Transformer Vector Group

& Its Effect on Phase Shift of

+Ve and –Ve phase

sequence current
component
between secondary and primary
Understanding Transformer
Vector Group
 Transformer is magnetically coupled circuit
 Its primary and secondary voltages either in
phase or out of phase
 To say them in phase or out of phase will all
depend upon polarity considerations
 Before to discussing polarity we will see
something about notational basics of
electricity
 Transformer as magnetically
coupled device
This transformer is drawn such that whenever current enters from
top side of Primary, exits from top side of the secondary

Think about
emphasize
on the word
drawn
 Transformer as magnetically
coupled device
This transformer is drawn such that whenever current enters from
top side of Primary, exits from Bottom side of the
secondary
Think about
emphasize
on the word
drawn
 Polarity Marking on Transformer
The facts in previous slides can be represented in more
simplistic way by polarity marking as below in figure A
and Figure B respectively

A a A’ a’

B b B’ b’

Figure - B
Figure - A
Polarity Marking on Transformer

 As for as one single phase transformer

considered polarity marking carries a
little meaning. Thus you will never see
such polarity marking on single phase
transformer. But if you want to connect
these single phase transformer for a
particular purpose. Then this polarity
marking are much use full
Vector diagram for single phase
transformer - 1
VAB
A a Voltage of a
wrt b is in
phase with
voltage of A
wrt B
Vab

B b
Vector diagram for single phase
transformer - 2 ri n g
d e
Voltage of a’
i wrt b’ is out
s
n tly
o
VA’B’
c ecof phase
A’ a’ b y r r
n s c o with voltage of
tio e s A’ wrt B’

l ica enc a’ at arrow tail and b’ at

m p fer arrow head V arrow
c o re b’a’ .

c h n d direction is reverse to that

u
s ity a of physical arrow marking

B’ oid r
la b’ Vb’a’
near secondary coil and is

A v p o in phase with primary

voltage. To resolve such
confusion use consistent
Vconvention
a’b’
and references
as in previous slide
Polarity marking on transformer
 Consider a simple case of paralleling the
transformer in figure A and B.

A a

B b

A a Connect like
’ ’ polarity

B b
’ ’
Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL)
 The directed sum of the electrical
potential differences (voltage) around
any closed circuit must be zero.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff
%27s_circuit_laws) as on 11/09/10
Polarity marking on transformer
 Consider another case of voltage doubling
by using both transformer as from figure A

A a X

B b

A a

L Y

B b
Connect dislike
polarity
Apply KVL
Apply KVL starting from point L and traverse the
loop anti clockwise with convention that voltage
mentioned by double subscript notation with arrow
head wrt tail traversed in the direction of arrow is
w
+Ve else -Ve
VAB
VXY – Vab – Vab = 0
VXY
VXY = Vab + Vab
Vab Vab
 Consider yet another case of voltage
doubling by using one transformer as
figure A and other as figure B ring
id e
s
n tly
o
c ec
A a b y r r
s
n s c o X
tio e
l i a
c en c
m p fer
o
B
c d re b
c h a n
u
s ity L Y

o id la r A’ a’
A v p o
Connect dislike
B’ polarity
b’
Apply KVL w
ri n g
id e
Von
s y
VXY - Vab – Vb’a’ = 0 c ec XY
tl
b y r r
VXY = Vab + Vb’a’ n s V co
tio es Vb’a,’

l ic a e nc ab

m p fer
c o re
c h an d
s u ty
id r i
v o ola V
A p a’b’
Polarity of the transformer
If a transformer is considered as black box
this fact can be shown by a dot on
respective terminal of primary and
secondary. Here voltage V ab is considered
to be in phase with V AB

A a
B b
 Transformer redefined once again to avoid confusion between
HV/LV and Primary/Secondary (useful while defining vector
group)
 (From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer 13/09/10)
 A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one
circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors the
transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding
creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a
varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage"
in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.

 If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in

the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the
primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal
transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (VS) is in
proportion to the primary voltage (VP), and is given by the ratio of the
number of turns in the secondary (NS) to the number of turns in the
primary (NP) as follows:

Vs Ns
---- = ----- (Power Flows From Primary To Secondary)
Vp Np
Transformer Vector Group
(From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_group 13/09/10)

A Vector group is the International Electro

technical Commission (IEC) method of
categorizing the primary and secondary
winding configurations of three-phase
transformers. Within a polyphase
system power transformer it indicates
the windings configurations and the
difference in phase angle between
them.
Transformer Vector Group
The point of confusion is in how to use
this notation in a step-up transformer.
As the IEC60076-1 standard has
stated, the notation is HV-LV in
sequence. For example, a step-up
transformer with a delta-connected
primary (LV), and star-connected
secondary (HV), is not written as 'dY11‘,
but 'Yd1'. The 1 indicates the LV
winding lags the HV by 30 degrees.
 Vector Group of Step-Up Transformer

Power
Flow
Primary Secondary
LV HV

dY11 LV Can’t be reference

Yd1 Select HV as reference

Transformer Vector Group
 Depends upon Polarity as well as external
terminal marking
 Because phase difference between two
magnetically coupled circuit is either 180 or 0
 Hence whenever IEC specifies phase
difference it shall be treated as with respect
to line voltages
 Hence terminal marking is affecting on vector
group and important
 If external terminal marking changed Yd11
group may become Yd5
 3 Phase Supply Review

Vry

Vr

Vyb

Vb Vy

Vbr
With this back ground now we
are ready to understand
transformer connections for

Yd11 Transformer
Throughout this example instead of labels, colors are used purposely
Let the 3 ph. Transformer individual windings are connected as shown in
fig-A so as to form HV side Y and LV side delta.
This transformer is redrawn in fig-B so as to make it easy to account for
shift of 120 deg. between individual phases.
Note the associated limb colors in primary and secondary of fig-A and
Fig-B.
Associated limbs are kept parallel in Fig-B.
External leads of secondary are of Red, Yellow, Blue, different color than
that of limb
Color Red, Yellow, Blue carries normal meaning of Vr,Vy,Vb

Fig-B
Fig-A
Transform to resemble with 3 Ph review
taken previously. Notice the changes in
vector diagram for color and direction

12 O'clock By
resemblance
from previous
sheet
11 O'clock

Dark Yellow limb voltage of

LV (Reversed) is line (R phase to
Brown limb voltage of LV Y phase) voltage
(Reversed) is line (B phase to R
phase) voltage
Teal limb voltage of LV
(Reversed) is line (Y phase to B
phase) voltage
As stated previously transformer
vector group depends up on its
terminal marking.
How it happens we will see in
next 2 slides (This type of
connections are ANSI standard)
We may call it as Yd5
Transformer
Change the terminal marking in respect of secondary
such that in front of R Ph of primary there shall be
Yellow phase of secondary and so on. Revised
drawing is shown below

Fig-B
Fig-A
Transform to resemble with 3 Ph review
taken previously. Notice the changes in
vector diagram for color and direction

12 O'clock By
resemblance
from previous
sheet

Dark Yellow limb voltage of

LV (Reversed) is line (Y phase to
Brown limb voltage of LV B phase) voltage
(Reversed) is line (R phase to Y
phase) voltage
Teal limb voltage of LV
(Reversed) is line (B phase to R
5 O'clock phase) voltage
Most commonly used vector
groups
 Dy1
 Yd1

 Dy5

 Yd5

 Dy11

 Yd11
Connections for Yd1 T/F
Here connections of Yd1
transformer are described to
demonstrate effect of polarity of
delta connections on
transformer vector group
Change the connections of delta
with respect to it’s polarity

Fig-B
Fig-A
 Transform to resemble with 3 Ph review
taken previously. Notice the changes in
vector diagram for color only shown doted to
Final Results
indicate it out of phase wrt HV
1800 to
compensate for
out of phase
primary and
secondary
12 O'clock

Dark Yellow limb voltage of

LV is line (Y phase to B phase)
Brown limb voltage of LV voltage
is line (R phase to Y phase)
By
resemblance voltage
from previous Teal limb voltage of LV is
sheet line (B phase to R phase) voltage
5 O'clock
Or instead of shifting R Ph
secondary voltage at last stage,
we will redraw the same by
different way so that primary and
secondary windings shall have
similar arrow markings ( may call
as a tricky way)
Change the connections of delta
with respect to it’s polarity

Fig-B
Fig-A
 Transform to resemble with 3 Ph review
taken previously. Notice the changes in
vector diagram for color only

12 O'clock

1 O'clock
Teal limb voltage of LV is
line (B phase to R phase) voltage
Brown limb voltage of LV
is line (R phase to Y phase)
voltage
By
resemblance
from previous Dark Yellow limb voltage of
sheet LV is line (Y phase to B phase)
voltage
For the standard Yd1 transformer
discussed previously now we will
check relationship between +Ve
and –Ve sequence currents
reflected on primary with respect
to that of on secondary
Let the power flows from Y side to D
side. Show the currents instead of
voltages

Fig-B
Fig-A
 Note : Primary Y Winding currents shown out of phase wrt
secondary. However source currents follows secondary IS
limb current. Di

C
IP Yi

`
For Yd1 Transformer with
Apply KCL at point C Y as primary and D as
secondary Y Side Line
Secondary R Ph Line Current + Teal Limb Current =
Currents Leads D side
Brown Limb Current
Line Current by 300
Secondary R Ph Line Current = Brown Limb Current
- Teal Limb Current
& Brown limb current is primary current
Let the power flows from D side to Y
side. Show the currents instead of
voltages

Fig-B
Fig-A
 Note: Secondary load current follows secondary winding
current IP
Di

C
IS Yi

`
For Yd1 Transformer with
Apply KCL at point C D as primary and Y as
secondary Y Side Line
Primary R Ph Line Current + Teal Limb Current =
Currents Leads D side
Brown Limb Current
Line Current by 300
Primary R Ph Line Current = Brown Limb Current -
Teal Limb Current
& Brown limb current is primary current
To check the situation for –Ve
sequence currents of Yd1
transformer let its source is
replaced by RBY source hence
new circuit will be
Let the power flows from Y side to D
side. Show the currents instead of
voltages and interchange Y and B
limb in primary. Redraw secondary

Fig-B
Fig-A
 Note : Primary Y Winding currents shown out of phase wrt
secondary. However source currents follows secondary
limb current. IS2 Di

Yi IP2

Fig-B `
For Yd1 Transformer with
Apply KCL at point C Y as primary and D as
secondary For –Ve
Secondary R Ph Line Current + Teal Limb Current =
Sequence Y Side Line
Brown Limb Current
Currents lags D side Line
Secondary R Ph Line Current = Brown Limb Current Current by 300
- Teal Limb Current
& Brown limb current is primary current
 Results of Yd11 and Yd1 for +Ve
sequence and –Ve sequence are
tabulated as below

For Yd1 For Yd11

transformer transformer
For +Ve Y side current leads Y side current lags D
sequence D side current by 300 side current by 300

current
component
For -Ve Y side current lags D Y side current leads
sequence side current by 300 D side current by 300

current
component
 A shortcut to identify vector
group
A a 1 O’Clock
B b 12 O’Clock
C c
N

Yd1
Yd1 and Dy11 are duels
a

Dy11
Yd1 c

A a

B b

C c