Basic

1 Electric Circuit Theory ZONE TECH
C H
TE
E
N
ZO
2 E - Book ZONE TECH
CHAPTER - 1
(BASIC OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT THEORY)
ELECTRICAL CURRENT :-
 It is define as the rate of change of charge or flow of current per unit time
H
dq Q colomb
I  or or Amp
dt t sec
 1 Amp of electric current is equal to the 1 colomb of charge flow in 1 sec is any conducting
C
medium.
Q 1 colomb
I  1sec
= 1 Amp
t TE
–
e –
e
R
A B
I
I
E
+ –
V
Note :-
N
The direction of flow of electric current is just opposite to the direction of electron’s
ZO
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL :-
Total work done to bring a unit +ve charge from infinite to any point is electric field.
w work done Joul

V = q or charge = C or volt
Electric field
B
w
V= q
Infinite
A
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFERENCE :-
 Total work done to bring a unit +ve charge from one point to another point in electric field.
VAB  VA – VB  Volt
electric field
+q
B A
ELECTRIC POWER :-
w w q
P  q  t  V.I watt
H
t
ELECTRIC ENERGY :-
E = P × T = power × time
C
E = VIT = watt hour
1 unit = 1kWH = 1000 wH
TE
OHm’s LAW :-
According to ohm’s law keeping the physical condition’s constant (temp. pressure, resistivity)
the potential diff. between any two terminal of any conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it
VI
V = IR
E
R
A B
I
N
+ –
E
ZO
VAB  I
VAB = IR
RESISTANCE :-
It is the property of resistor by which it opposes the flow of current.
V = IR
V
R  ohm
I
LAW OF RESISTANCE :-
R ..... (1)
1
R ..... (2)
A  Area of cross section 
from equation (1) & (2)
l

R 
A

R 
A
 = Resistivity of specific resistance
unit of  =  × m
H
RESISTIVITY :-
 Resistivity not depends on physical dimension’s (length, cross section area) while it depends
on the type of material any physical condition’s (temp. pressure etc)
C
 Resistivity is define as the resistance of a material with unit length and unit cross section area.
TEMP. COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE :-
R t2  Res. at t temp.
TE2
R t1  Res. at t temp.
1
t = t2 – t1
  temp. coefficient.
Ex.
R30 = 15   0.04 R40 = ?
R t2  15(1 + 0.04 × 10) t = 40 – 30 = 10
E
R t2  21
OHm’s LAW IN THE POINT FORM :-
N
J  current density
I Amp
J =
A m2
ZO
  conductivity
1 
  
 RA
E  Electric field intensity
V Volt
E= 
 meter
V = IR .... (1)
 
J  E
I  V
 
A RA 
V
I 
R
V= IR .... (2)
equation (1) = equation (2)
CONDUCTANCE (G) AND CONDUCTIVITY ()
1 1
G  
R δ
A 
G  
δ RA
A G
G  
 A
MHo
Unit :- –1 ,  ,mho Unit :-  –1 m –1 or mho m–1 or
meter
H
SI unit :- Semence
COMBINATION OF RESISTANCE
(A) SERIES COMBINATION
C
I R1 R2 R3
V1 TE V2 V3
V
V = V1 + V2 + V3
V = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
RT = R1 + R2 +R3
 n no of resistance
E
R R R
N
A B
RAB = R + R + R ...... + n time
RAB = nR
ZO
Note :-
In series combination the equalent resistance is always greater than the maximum resistance
value in the series combination.
(B) PARALLEL COMBINATION :-
I1 I2 I3
I = I 1 + I2 + I3
V V V V
  
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
  
RT R1 R2 R3
n no of resistance connected in parallel
1 1 1 1
   .........n time
RT  R1 R R
R
RT 
n
 In parallel combination of resistance the value of combination resistance is always less than/
equals to the lowest resistance
VOLTAGE DIVISION RULE :-
H
R1 R2 R3
V1 V2 V3
C
V

TE V
V1 = IR1 =  R  R  R  R 1

 1 2 3 
 1 R 
V1   R  R  R   V
 1 2 3 
E
 2 R 
V2   R  R  R   V
 1 2 3 
N
 R3 
V2   R  R  R   V
 1 2 3 
CURRENT DIVISION RULE

ZO
R1
I1
R2
I2
R3
I3
1
R1
I1 = I
1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
1
R2
I2 = I
1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R 3
1
R3
I3 = 1 1 1  I
 
R1 R 2 R 3
for two branches current division rule
H
2 R R1
I1  I I2  I
R1  R2 R1  R2
C
STAR TO DELTA CONVERSION
1
TE
1
R1
R13 R12
R3 R2 3 2
R23
E
3 2
N
1 R .R 2
R12 = R 1  R 2  R
3
ZO
2 R .R 3
R23 = R 2  R 3  R
1
1 R .R 3
R13 = R 1  R 3  R
2
DELTA TO STAR CONVERSION :-
R 12 .R 13
R1 = R + R + R
12 13 23
R 21 .R 23
R2 = R + R + R
12 13 23
R 31 .R 32
R3 = R + R + R
12 13 23
(1) In star connection if all resistance are same than find delta connection resistance
1
R
3R 3R
R R 3 2
3R
H
(2) If is delta connection all resistance are same
C
1
TE R/3
1
R R
R/3 R/3
3 R 2
3 2
E
Energy Source
N
Independent Energy Dependent Energy

Source Source
ZO
(1) Current source (1) Current Dependent

Current Source
10A
10A 5(I0)A
10A
(2) Voltage Source (2) Current Dependent
Voltage Source
10V OR + 10V + 5(I0)A

– –
(3) Voltage Dependent

Current Source
5(V0)A
(4) Voltage Dependent

Voltage Source
H
+ 5(V0)A
–
C
IDEAL ENERGY SOURCE :-
(1) Ideal Current Source
TE IL
I I=0
Ri  RL
E
Internal Res = 
(2) Ideal Voltage Source
N
Ri = 0
VL
ZO
+
V
–
Internal Res = 0
# Nodal and Mesh Analaysis #
Energy Source Conversion
(1) Current source of voltage source :-
10
5A 10 RL RL
+ 500V
–
V = IR
V = 50 × 10
= 500 V
(2) Voltage to current source conversion :-
20
RL 5A 20 RL
H
+ 100V
–
C
V
I=
R
I=
100
20
TE
I = 56A
COMBINATION OF CURRENT SOURCE
E
10A 8A 5A 7A
N
10 – 8 + 5 = 7A
ZO
KIRCHOFF LAW
(1) Kirchoff Current Law (KCL) :-
(a) According to Kirchofflaw (KCL) at anynode or junction the algebric sum of total current is
equal to zero.
I1
I2
R1
R2
I5 R5 R3 I3
R4
I4
I  0
I1 + I 3 + I 5 – I 2 – I 4 = 0
(b) The sum of total incoming current is equal to the sum of total outgoing current.
I1 + I 3 + I 5 = I 2 + I 4
Note :-
KCL represent the law of charge conversion according to the charge remains conversion or
constant at any node.
(2) Kirchoff voltage law (KVL)
H
R1
V2
C
V1 I R2
R3
TE V3
(1) According to kirchoff voltage law (KVL) is any mesh or loop (close ckt) the algebric sum of
total voltage is equal’s to zero
– V1 + IR1 + V2 + IR2 – V3 + IR3 = 0
(2) In any mesh or loop the total voltage by the source(s) is equal to the total voltage drops
E
IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = V1 + V3 – V2

N
ZO
CHAPTER - 2
(NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS)
[NODAL AND MESH ANALYSIS]
Mesh Analysis Method :-
 Mesh current Based on KVL
H
Nodal Analysis Method :-
 It is based on KCL
C
TE
E
N
ZO
CHAPTER - 3
(NETWORK THEOREM)
SUPER POSITION THEOREM :-
Defination :-
According to this theorem is any linear, bilateral electrical network having more than one
H
independent energy source the response is any branch is equals to the algebric sum of all the
responces due to each individual energy source while all other source reduce to zero.
THEVENION THEOREM :-
C
Statement :-
According to thevenion theorem in any linear electrical network across any two terminals the
network can be reduce to a small electrical netwrok having open ckt voltage (Vth) across two
TE
terminal and in series with equivalent resistance (Rth) across two terminal
NORTEN THEOREM :-
Statement :- According to norton theorem is any linear electrical network across any two
terminals the network can be reduce to a small electrical network having short ckt current (IN)
between the two terminal is parallel with equivalent resistance across two terminal.
E
A
IL
Rth
N
RL IN Rth RN RL
Vth
B
ZO
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem :-
Rth
I
Vth(VS) + RL
–
VS
I = R R .... (1)
S L
Load power
PL = I2RL ..... (2)
For max power
dPL U dv du
0 U –V
dR L V dt dt
  R S  R L 2  1  – R L 2  R S  R L  0  1  
VS2   2
0
  R S  RL  
RS + RL [RS + RL – 2RL] = 0
RL = RS ..... (3)
equation (2)
H
VS2
Pmax = 4R
L
Source power = Vs × Is
C
 V  Vs2
Vs  s 
 2R L  2R L
Defination :-
TE
According to maximum power transfer theorem the power transfered from source to load
will be maximum when the load resistance is equal to the source resistance and the maximum
power is given by
Vs2
Pmax = 4R
L
It is clear that it is 50% of the source power

E
VS2
S.P. = 2R
L
N
Case - I
ZS = RS + jxS ; |Z| = R 2  X 2
ZO
ZS = RS + jXS
VS ~ ZL
RL + jXL
VS
I= 2 2
.... (1)
 R S  RL    X S  XL 
PL = I2RL
VS2
PL = R  R 2  X  X 2  R L .... (2)
 S L  S L
For max . power condition.
dPL
0  RL = RS
dR L
dPL
0  XL = –XS
dX L
ZL = RL + jXL
ZL = RS + j(–XS) = RS – jXS
H
ZL = (RS + jXS) conjugate
ZL = ZS .... (3)
max power from equation (2) & (3)
C
VS2
Pmax = 2R 2  0  R L
 L
TE
VS2
Pmax = 4R
L
Case - II
ZS = RS + jXS
E
I
N
VS ~ RL
ZO
VS
I= 2
R S  RL   X S2
PL = I2RL
VS2
PL= R  R 2  X 2  R L .... (1)
 S L S
For max power
dPL
 0 R = R 2S  X 2S .... (2)
dR L L
For max power Pmax put the value of RL in equation (1)

Case - III
ZS = RS + jXS
XL(fixed)
I
VS ~ RL
H
Condition
RL = variable XL = fixed
C
VS
I= 2 2
 R S  RL  TE   X S  XL 
PL = I2 RL
VS2
PL = R  R 2  X  X 2
 S L  S L
d1 PL
dR L
=0
E
RL = R 2S   X S  X L 2
N
Condition for maximum power

MILLMANS THEOREM :-
ZO
R1 R2 R3 RL
  
Req
RL
Eeq
TELLEGEN THEOREM
k
VI
i1
i i 0
k = no. of branches
OR
 Pd   Pc
Pd = deleverd power
Pc = consume power
H
Statement :-
C
According to tellegen theorem is any electrical network (linear, non linear, unilateral, bi lateral
etc) the algebric sum of power is each branch is equals to zero or the tota
This theorem represent the law of energy conservation according to which the energy remains
constant.
TE
P=0
dw
0
dt
d
0
E
dt
Energy = constant
N
ZO
CHAPTER - 4
(A.C. CIRCUIT)
A.C. CIRCUIT
D.C. quantity :- The quantities which magnitude and direction remains constant irrespective
to the time are called DC quantity.
H
5V
C
TE
A.C. quantity :- The quantiy which magnitude and direction changes with time are called
alternating current quantity.
V(t)
V(t)
E
t t
N
Sinosoidal Triangular wave
V(t)
ZO
Square wave
AC Terminology
Vm

2 t/t
–Vm
(1) Time period (T) :- unit – sec
(2) Frequency(f) :-
cycle
F= Hz
sec
1
F=
T
(3) Angular frequency :-
2 rad
=  2F
T sec
H
(4) Amplitude/max value/peak value :-
Vm
(5) Peak to peak value :-
Vm – (–Vm) = 2Vm
C
(6) Instantaneous value:-
V(t) = Vmsin(t + 0)
TE
(7) Phase Angle :-
E
V1(t) = Vmsin(t – )

N
ZO
V2(t) = Vmsin(t + ) 
(8) Phase difference :-

between V1(t) and V2(t)
V2
 2
V1(t) & V2(t) = 2 –
V1
Introduction of RLC
Resistance (R) :-
~
Pure resistance
H
V(t) = Vmsin t .... (1)
V t Vm sin t
I(t) = 
R R
C
I(t) = Imsin t .... (2)
Vm
Im
Power +ve
TE Power +ve
Power +ve
E
Pavg = VrmsIrms
Power always positive
N
2
Pavg =  V  t  I  t  dwt
0
ZO
Vm Im
= 
2 2
Pavg = Vrms × Irms

 Resistance is a property of resistor which opposes the flow of current.
 For a pure resistor the phase angle diff. between voltage and current is zero so the power
factor for this circuit is unity also the avg. power for this circuit is +ve and equals to Vrms × Irms
so a resistor is a power consuming or energy consuming element.
Phase Diagram
V(t)
I(t)
Inductor (Pure) :-
I(t)
~
V(t)
I(t) = Im sin wt .... (1)
H
d
V(t) = L  I m sin wt 
dt
= LIm cos  wt  .w
C
  
V(t) = I m wL sin  2  wt 
 

TE  
V(t) = Im XL sin  wt  2 
 
ImXL = Vm
  
V(t) = Vm sin  wt  2 
 
E
Compair equation (1) and (2)

Phase diagram
N
V(t)
ZO
/2
I(t)
Wave form
P=+ve P=+ve P=+ve

Vm
I(f)
V(t) Im
/2
P=–ve P=–ve
Pavg = 0
V 90 V
X L = I 0  I 90  jX L
V 0 V
XC = I 90   I  90  –jX C
 
 Inductance is the property of inductor which opposes the change in current with time. Its unit
is henry the phase angle diffrance between voltage & current for this circuit is equal to 90°
(current lags the voltage) so the power factor is zero cos 90° = 0 .
Its is also clear that for pure inductive circuit the average power is zero so it is not a energy
H
consuming element but it is a energy storing element it store the energy in magnetic field
form
1 N2
E = LI2 L=
2 R
C
Pure Capacitive Circuit
C
I(t)
TE
~
V(t) = Vm sin t .... (1)
dQ dv
Q  V  Q = CV  C
E
dt dt
dv  t 
I(t) = C .... (2)
dt
N
1
V(t) = I  t  dt
C
V(t) = Vm sin t
ZO
from equation (1) & (2)

d
I(t) = C (Vm sin t)
dt
d
=C (Vm sin t)
dt
m V   
I(t) = 1 sin  2  t 
 
c
mV   
I(t) = X sin  t  2 
c  
1
 XC =
c
Xc = capacitive reactance
Phasor diagram
I(t)
90°
V(f)
P.F. = cos = cos90°

P.F = 0
H
Wave Form
C
P=+ve P=+ve P=+ve
V(t) V(t) TE
P=–ve P=–ve P=–ve
Pavg = 0
A
C=
d
E
  0r
  f /m 
N
r   unitless
 0  f /m 
F
= permibility =
ZO
meter
 r= relative permibility
 0= 8.85 × 10–12 f/m
In Inductor
N2
L= R

Rl = A
 = Permibility (H/m)  =0r

r = Relative Permibility
0 = 4 × 10–7 H/m
  H /m 
r =   H /m   unitless
0
Capacitance :-
Capacitance is the property of capacitor which opposes the change in voltage with respect to
time.
I t 
C 
 v t  
d 
 dt 
and the current for this circuit leads the voltage by angle 90° so the power factor for this
circuit is zero leading also the avg power is zero.
So it is not a energy consuming element which it is a energy storing element which stores the
H
energy is electrical field form.
R - L Circuit :-
C
R TE L
I
~
100 30°
VRL  VR  VL
I(ZRL) = I(R) + I(jXL)
E
ZRL = R + jXL
|Z| = R 2  X 2L
N
 XL 
 = tan–1  R 
Impedence Triangular in R - L
ZO
jXL Z=R+jXL

R
R
cos =
Z
X L L
tan = 
R R
magnitude|Z| = R 2  X 2L
Voltage Triangle is R - L
jVL VRL = VR + jVL

VR
VRL = VR + jVL
H
magnitude |VRL|= VR2  VL2
VR
P.F. = cos = V
C
RL
VL
Q.F. = tan= V
R
R - C Circuit :-
TE
R C –jXC
VR VC
~
E
VRC  VR  VC
N
IZRC = fVRC = IR + I (–jXc)

Z = R – jXc
 XC 
 = tan–1 
ZO

 R 
Impedance Triangle in R - C
Z = R – jXC
–jXC
R
cos =
Z
Xc
tan =
R
Voltage Triangle in R - C
VR
VRC = VR – jVC
–jVC
VR
H
cos = V
RC
Vc
tan = V
C
R
R - L - C Circuit :-
R
TE L C
VR VL VC
~
VRLC
E
VRLC = VR  VL  VC
N
ZRLC = I(R) + I(jXL) + I(–jXC)

ZRLC = R + jXL – jXC
ZRLC = R + j(XL +XC)
ZO
Z = R 2   X L – X C 2
 X L – XC 
Q = tan–1  R 
 
Condition XL > XC
jXL
j(XL – XC)  R
–jXC
R
cos =
Z
XL – XC
tan =
R
Voltage Triangle
jVL
VRLC
j(VL – VC)  VR
C H
–jVC
VRLC = VR + j(VL – VC)

TE
VRLC = VR2   VL – VC 2
VR
cos = V
RLC
VL – VC
tan = VR
E
If
(i) XL > XC Inductive nature
(ii) XC > XL Capacitive nature
N
(iii) XL = XC Resistive nature

Average Value and RMS Value :-
ZO
(A) Sinusoidal Wave :-

> Half wave sinusoidal :-
V(t)
Clipped
Vm
O
 2 3
V(t) = Vm sint ..... (1)

2 2
1 1
Vavg = 2   v  t  dt  2   Vm sin t dt
0 0
 2
1  
= 2 
 Vm sin t d t   0 dt 
0  
1 
=  Vm  – cos t  1  0  0
2
–Vm –V
=  cos  – cos  m  –1 – 1
H
2 2
Vm
Vavg =

C
Full Wave Sinusoidal Wave :-
V(t)
TE
Vm
O
 2 3
E
N
V(t) = Vm sint ..... (1)
V(t)
ZO
 2 3 4 5

1
V  t  d t
 0
Vavg =

1
Vm sin t dt
 0
Vavg =
1 
  Vm  – cos t  1 0

–Vm –V
  cos  – cos o   m –1 – 1
 
2Vm
Vavg =

RMS Value
Half Wave :-
V(t)
H
Vm
C
O
 2 3
TE
v(t) = Vm sin t .... (1)
2
1 2
VRMS = 2  V  t  dt
0
E

1   1 – cos 2 t 
 dt  0
VRMS = 2   0 
 
2 

N
Vm2    sin 2 t 
VRMS =  t 0 –  
4   2 0
Vm2
VRMS =   – 0  –  0 – 0 
ZO
4
Vm
VRMS =
2
Full Wave :-
V(t)
Vm
3 4
O  2
V(t) = Vmsin t ....(1)
2
1 2
VRMS = 2  V  t  d t
0
2
1  2 2
VRMS = 2    Vm sin t dt
 0
2
1   1 – cos 2 t 
 dt
= 2   0 
 
2 
H
2
Vm2  2  sin 2t 
=  t  0 –  
4   2 0
C
Vm2
=
4
 2  – 0  –  0 – 0 
VRMS =
Vm
2
TE
Peak Factor and Form Factor :-
FORM FACTOR PEAK FACTOR
Half wave RMS/Avg Peak/RMS
E
Vm / 2  Vm
  1.57 2
Vm /  2 Vm / 2
Full wave RMS/Avg Peak/RMS

N
Vm / 2 Vm
 1.11  2  1.414
2Vm /  Vm / 2
ZO
Square Wave :-
Full Wave :-
Vm
T/2 T 3T/2
Rectified wave time - T/2
V(t) = Vm
T/2 T/2
1 2
Vavg = T / 2  V  t  dt   Vm dt
0
T 0
2  
T/2 2 T
Vavg = T Vm  t 0  T Vm  2 – 0 
 
2 T 
Vavg = T Vm  2 – 0   Vm
 
RMS Value
H
T
1
V 2  t  dt
T 0
Vrms =
C
Vm 2 T
=  t 0
T
Vm 2
=
t
 T – 0 
TE Vm2
Vrms = Vm
Half Wave :-
V(t)
E
Vm
O
T 3T/2
N
T/2
ZO
V(t) = Vm
T/2
1
Vavg = T  V  t  dt
0
T/2 T T/2
  1  
Vavg =  m
 V dt   0dt     Vm dt  0 
 0 T/2  T  0 
Vm T/2
Vavg =  t 0
T
Vm
Vavg =
2
RMS Value
T/2 T
1 
Vrms =   V 2  t  dt   0dt
T  0 T/2
Vm2
T
 t  T/2
0
0 
Vm2 T  Vm2
 –0 
T  2  2
Vm
H
Vrms =
2
Form factor and Peak Factor
From Factor Peak Factor
C
RMS Vm / 2 Vm / Vm
Half wave  1.414
avg Vm / 2 2  2  1.414
Full wave RMS/Avg

Vm
Vm
1
TE Peak Factor
Vm
1
Vm
Triangular Wave :-
Full wave
E
V(t)
N
Vm
T/2
O t
T
ZO
T/4
Vm

O
T 2T 3T t
T
1
0
T
1 V
m
Vavg = T  T t dt
0
T
Vm  t 2 
= T2  2 
 0
Vm
Vavg = T – 0
2T 2
H
Vm
Vavg =
2
V(t) = ?
V(t) = mx + C
C
V(t) = mt + 0
Vm
m = tan  =
T
V(t) =
Vm
t
TE
T
RMS Value
T
1
V 2  t  dt
T 0
Vrms =
T
1 Vm2 2
E
t dt
T 0 T 2
Vrms =
T
Vm2  t 3 
N
=  
T 3  3 0
Vm2  T 3 
– 0
ZO
Vrms = 3 
T  3 
Vm
Vrms =
3
Half Wave :-
V(t)
Vm

O
T/2 T 3T/2 2T
T
1
0
T/2 T
1   2Vm  
= T   t  dt   0dt 
 0 T  T/2 
T/2
1  2Vm  t 2 
Vavg = T T  2 
  0
2V  T 2 
H
m
Vavg = T 2  4 – 0 
 
Vm
Vavg =
4
C
RMS Value :-
T/2 T
1 TE 2
VRMS =  V  t  dt   0.dt
T 0 T/2
T/2
1 4Vm2 2
=  t dt  0
T 0
T2
T/2
4Vm2  t 3  
=    
E
3T 3  3 0 
 
4Vm2 T 3
=
N
3T 3 6
Vm
Vrms =
6
ZO
Form factor and peak factor

Half wave RMS /Avg Peak/RMS
Vm / 6 4 Vm
  6
Vm / 4 6 Vm / 6
Full wave RMS/Avg Peak/RMS
Vm / 3 2 Vm
  3
Vm /2 3 Vm / 3
CHAPTER - 5
(RESONANCE)
(A) Series Resonance
R jXL –jXC
C H
TE ~
Z = R + jXL – jXC
Z = R + j(XL – XC)
For resonance XL – XC XL = XC
1
L =
C
E
1
2 =
LC
1 Rad
N
0 =
LC sec
1
2f0 =
ZO
LC
1
f0 = HZ
2  LC
Condition
 X=0 XL = XC
Zmin = R
V V
 Imax = Z  R
min
 VL = VC VRLC = VR voltage triangle

 QL = QC S=P
 cos= 1 is resonance condition
 Pure resistive nature
 V & I are is phase
Resonance frequency = Capacitive
Resonance frequency = Inductive
Imax
Imax
Im
2
H
Zmin = R
B.W
C
W1 W0 W2
B.W B.W
TE 2 2
Nature Nature
capacitive inductive
Resistive
Pm = I 2m R
 I 2m 
PH.P =  2  R
E
 
I 2m
= R
2
N
Pm
PH.P =
2
(1)
ZO
Z = R + j(XL – XC)
  1
Z = R + j  wL –  wC  
 
Case 1 wnature inductive
Case 2 wnature capactive
(2)
1 = Lower half p.f
2 = upper half p.f
0 = resonance frequency
B.W = (2 – 1) = (f2 – f1) Hz
B.W
1 = 0 –
2
B.W
2 = 0 
2
VRLC = VR
(3) Quality Factor
0 0 f0
Q.F = B.W   –  OR f – f
2 1 2 1
Impedance at HPF point :-

Im V
Z=
2 I
V V
ZH.P =  2 
 Im / 2  Im 
H
ZHP = 2 R
Lower half frequency
C
2
–R  R  1
 LH     
2L  2L  LC
TE
Upper half frequency
2
R  R  1
UH     
2L  2L  LC
VL VL
Q.F = V Q.F = V
RLC RLC
E
VC VC
= V = V
R R
N
VL 1
= = w CR
IR 0
0 L 1 L
ZO
Q.F = Q.F 
R R C
1 L
= 
LC R
1 L
Q.F =
R C
0
Q.F =
B.W
0 L 0
 0 
B.W R R /L
R Rad
B.W =
L sec
Parallel Resonance :-
IR IL IC
R L C
I = I R + IL + IC
H
V V V V
  
Z R jX L –jX C
1 1 1 1
C
 R – j X  j X
Z L C
1 1  1 1 
y = Z  R  j X – X  TE
 C L 
For Resonance
1 1
– 0
XC XL
1 1

XC XL
E
XL = XC
1 Rad
w0 =
LC sec
N
1
f0 = Hz
2  LC
Conditions :-
ZO
(1)
 XL = XC
1 1
 ymin = Z  R
max
Zmax = R
(2)
V V
 Imin = Z  R
max
 IL = IC IRLC = IR
(3)
 QL = QC S=P
(4)
 cos  = unity pf = 1
(5)
 Resistive (V & I is same phase)
Resonance freq.  increase and decrease condition
1 1  1 
y = Z  R  j   wc –  wL 
 
Zmax
I
C H
Below
TE
W1 W0 W2 Above
Inductive nature Capacitive nature
IL IC
Q.F. = I OR I RLC
1
E
RLC
IL IC
= I = I
N
R R
V /X L V /X C
= V /R = V /R
ZO
R R
= X L = CR
L 0
R
1 1
= L = C.R
LC LC
C 0
Q.F = R Q.F =
L B.W
0 0
= W0CR = 1 /RC
B.W
1
B.W = for parallel RLC
RC
Series RLC Parallel RLC
1
R LS CS IS
I(S) 1
VS R LS
CS
~
V(S)
H
V s  1 1 1
 R  LS  y(s) =   CS
I  s CS R LS
C
RCS  LCS 2  1 LS  R  RLCS 2
Z(s) = y(s) =
CS RLS
TE Divide by RLC
1 1
CS S  S2
y(s) = y(s) = RC LC
RCS  LCS 2  1 S /C
Divide by LC
S /L S /C
y(s) = R 1 z(s) = 1 1
E
S2  S  S2  S
L LC RC LC
S Domain S Domain
N
ZO
CHAPTER - 6
(TWO PORT NETWORK)
I1 I2
Two part
V2
V1 N/W
H
(1) Z Parameter/ Impedance Parameter / Series Parameter / Open ckt Parameter
V1 = Z11I1 + Z12I2 .... (1)
C
V2 = Z21I1 + Z22I2 .... (2)
 Z 11 Z 12 
Z = Z Z 
 21 22 
TE
If I2 = 0 [2nd part open circuit]
V1 = Z11I1
1 V
Z11 = I 
1
E
V2 = Z21I1
2 V
Z21 = I 
N
If I1 = 0 [1st part open ckt]

V1 = Z12I2
ZO
V1
Z12 = I 
2
V2 = Z22I2
V2
Z22 = I 
2
(2) Y parameter /Admitance / Shunt / Short ckt parmeter

I1 = y11V1 + y12V2 .... (3)
I2 = y21V1 + y22V2 ..... (4)
 y11 y 12 
y = y y 
 21 22 
If V1 = 0 [1st part short circuit]
I1 = y12V2
I1
y12 = V 
2
I2 = y22V2
I2
y22 = V 
2
(3) H-parameter/Hybrid/series-shunt parameter

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 .... (5)
H
I2 = h21I1 + h22V2 .... (6)
 h 11 h 12 
h = h h 
C
 21 22 
If V2 = 0 [2n part short ckt]

V1 = h11I1
V
1
h11 = I 
1
TE
I2 = h21I1
V2
h22 = I
1
If I1 = 0 [1st part open circuit]

E
V1 = h12V2
V1
h12 = V unit less
N
I2 = h22V2
I2
h22 = V 
ZO
(4) g-parameter/inverse hybrid/shunt-series.

I1 = g11V1 + g12I2 .... (7)
V2 = g21V1 + g22I2 .... (8)
g 11 g 12 
g = g g 
 21 22 
If I2 = 0 [2nd part open ckt]

I1 = g11V1
I1
g11 = V 
1
V2 = g21V1
V2
g21 = V unit less
1
If V1 = 0 [1st part short ckt]
I1 = g12I2
I1
g12 = I unit less
2
V2 = g22I2
V2
g22 = I 
2
(5) T- parameter / ABCD parameter

V1 = AV2 – BI2 .... (9)
H
I1 = CV2 – DI2 .... (10)
If I2 = 0
V1 = AV2
C
V1
A = V unit less
2
I1 = CV2
I1
TE
C= V 
2
If V2 = 0
V1 = B |I2|
V1
B = |I |
E
I1 = D |I2|
I1
N
D = |I |
2
T - Network
ZO
I2
Z1 Z3
V1 I1 Z2 V2
V1 – I1Z1 – (I1 + I2)Z2 = 0

V1 = (Z1 + Z2)I1 + Z2I2 .... (1)
V2 = I1Z2 + (Z2 + Z3)I2
V2 = Z2I1 + (Z2 + Z3)I2 .... (2)
Compair the Z parameter equation
Z1  Z2 Z2 
Z=  Z Z 2  Z 3 
 2
 - Network
y2
I1 V1 V2 I2
V1 y1 y3 V2
Apply Nodal
H
I1 = V1y1 + (V1 – V2)y2
I1 = V1(y1 + y2) + V2(–y2)
C
I1 = V1y11 + y12V2
y11 = y1 + y2
y12 = –y2
y21 = –y2
TE
y22 = y2 + y3
 y1  y 2 –y 2 
y =  –y y 2  y 3 
 2
E
Reciprocal and Symetrical Network
I1 I2
N
Two part
V2
V1 N/W
ZO
If V2 = 0 I & V1 = 0
 V1   V2 
   Z12    Z 21
 I2   I1 
Transfer Impedance
Z12 = Z21 this N/W is called reciprocal N/W
Z12 = Z21
y12 = y21
h12 = –h21
g12 = –g21
T = 1
(AD – BC) = 1
Symetrical Network
If I2 = 0 I & I1 = 0
 V1   V2 
   Z11    Z 22
 I1   I2 
If Z11 = Z22 this N/W is called symetrical

Z11 = Z22
y11 = y22
h = 1 (h11h22 – h21h22 = 1)
H
g = 1 (g11g22 – g21g12 = 1)
A=D
Interconnection of two port network
C
(1) Shunt or parallel connection
TE
2 part N/W
A
I1 I2
V1 V2
2 part N/W
B
E
|y| = [yA] + [yB]

(2) Series Connection
N
I1 I2
2 part N/W
A
ZO
V1 V2
2 part N/W
B
[Z] = [ZA] + [ZB]

(3) cascade connection
I1 I2
2 part N/W 2 part N/W
V1 V2
A B
[T] = [TA][TB]
CHAPTER - 7
(TRASIENT ANALYSIS)
R–L–C
• Under damped (0 <  < 1)
• Critical damped ( = 1)
H
• Over damped ( > 1)
 = Damping ratio / Damping factor
General formula of Laplace
C
n
L [ t n] =
n 1
a
L[sin at] = TE
S2  a2
S
L [cos at] =
S  a2
2
1
L [eat] =
S–a
1
L [e–at] =
E
Sa
Laplace Diffrention
 df  t  
N
L  dt  = Sf(s) – f(0)
 
L [f(t)eat] = f(s – a)
ZO
1
L[1] =
S
For Inductor
L
I(t)
V(t)
dI  t 
V(t) = L
dt
V(s) = L[SI(S) – I(0–)]
V(s) = LSI(S) – LI(0–)
I(0–) = Iritical charging cement in L
V(S) = LSI(S) – LI(0–)
equation convert into circuit from
–
LI(0 )V
LS –+
I(s)
V(s)
–
I(0 )
H
LS
V(s)
C
For Capacitor
I(t)
TE
V(t)
dV  t 
I(t) = C
dt
I(S) = C[SV(S) – V(0–)]
E
I(S) = CSV(S) – CV(0–)

I S V  0– 
= VS –
N
CS S
I S V  0– 
VS = 
CS S
ZO
Convert equation to ckt form

–
V(0 )
S
1
+–
CS
I(s)
V(s)
R – L Circuit
1 R I(t)
V 2
L
If switch k moved from position 1 to 2 at t = 0 than find I(t) at t  0
I(o–)
V I(o–)
short ckt
V
I(0–) =
R
H
S - Domen
t0
K R
C
LS
I(s)TE V
–
– LI(o ) = L R
+
LV
I(S)R + I(S)LS – =0
R
LV
I(S) (R + LS) =
R
E
LV V
R  R
I(S) = R  LS R
S
N
V – RL t
I(t) = e .... (1)
R
ZO
Inductor discharging condition

from equation 1
V
t=0 I(t) =
R
t I(t) = 0
I(t)
V
R
V 36.7%
36.7% R
t
t=T
time constant
V – Tt
I(t) = e
R
t =
V –1 V
I(T) = e = .367
R R
V
I(T) = 36.7%  R 
 
Defination :-
Time constant is define as the time require by inductor for discharging current to remains
H
36.7% of initial current
R-L Circuit
1
C
R I(t)
V 2
TE L
If switch k move d from position 2 to 1 at t = 0 than find I(t) at t  0
2 R
S.C
I(o–) = 0
E
Cement 1 S Domain
N
LS
ZO
I(o–) = 0
– LI(o–) = 0
+
V
= I(S) (R + LS)
S
V
V L

I(S) S  R  LS  R
 S  0   S  
 L
Partially laplace short formula

1 1  1 1 
 –
 S  a  S  b  b – a  S  a S  b 

  
V 1 1 1 
I(t) = L  R  – 
   S S  R 
  L – 0 
  L  
R
V – t 
I(t) = R  1 – e
L

 
t = 0 I(t) = 0
V
H
t   I(t) =
R
V/R
C
V
60%
R TE
t=0 T
t
V – 
I(t) = R  1 – e T

 
E
At t=T
V
I() = 1 – e –1 
R
N
V
= 1 – 0.367 
R
ZO
V
I(T) = 0.63
R
V
I(T) = 63% of
R
time constant is define as the time require by inductor for its charging current when it reaches
V
63% of of its final current.
R
Direct formula but limitation
t
–
I(t) = I     I  O–  – I    e T
condition
(1) only DC source
(2) single inductor
R-C Circuit
t
–
V(t) = V      V  0–  – V    e T
Limitation
Only DC Source
Single Capacitor
Case - I
K is moved from position 1 to 2 at t = 0 find the v(t) at t  0
Step - I
H
t < 0 (S.S) K = 1
C
I=0
V TE V()=V
Step-II
2
V(s)
1
CS
E
–
I(o ) = 0
– V(o–) V
+ S =S
N
V
V S V  S –
 S 0
R 1
ZO
CS
1 
V  S    CS   CV
R 
 1  RCS 
V(S) =   CV
 R 
RCV V

V(S) = 1  RCS S  1
RC
 1 
V(t) = Ve–  RC  t
V    = Ve –  = 0
Capacitor discharging condition

Case - II
K is moved from position 2 to 1 find the value V(t) at t  0
Step I Intial Condition
t<0
V(o–)=V
H
Step II
C
V    .  S.S 
R
TE
V V()=V
T = RC
E
V(t) = V + (0 – V) e–t/RC
V(t) = V 1  e –t/RC 
N
Capacitor charging condition

V   V
V(0) = 0
ZO
Series R-L-C
Series
S
y  S  L
R 1 .... (1)
S2  S 
L LC
S2 + 2S  nS +  n2(compair)
Parallel
S
C
Z(S) = 1 1
.... (2)
S2  S
RC LC
Equation 1 for series
R
2  n =
L
R R
= 
2Ln  1 
2L  
 LC 
R C
=
2 L
Equation 2 for parallel
H
1
2  n =
RC
C
1 L
=
2R C
 Damping find this formula
Step - II
TE
open t  0
S 6
10
S
1(10)=10V –
E
+
N
10
I(S) = 10 
S
S
ZO
10S
I(S) = 2
S   10 3 
2
 
S
I(S) = 10  2 
3 2 
 S   
10
I(t) = 10 cos 103t

CHAPTER - 8
(MAGNETICALLY COUPLED CIRCUIT)
Magnetic Coupling :-
I1(t) I2(t)
H
V2(t)
V1(t)
C
L1 L2
V2(t) = L1
TE
dI1  t 
dt
M
dI 2  t 
dt
....  1
dI 2  t  dI 1  t 
V2(t) = L 2 M .... (2)
dt dt
 dI 1  t  
E
 V1  t   L 1 M   dt 
   
 V2  t    M L 2   dI 2  t  
 
 dt 
N
Laplace time domain
 V1  s    L 1 M   SI 1  s  
ZO
   
 V2  s    M L 2   SI 2  s  
 V1  s   SL 1 SM   I1  s  
   
 V2  s    SM SL 2  I 2  s  
Opposite Polarity
I1(t) I2(t)
V2(t)
V1(t)
L1 L2
 L 1 –M 
Leq   
–M L 2 
|Leq| = L1L2 – m2
Note
M Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
L1 L2
Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M
H
L1 L2
Leq = L1 + L2 – 2M
L1 L2
C
Leq = L1 + L2 – 2M
L1 L2
TE
Parallel Coil Connection
L1 L1
L2 L2
E
I
V V
N
L1L2 – M2 L1L 2 – M 2
Leq = L  L  2M L eq 
1 2 L 1  L 2 – 2M
Coupling Cofficient :-
ZO
M
K= L 1L 2 M = K L1L 2
K = 1 = Critical coupling
K < 1 = Loose coupling
K > 1 = Tight coupling
CHAPTER - 9
(GRAPH THEORY)
Graph of a network:– A linear graph is defined as a collection of points called nodes and line
segments called branches, the nodes being joined together by the branches.
Procedure to Draw the Graph:
H
The graph of a planar network is drawn by keeping all the points of intersection of two or
more branches known as nodes, and representing the network elements by lines and voltage
and current sources by their internal impedances. The internal impedance of an ideal voltage
C
source is zero and should be replaced by short circuit, and that of an ideal current source is
infinite and hence to be replaced by an open circuit.
Let us consider a figure shown below. We need to draw a graph for the network
TE
C E EH
B H
B
C R1
R G
I
+
– V
E
D F DFGP
1. current source I is replaced by an open circuit,

N
2. The voltage source V is replaced by a short circuit,

3. All other lines containing liner elements R, L, C will be shown by lines in the graph.
ZO
N2
N1 N3
2 4
5
1 6
N4
Branches whose ends fall on a node are said to be incident at the node. Branches 2 and 4 are
incident at node 2. A graph whose branches are oriented is called a directed or oriented graph.
The rank of a graph is (n – 1) where n the number of nodes of the graph.
Number of KCL equation= n-1
A subgraph is a subset of brances and nodes of a graph. the subgraph is said to be proper if it
consists number of branches and nodes strictly less than all the branches and nodes strictly
less than all the braches and nodes of the graph.
A graph is said to be planar if it can be drawn on a two dimensional plane, such that no two
branches interesect at a point that is not a node.
2 6
4
1 9
3 7
H
5 8
Planar Graph Non Planar Graph

The branches of a planar graph separate a plane into small regions, each of which is called a
C
mesh. Specifically, a mesh is a sequency of branches of a planar graph that enclose no other
branch of the graph within the boundary formed by these banches.
Loops, trees and Co–trees
Tree is the collection of minimum number of branches connecting all the nodes of a graph
without making a loop.
TE
b3
b3
b2 N2 b4 N2
N1 N3 N1 N3
b2 b4
2
b5
E
b6 b5
b1
b6
b1
+ V
N
N4 N4
ZO
Twings Links of
Tree
of Tree Co-tree
2 5
{2,5,6} {1,3,4}
6
2 4
{2,4,5} {1,3,6}
5
{1,4,6} {2,3,5}
6
1
The number of trees for a given graph= (n)(n-2)
Remaining part of a graph after removal of twigs is called cotree, it is collection of Links.
b= n-1+L
b= branches
n= nodes
L= links
no. of twigs= n-1= no. of KCL equation
no. of loops= no. of links= no.of KVL equation = L = (b-n+1)
H
Incidence Matrix
For a graph with n nodes and b branches, the complete incidence matrix A0 = ahk is a rectangu-
C
lar matrix of order n × b, whose elements have the following value:
Ahk = 1, if k branch is associated with node h and oriented away from node h.
Ahk = –1, if kth branch is associated with node h and oriented towards node h.
Ahk = 0, if branch k is associated with node h.
TE
3
N2
N1 N3
2 4
E
5
1 6
N
N4
ZO
Branches
Nodes
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 -1 1 1 0 0 0
2 A0 = 0 -1 0 -1 1 0
3 0 0 -1 1 0 1
4 1 0 0 0 -1 -1
Any one row of the complete incidence matrix A0 of order (n × b) can be obtained by the
algebraic manipulation of other rows as in this case the fourth row is the negative sum of the
first three rows, indicating that the rows are not all independent. At least one of them can be
eliminated, as it can be obtained by the negative sum of all the others. Thus, the rank of A a
cannot be greater than (n –1), in fact it is equal to (n – 1).
Reduced Incidence Matrix:
The matrix obtained from A0 by eliminating one of the rows is called the reduced incidence
matrix and is denoted by A. It is of order (n – 1) × b.
Properties of complete incidence matrix:
1. The sum of the entries in any column is zero. As every branch is associated with two nodes,
every column contains exactly two non zero entries, one of which is +1 and the other –1.
2. The rank of the complete incidence matrix of a connected graph is (n – 1)
3. The determinant of the complete incidence matrix of a closed loop is zero.
H
Isomorphic Graph:
In network analysis, two different graphs may have the same incidence matrix, as shown in
figure (a) and (b), and their solutions will be the same. The two graphs are said to be isomor-
C
phic if they have the same complete incidenc matrix.
(8)
TE (8)
2 (4) 3 1
1 4
(2) 4
(6) (1)
(7)
(6)
(3) (5)
(2)
(1)
(7)
(3) (5)
E
2 (4) 3
5 (b)
N
(a)
Tie Set Matrix

ZO
It is the group of branches containing only one link and a no. of twigs.
Fundamental Tie Set Matrix.
It is the group of branches containing only one link and minimum no. of twigs.
no. of fundamental tie set for a graph= no. of links = no. of KVL equation
Cut Set / Node Matrix :
A cut set is minimal set of branches of a connected graph G, such that the removal of these
branches from G reduces the rank of G by one, provided no proper subset of this set reduces
the rank of G by one, when it is removed from G.
it is the group of the branch containing only one twig and no. of links
Fundamental Cut Set Matrix
It is the group of the branch containing only one twig and the minimum no. of links
Number of Possible Trees of a Graph
The number of possible trees of a graph = det {[A][A]T} where A is the reduced incidence
matrix obtained any one row from the complete incidence matrix Aa and [A]T is the transpose
of the matrix [A]. The order of A is (n – 1) × b, where n is the number of nodes and b is the
number of branches of the graph.
C
B D
H
1
C
A
The matrix is as follows:

TE
  1 0 0 1 1 0 
 1 1 0 0 0 1
A0   
 0 1 1 0 1 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 0 1 
E
 1 0 0 1 1 0 
A   1 1 0 0 0 1
N
 0 1 1 0 1 0 
 1 1 0 
ZO
 0 1 1 
 
 0 0 1
 A T  
1 0 0
 1 0 0 
 
 0 1 0 
Hence, the number of all possible trees of the graph as shown in the figure is = [A][A] T
3  1
 det  1 3 1  3  8  1 4   1 4  16
 1 1 3 
Thus, the total possible number of trees from the graph of the given figure is 16.

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1 Electric Circuit Theory ZONE TECH

w work done Joul

CURRENT DIVISION RULE

for two branches current division rule

DELTA TO STAR CONVERSION :-

Independent Energy Dependent Energy

(1) Current source (1) Current Dependent

10V OR + 10V + 5(I0)A

(3) Voltage Dependent

(4) Voltage Dependent

IR1 + IR2 + IR3 = V1 + V3 – V2

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem :-

It is clear that it is 50% of the source power

For max power

For max power Pmax put the value of RL in equation (1)

Condition for maximum power

  

Sinosoidal Triangular wave

(8) Phase difference :-

Pavg = Vrms × Irms

I(t) = Im sin wt .... (1)

Compair equation (1) and (2)

P=+ve P=+ve P=+ve

from equation (1) & (2)

P.F. = cos = cos90°

 = Permibility (H/m)  =0r

jVL VRL = VR + jVL

IZRC = fVRC = IR + I (–jXc)

ZRLC = I(R) + I(jXL) + I(–jXC)

VRLC = VR + j(VL – VC)

(iii) XL = XC Resistive nature

(A) Sinusoidal Wave :-

V(t) = Vm sint ..... (1)

V(t) = Vm sint ..... (1)

Full wave RMS/Avg Peak/RMS

Rectified wave time - T/2

Full wave RMS/Avg

Form factor and peak factor

Full wave RMS/Avg Peak/RMS

 VL = VC VRLC = VR voltage triangle

Impedance at HPF point :-

Inductive nature Capacitive nature

If I1 = 0 [1st part open ckt]

(2) Y parameter /Admitance / Shunt / Short ckt parmeter

(3) H-parameter/Hybrid/series-shunt parameter

If V2 = 0 [2n part short ckt]

If I1 = 0 [1st part open circuit]

(4) g-parameter/inverse hybrid/shunt-series.

If I2 = 0 [2nd part open ckt]

(5) T- parameter / ABCD parameter

V1 – I1Z1 – (I1 + I2)Z2 = 0

Reciprocal and Symetrical Network

If Z11 = Z22 this N/W is called symetrical

|y| = [yA] + [yB]

[Z] = [ZA] + [ZB]

I(S) = CSV(S) – CV(0–)

Convert equation to ckt form

Inductor discharging condition

If switch k move d from position 2 to 1 at t = 0 than find I(t) at t  0

Partially laplace short formula

Capacitor discharging condition

Capacitor charging condition

I(t) = 10 cos 103t

Laplace time domain