine
equation

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 10

Basic Angular Momentum
• The shaft power,
Wshaft  Tshaftw
 1 r1V 1   m
Tshaft  m  2 r2V 2 

U wr

 1 U1V 1   m
Wshaft  m  2 U 2V 2 

• In term of unit mass,

wshaft  U1V 1   U 2V 2 
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 11
Basic Angular Momentum
• The velocity
component generate
from velocity triangle
V  V  V
2 2
x
2

Vx  V  V
2 2 2

V  V  U   W
2 2 2
x

V 2 U 2 W 2
V U 
2

wshaft 

V22  V12  U 22  U12  W22  W12 
2
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 12
Centrifugal pump
• Radial flow turbomachine

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 13

Centrifugal pump
• Radial flow turbomachine

(a) Open impeller, (b) enclosed or shrouded impeller.

(Courtesy of Ingersoll-Dresser Pump Company

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 14

Centrifugal pump
• Theoretical consideration
Tshaft  m r2V 2  r1V 1 
Tshaft  Qr2V 2  r1V 1 

• The power
transferred,
W shaft  Tshaftw
W shaft  Qw r2V 2  r1V 1 

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 15

Centrifugal pump
• Since U = rw
Wshaft  QU 2V 2  U1V 1 

• The shaft power

per unit mass of
flowing fluid is,
W shaft
wshaft 
Q
 U 2V 2  U1V 1

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 16

Centrifugal pump
2
Pout Vout Pin Vin2
  zout    zin  hp  hL
g 2 g g 2 g
• The ideal or maximum head rise possible, hp is
found from

W shaft  QU 2V 2  U1V 1 

W shaft  gQhp

h p  U 2V 2  U1V 1 
1
g

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 17

 Example
• A centrifugal water pump
having an impeller diameter
of 0.5 m operates at 900
rpm. The water enters the
pump parallel to the pump
shaft. If the exit blade 2 is
25, determine the shaft
power required to turn the
impeller when the flow
through the pump is 0.16
m3/s. the uniform blade
height is 50 mm.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 18

Centrifugal pump

hp  U 2V 2  U1V 1 
1
g

• The ideal head rise, hp is the amount of the

energy per unit weight of fluid added to the fluid
by pump.

hp 
1
2g
    
V22  V12  U 22  U12  W12  W22 

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 19

Centrifugal pump

 
1 2 3
hp 
1
2g
   
V22  V12  U 22  U12  W12  W22

1 kinetic energy of the fluid

2 Pressure head rise that develop across

the impeller due to centrifugal effect
3 The diffusion of relative flow in the blade
passage

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 20

Centrifugal pump
• Relationship between the flow rate and pump
ideal head rise?????

hp  U 2V 2  U1V 1 
1
g

• The fluid often has no tangential component

of velocity, V1 = 0 or swirl, as it enters the
impeller
• The angle between the absolute velocity and
the tangential velocity is 90 (1 = 0)

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 21

Centrifugal pump
• Therefore,

hp  U 2V 2 
1
g
• From outlet velocity triangle,
U 2  V 2
cot  2 
Vr 2
• Then,
U 22 U 2Vr 2 cot  2
hp  
g g
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 22
Centrifugal pump
U 22 U 2Vr 2 cot  2
hp  
g g
• The flow rate, Q is related to the radial
component of the absolute velocity through the
equation

Q  2r2b2Vr 2 b2 = impeller blade height

at the radius r2
• Thus,
U 22 U 2 cot  2
hp   Q
g 2 r2b2 g
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 23
Centrifugal pump
U 22 U 2 cot  2
hp   Q
g 2 r2b2 g
• This equation shows that the ideal or maximum
head rise for a centrifugal pump varies linearly
with Q.
• For actual pumps, the blade angle 2 in the
range of 20 < 2 < 25, and 1 in the range of
15 < 1 < 50.
• 2 < 90 are called backward curved
• 2 > 90 are called forward curved
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 24
Centrifugal pump
U 22 U 2 cot  2
hp   Q
g 2 r2b2 g

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 25

Example
• A centrifugal water pump rotates at 750 rpm. The
impellers has widths of b1 = 50mm and
corresponding radius r1 = 40mm, r2 = 125mm
respectively. The blade angle are 1 = 45 and 2 =
30. Assuming no angular momentum of fluid at the
blade entrance, determine the ideal flow rate,
pressure head rise across the impeller and torque.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 26

Example
• A centrifugal pump is running at 900 rpm. The outlet
vane angle of the impeller is 45 and velocity of flow
at outlet is 2.5 m/s. The discharge through the pump
is 0.2 m3/s when the pump is working against a total
head of 20 m. If the manometric efficiency of the
pump is 80%, determine the diameter of the impeller
and the width of the impeller at outlet.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 27

Pump Performance Characteristic
• The actual head rise, ha can be determined with
and experiment using the energy equation.

very small  0

p2  p1 V22  V12
ha   z2  z1 
 2g
very small  0
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 28
Pump Performance Characteristic
• Then,

p2  p1
ha 

• The power, Pf , gained by the fluid is given by the
equation
Pf   Qha

• In term of horse power (known as water horsepower)

 Qha
Pf  water horsepower 
550
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 29
Pump Performance Characteristic
• The overall efficiency, ,

power gained by thefluid Pf

 
shaft power driving the pump W shaft
• The denominator of this relationship represents the
total power applied to the shaft of the pump and is
often referred to as brake horsepower (bhp).
 Qha 550

bhp
• The overall pump efficiency is affected by the
hydraulic losses in the pump and the mechanical
losses in the bearing s and seals
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 30
Pump Performance Characteristic
• There also some power loss due to the leakage of
the fluid between the back surface of the impeller
hub plate and the casing.
• This leakage contribute to the overall efficiency is
called the volumetric loss.
• Overall efficiency arises from three sources
– Hydraulic efficiency, h
– Mechanical efficiency, m
– Volumetric efficiency, v
• Thus,
  hmv
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 31
Pump Performance Characteristic

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 32

Pump Performance Characteristic

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 33

Net-Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at
given location is reduced to the vapor pressure
of the liquid.
• Two parameters are used to designate the
potential for cavitation namely;
– Cavitation number
– Net positive suction head (NPSH)

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 34

Net-Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Location of minimum
pressure within the pump

Inlet or suction side

• The energy equation between locations 1 and 2 is

as follow
V22 patm  p2
  z   hL
2g 
z  z2  z1; p2  vapour pressure  pv
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 35
Net-Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• Net positive suction head (NPSH) is

patm  p2
NPSH A   z   hL

• The design requirement for a pump must be such
that
patm  p2
NPSH R   z   hL


• NPSH enables to specify the required maximum

value of z to be used for a given pump

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 36

Net-Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• The total head across the pump is obtained by
dividing NPSH by head of pump, hp

 patm  pv 
  z   hL 
  

hp
•  is the cavitation number

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 37

System Characteristics and Pump Selection

• The energy equation

applied between point
(1) and (2) indicates
that
hp  z2  z1   hL

hp is the actual head gained

h L represent all friction losses

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 38

System Characteristics and Pump Selection
• hL varies approximately as the flowrate squared;
hLQ2, thus

hp  z2  z1  KQ 2

• K is depend on the pipe sizes and length, friction

factors and minor loss coefficient.

system curve
system equation

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 39

System Characteristics and Pump Selection

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 40

System Characteristics and Pump Selection
• Pump can be arrange
in series or parallel to
provide additional
head or flow capacity.
• When two pumps are
placed in series, the
resulting pump
performance curve is
obtained by adding
heads at the same
flowrate.
Effect of operating pumps
ha,total  ha1  ha 2 in series
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 41
System Characteristics and Pump Selection
• Pump can be arrange
in series or parallel to
provide additional
head or flow capacity.
• For two identical
pumps in parallel, the
combine performance
curve is obtained by
adding flowrate at the
same heads.

Qtotal  Q1  Q2 Effect of operating pumps

in parallel
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 42
Example
• A centrifugal pump is to be used in a system
having characteristic given by H = (12 + 7410Q2)
m where Q is a discharge in m3/s. In a trial on
the pump, the following results were obtained:
Speed
1215 1212 1210 1202 1200 1195 1190
(rev/min)
Head (m) 25.6 27.0 26.8 26 24.3 20 13.1
Discharge
0 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.032 0.041 0.049
(m3/s)

Correct the table to a speed of 1200 rev/min and

determine the pump discharge at 1200 rev/min
with the system given.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified

Example
• Two identical centrifugal pumps have been installed
at UiTM Engineering Building. In a trial on the pump
the performance of a pump given by this equation:


H  91.5  3770Q  22 104 Q 2 
where Q is volume flow rate in m3/s and H is head in
meter. A centrifugal pump is to be used in a system
having a head characteristic given by E  95400Q 2.
Plot the performance data versus volume flow rate.
Determine the discharge if the pumps are couple
(a) in parallel and (b) in series.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified

Dimensional Parameter and Similarity Laws
• Power, rotational speed, outer diameter of the
impeller, discharge, pressure change across the
impeller, density and viscosity of fluid are the
significant parameters for a pump.
• Dimensional analysis can be express as;
Dependent variable  f W , N , D, Q, p,  ,  

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 45

Dimensional Parameter and Similarity Laws
• From Buckingham’s -theorem
Power coefficient Reynolds number

W ND 3
CW  Re 
 N 3 D5 

Pressure coefficient Flowrate coefficient

p Q
Cp  CQ 
N D
2 2
ND 3

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 46

Dimensional Parameter and Similarity Laws
• From Buckingham’s -theorem
Head coefficient
gH
CH  2 2
N D

Efficiency of pump
CQCH gQH
p  
CW W

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 47

Dimensional Parameter and Similarity Laws
• Similarity relationships between any two pumps
3 5
W2  2  N 2   D2 

CW 1  CW 2 or      
W1 1  N1   D1 
2 2
H 2  N2   D2 
CH 1  CH 2 or     
H 1  N1   D1 
3
Q2  N 2  D2 
CQ 1  CQ 2 or    
Q1  N1  D1 

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 48

Dimensional Parameter and Similarity Laws
• An empirical relationship to estimate the
influence of diminishing size on efficiency is

1   p 2
0.25
 D1 
  
1   p 1  D2 

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 49

Specific Speed
• A useful  term can be obtained by eliminating
diameter D between the flow rate coefficient and the
head coefficient, can be written as,
N Q
Ns 
gH  34

• Ns is called the specific speed.

• Specific speed is the effective parameter that is
used as an indicator of both performance and
efficiency.
• For pumps with low Q and high Hp the specific
speed is low compared to a pump with high Q and
low Hp.
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 50
Specific Speed
• Pump can be classified based on specific speed
as follows:
– Ns < 1 radial flow pump
– 1 < Ns < 4 mixed flow pump
– Ns > 4 axial flow pump

• Specific speed can also be expressed based on

power as follows:

N p 
Ns 
gH 34

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 51

Turbines

Impulse turbines Reaction turbines

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 52
Impulse turbines
• The most easiest type of impulse turbine is Pelton
wheel (Lester Pelton, 1829 – 1908).

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 53

Impulse turbines
• Ideally, the fluid enters and leaves the control
volume with no radial component velocity

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 54

Impulse turbines
• The bucket would ideally turn the relative velocity
vector through a 180 turn, but physical constrains
dictate that , the angle of the exit edge of the
blade, is less than 180.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 55

Impulse turbines
• To calculate the torque and power, we must known
the tangential components of the absolute velocities
at the inlet and exit.

V 1  V1  W1  U
and

V 2  W2 cos   U
With the assumption that W1 = W2 (the relative
speed of the fluid thus not change as it is deflected
by the buckets)
V 1  V 2  U  V1 1  cos  
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 56
Impulse turbines
• Change in tangential component of velocity
combined with the torque and power equations
gives:
Tshaft  m rm U  V1 1  cos  

m   Q
U  wrm

W shaft  Tshaftw  m U U  V1 1  cos  

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 57

Impulse turbines

• Typical theoretical
and experimental
power and torque for
a Pelton wheel
turbine as a function
of bucket speed

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 58

Example
• A penstock supplies water from a reservoir to the
Pelton wheel with a gross head of 500 m. One forth
of the gross head is lost in friction in the penstock.
The rate of flow of water through the nozzle fitted at
the end of the penstock is 2 m3/s. the angle of
deflection of the jet is 165. Determine the work
done by the water on the runner. Speed ratio is
0.45.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 59

Impulse turbines
• A second type of impulse turbine that is widely used

A multinozzle, non-Pelton wheel impulse turbine

commonly used with air as the working fluid.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 60

Impulse turbines
• The inlet and exit velocity triangles

A multinozzle, non-Pelton wheel impulse turbine

commonly used with air as the working fluid.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 61

Reaction turbine
• Reaction turbine are the best for higher flowrate and
lower head situation.
• Turbine can be categorized as follows:
– Radial, mixed and axial-flow.

a) Typical radial-flow
Francis turbine.
b) Typical axial-flow
Kaplan turbine.
www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 62
Example
 In an inward flow reaction turbine the supply
head is 12 m and maximum discharge 0.28
m3/s. External diameter equal to two times
internal diameter. Velocity of flow is constant =
0.15 (2gH)1/2. Speed = 300 rpm. Runner vane
are radial at inlet. Determine ,
i. Guide vane angle
ii. Vane angle at exit for radial discharge
iii. Width of runner at inlet and outlet
iv. Take hydraulic efficiency = 80%. Vane occupy 10%
of the circumference.

www.fkm.uitm.edu.my endeavour  religious  dignified 63

Thank you for your
attention
“menuntut ilmu adalah taqwa,
menyampai ilmu adalah ibadah,
Mengulangi ilmu adalah zikir,
Mencari ilmu adalah jihad”
(Imam Al-Ghazali)