NUST NET/ ECAT/ PIEAS/ GIKI/ NTS NAT/ FAST

Alternating Current

Lecture 02

Engineer Bilal
1
Phase of AC:
The instantaneous value of the alternating voltage is given by:
V = 𝑉0sinθ
V = 𝑉0sinωt Because θ = ωt
The angle θ = ωt specifies the instantaneous value of the alternating voltage or
current known as its phase.

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Phase Lag and Phase Lead:
At point B, the phase of waveform 1 is 𝜋2 and that of 2 is 0.
 Similarly it can be seen that at each point the phase of waveform 2 is
𝜋
less than the phase of waveform 1 by an angle of .
2

𝜃 = 900
𝑇
t=
4
T = 4t
1
f =𝑇
1
f =
4𝑡

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 Its length represents the peak or rms value of the alternating quantity.
 It is in the horizontal position at the instant when the alternating quantity is
zero and is increasing positively.
 The angular frequency of the rotating vector is the same as the
angular frequency ω of alternating quantity.

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 Two sinusoidal voltages of the same frequency as shown in fig:

Frequency/ Hz Phase Lead of N

a) 0.4 −π
4
b) 2.5 −π
2
c) 2.5 +π
4 T = 0.4s
d) 2.5 −π 1
f=
4 0.4

f = 2.5 Hz

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Difference between AC circuit and DC circuit:
 The basic element of a direct current circuit is resistor R which controls the
current or voltage and the relation between them is given by the Ohm’s
law: V =IR

 In AC circuits, in addition to resistors R, two new circuit elements such as

inductor L and capacitor C are used. The current and voltage in AC circuits
is controlled by the three elements R, L and C.

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Circuits Relation Vector Waveform Formula Resistance Effect of Power
b/w I and V Diagram “f”

𝑉
In phase V = 𝑉0sinθ R= No effect P=
𝐼 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠cos𝜃
I = 𝐼0sinθ
Power factor:
cos𝜃 = 1

1
I leads the V = 𝑉0sinθ 𝑋 𝑐= 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑋𝑐 = In pure
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
V q = 𝑞0sinθ Capacitive 𝑋𝑐 = 1 capacitive
by 900 q = 𝐶𝑉0sinθ reactance. 𝜔𝐶 circuit
power
factor is zero.
cos900 = 0
V leads the 𝑋 𝐿 = 𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑋𝐿 = 2πfL In pure
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
I by 900 I = 𝐼0sinθ 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 Inductive
Inductive
∆𝐼 reactance circuit
V=L power
∆𝑡
factor is

0302-6066902 zero.
cos9007 = 0
Capacitor and inductor are opposite to each other as function of frequency and
resistance is independent of frequency.

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 Past Paper Questions

 The phase angle b/w the voltage and the current in an AC circuit
consisting of a resistance is:
a) 00 b) 450 c) 900 d) 1800

 If the frequency of AC supply across an inductor is doubled then its

reactance:
a) remains same b) is doubled c) halved d) quadrupled

𝑋𝐿 = 2πfL

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 At what frequency will an inductor of 1.0H have a reactance of 500Ω:
a) 50 Hz b) 60 Hz c) 70 Hz d) 80 Hz

500 = 6.28f(1)

500
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋fL
f=
6.28

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 The same alternating current is flowing in two circuits A & B. A contains
only capacitor, B contains only inductor. If the frequency of the supply is
increased in both, the current:
a) increases in both b) decreases in both
c) Increases in A and decreases in B
d) Decreases in A and increases in B

1
𝑋𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

𝑋𝐿 = 2πfL

11
 In capacitive circuit, the current:
𝜋
a) Lags behind voltage by b) is in phase with voltage
2
𝜋
c) Opposite in phase of voltage by 𝜋 d) Leads the voltage by
2

12
 A 40Ω electric heater is connected to a 200V, 50Hz mains supply. The
peak value of electric current flowing in the circuit is approximately:
a) 5 A b) 7 A c) 2.5 A d) 10 A

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠R
200 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠(40)

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 5 A
𝐼0 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2
𝐼0 = 5 2

𝐼0 = 7A
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 A pure capacitor is connected in AC circuit. The power factor of the
circuit will be:
a) 1 b) infinity c) zero d) 0.5

 The capacitive reactance of a capacitor in DC circuit is:

1
a) 0 b) ωC c) d) ∞
ω𝐶

1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓𝑐

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Impedance:
A measure of the opposition (R, L, C) to the flow of charges in an AC circuit
is called impedance. It is the combined effect of resistances and reactances.
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
Z=
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠

Z = 𝑋𝐿 Z = 𝑋𝑐 Z=R

In case of RL series circuit: Z= ܴ2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = ܴ2 +(2𝜋𝑓𝐿)2

1
In case of RC series circuit: Z= ܴ2 +𝑋c2 = 𝑅2 + ( )2
2𝜋𝑓𝐶

In case of RLC series circuit: Z = ܴ2 +𝑋L2 −𝑋𝐶 2

26
 RC Series Circuit:

RC Series Circuit
A circuit in which resistor R and capacitor C are connected in series is
called RC series circuit.

−1 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝐶2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝜔𝐶𝑅

1 2
Z= 𝑅2 + ( )
𝜔𝑐

−1 𝑋𝑐
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑅

16
 RL Series Circuit:

R.L series circuit:

A circuit in which resistance R and inductor L connected in series withAC
source is called R.L series

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑅2 + 𝑉𝐿2

Z = 𝑅2 + 𝜔 2 𝐿2

−1 𝑋𝐿
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑅

−1 𝜔𝐿
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑅
17
 Past Paper Question:

 In an AC circuit, a resistance R is connected in series with an inductance

L. If the phase angle between voltage and current is 450, the value of
inductive reactance will be:
𝑅 𝑅
a) b) c) R d) Cannot be found
4 2

−1 𝑋𝐿
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑋𝐿 = R
𝑅
𝑋𝐿
tan450 = ( )
𝑅
𝑋𝐿
1= ( )
𝑅

18
 RLC Series resonance Circuit:
𝑉𝐿

𝑉𝐶
1
 When the frequency of the source is very small 𝑋𝐶 = , is much
𝜔𝐶

greater than 𝑋𝐿 = ωL. So the capacitance dominates at low frequencies

and circuit behaves like an RC circuit.

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 When the frequency of the source is high 𝑋𝐿 = ωL, is much greater
1
than 𝑋𝐶 = . So the inductance dominates at high frequencies and
𝜔𝐶
circuit behaves like an RL circuit.

 In between low and high frequencies, there will be a frequency 𝑓ܴ at

which 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 . This condition is called resonance.
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 2 Z=R
1
Z= ܴ2 + 𝑋2𝐿−𝑋 𝐶
𝜔𝑟 =
𝐿𝐶

𝜔𝑟 = 2πf
1
f=
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

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21
 R
1
V = constant, I ∝
ܴ RL
RC

Properties of series resonance circuit:

1
 The resonance frequency is given by th e expression: 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
 The impedance of the circuit is minimu m at this frequency and is equal to R.
 The impedance of the circuit at resonan ce is resistive, so the current and the volta ge are
in phase and power factor is 1.
 If the amplitude of the source voltage 𝑉0 is constant, the current is maximum at t he
resonant frequency and its value is 𝑉0 .
ܴ
 At resonance, 𝑉𝐿 the voltage drop across inductance and 𝑉𝐶 the voltage drop acro ss
capacitance may be larger than the source voltage.
Note: R-L-C series circuit is also called acceptor circuit.
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RLC Parallel resonance Circuit:

23
0302-6066902 24
 Properties of parallel resonance circuit:
 The resonance frequency of parallel resonance circuit can be determined by
1
using expression: 𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

 At resonance frequency, the circuit impedance is maximum and the

circuit is resistive.
 At resonance, the circuit current is minimum and is in phase with the
applied voltage. So Power factor is one.
 At resonance, the branch current 𝐼𝐿 and 𝐼𝑐 may be larger than the source
current I.
Note: RLC parallel circuit is also called the rejecter circuit.

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 Past Paper Questions:
1
In an RLC circuit the capacitance is made 𝑡ℎ then what should be the change
4
in inductance that the circuit remains in resonance again:
1
a) 8 times b) times c) 2 times
4
d) 4 times

1
𝑓𝑟 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶

1
L∝
𝐶

26
 An AC circuit consists of an inductor of inductance 0.5 H and a capacitor of
capacitance 8μF in series. The current in the circuit is maximum when the
angular frequency of AC source is:
a) 5000 rad𝑠−1 b) 4000 rad𝑠−1 c) 2 × 105 rad𝑠−1 d) 500 rad𝑠−1

1 1
𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑟 =
𝐿𝐶 2×10−3

1 𝜔𝑟 = 500 rad/ s
𝜔𝑟 =
0.5×8×10−6

1
𝜔𝑟 =
4×10−6

27
In the circuit shown in figure, neglecting source resistance, the voltmeter
and ammeter reading will respectively be:
a) 0V, 3A b) 150V, 3A c) 150V, 8A d) 0V, 8A

𝑉
Z=
𝐼
Z = R = 300Ω
𝑉
I=
𝑍

I=
240 240V, 50Hz
30

I = 8A

28
 In an AC circuit 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 then the value of power factor will be:
1
a) 1 b) 0 c) infinity d) 2

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 In a series LCR circuit R = 10Ω and the impedance z = 20Ω then the phase
difference b/w the current and the voltage is:
a) 600 b) 300 c) 450 d) 900

𝑋𝐿
−1 𝑅
𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( ) Z R
𝑍
10 𝜃
𝑋𝐿
−1
𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 ( )
20
R
𝑋𝐶
θ= 600
𝑋𝐿

R
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 Three Phase AC Supply
 4 Terminals

 Angle 1200

 V = 3𝑉 /

 V = 400V (Voltage b/w two live wire)

𝑉 / = Phase voltage (b/w live wire and neutral wire 230V).

Note: Load is divided into three parts.

No drop of voltage across three phase AC Supply.

31
 Principle of Metal Detectors

 Principle of metal detectors obey

beat phenomenon.

 Metal detector circuit consists of

inductor and capacitor.

 Inductor and capacitor produce

oscillation of current.

 LC circuit behaves like a

oscillating mass spring system.
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 Choke

Choke(Inductive Coil):

It is a coil which consists of thick wire wound closely in a large number of turns
over a soft iron laminated cores.
This makes the inductance L of the coil quite large whereas its resistance R is
very small. Thus it consumes extremely small power.

Uses:

 It is used in AC circuits to limit current with extremely small wastage of

energy as compared to a Resistance or a rheostat.

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 Electromagnetic Waves:

Electromagnetic waves:
 Maxwell Equation in 1864 to explain electromagnetic phenomenon.
 Experimentally EMW was derived by Frank Hertz.
 Requires no medium for transmission and which rapidly Propagates
through vacuum are called electromagnetic waves.
 Speed of EMV = 3 ×108 m/s
 Changing E fields create B while changing B created E.
 EMV are produced by both changing E and B.
1 Δ𝜙𝑚 𝜇0𝜀0 Δ𝜙 𝑒
 E= ( ) , B= ( )
2𝜋𝑟 Δ𝑡 2𝜋𝑟 Δ𝑡
 In EMV, E and B are perpendicular to each other.
 EMW depends upon frequency and wavelength.

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 If light wave travels from Rarer medium to denser medium then which of
the following will not change:
a) speed b) wavelength c) Amplitude d) frequency

𝑣
v = fλ f=
λ

V∝λ f = constant

 If light travels from rarer to denser medium then its speed, wavelength
and amplitude decreases but frequency does not change.

 If light travels from denser to rarer medium then its speed,

wavelength and amplitude increases but frequency remains same.
35
 When there is a change in medium then frequency remains same.

Types of Electromagnetic Waves:

ℎ𝑐
 Light: Wavelength 400nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). E=
λ

 Infrared(heat waves): Wavelength 0.7 μm to 1mm.

 Object temperature range from 3K to 3000K emits I.R

 Human body also emits I.R.

0302-6066902 36
 Types of Electromagnetic Waves:

 Microwaves: Wavelength 1mm to 1m.

 Use to transmit call.

 Common extra terrestrial source of MW emitting radiation of λ = 21 cm.

 Radio-waves: Wavelength longer than 1m.

 Produced by terrestrial sources through electrons oscillating in wire of
electric circuit .
 Mapping the radio Emission from extra terrestrial source known as
Radio Astronomy.
0302-6066902 37
 Types of Electromagnetic Waves:

 Ultraviolet Waves: Wavelength 1nm to 400nm.

 Cause of sun burn is UV.

 UV light is extremely effective in killing bacteria, yeasts etc.

 Use in industry and hospital to treat water.

0302-6066902 38
  X-Rays: Wavelength range from 0.1nm to 10nm.

 Use in shadow graphy. Absorb in bones and pass through flesh.

 𝛾-Rays: Wavelength less than 10pm.

Past Paper Question

 Which of the following cannot be produce due to electronic transition

from higher shell to lower:
a) I.R b) U.V c) X-rays d) 𝛾-rays

𝛾 – rays are always produced by de-excitation of nucleus.

39
γ

X
E = Increases, f = increases and 𝜆 = 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
U
 Radio waves has maximum wavelength
V (350nm- 750nm)  𝛾-rays has maximum E and f.
 X –rays wavelength = 10−10m
I  Speed = 3 ×108 m/s

0302-6066902 40
Principle of generation of electromagnetic waves:
The basic principle of generation of electromagnetic waves is:
“A changing magnetic flux creates an electric field and a changing electric
flux creates magnetic field”

Electrons vibrates 94,000 times per second

f = 94KHz

0302-6066902 41
Reception of electromagnetic waves:
A particular radio station can be selected on a radio set by tuning it. When
the frequency of the LC-oscillator in the radio set is equal to the frequency of
the radio wave from a particular radio station a resonance is produced. The
current of this signal becomes maximum and can detected and amplified.
Note:
In your radio set when you change stations, you actually adjust the value of
capacitance.

0302-6066902 42
 Modulation:

 Modulation is the process of combining the low frequency signal with a

high frequency radio wave called carrier wave.
 The resultant wave is called modulated carrier wave.
 The low frequency signal is Known as modulation signal.

Modulation is achieved by changing the:

 Amplitude
Or the frequency of the carrier wave in accordance with the modulating
signal.

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 There are two types of modulations:

Amplitude Modulation:
In this type of modulation the amplitude of the carrier wave is increased
or diminished as the Amplitude of the superposing modulating signal
increases or decreases.
The A.M transmission frequencies range from 540 kHz to 1600kHz.

Frequency Modulation:
In this type of modulation the frequency of the carrier wave is increased or
diminished as the superposing modulating signal amplitude increases or
decreases but the carrier wave amplitude remains constant.

0302-6066902 44
 The F.M transmission frequencies are much higher and ranges between
88MHz to 108 MHz.

 F.M radio waves are affected less by electrical interference than A.M
radio waves and hence Provide a higher quality transmission of sound.

 FM is preferred over AM. FM has higher energy than AM. FM has less
noise as compared to AM. FM moves in straight line as compared toAM.
FM has less power loss as compared to AM

 However they have a shorter range than A.M waves and are less able to
travel around obstacles such as hills and large buildings.

0302-6066902 45
NUST NET/ FAST Intelligence Questions

Direction Sense

46
Akram directly went from P, to Q which is 9 feet distant. Then he turns to
the right and walked 4 feet. After this he turned to the right and walked a
distance which is equal from P to Q. Finally he turned to the right and
walked 3 feet. How far is he now from P?
A. 6 feet B. 5 feet C. 1 feet D. 0 feet

P 9ft Q

3ft 4ft

4 – 3 = 1ft

47
Shyam walks 5 km towards East and then turns left and walks 6 km. Again
he turns right and walks 9 km. Finally he turns to his right and walks 6 km.
How far is he from the starting point?
A. 26 km B. 21 km C. 14 km D. 9 km

9 km
6 km
6 km
5 km

Required distance = 5 + 9 = 14 km

48
Kashif walked 25 m towards south. Then he turned to his left and walked 20
m. He then turned to his left and walked 25 m. He again turned to his right
and walked 15 m. At what distance is he from the starting point and in which
direction?
A. 35 m East B. 35 m North C. 30 m West
D. 45 m East
15m

25m 25m

Required distance = 20 + 15 = 35 m
20m

49
Radha moves towards South-East a distance of 7 km, then she moves
towards West and travels a distance of 14 km. From here she moves
towards North-West a distance of 7 km and finally she moves a distance of
4 km towards east. How far is she now from the starting point?
A. 3 km B. 4 km C. 10 km D. 11 km

50
Sundar runs 20 m towards East and turns to right and runs 10 m. Then he
turns to the right and runs 9 m. Again he turns to right and runs 5 m. After
this he turns to left and runs 12 m and finally he turns to right and 6 m. Now
to which direction is Sundar facing?
A. East B. West C. North D. South

51
Taimoor walks 20 km towards North. He turns left and walks 40 km. He again
turns left and walks 20 km. Finally he moves 20 km after turning to the left.
How far is he from his starting position?
A. 20 km. B. 30 km. C. 50 km. D. 60 km.

52
From his house, Lokesh went 15 km to the North. Then he turned west and
covered 10 km. Then he turned south and covered 5 km. Finally turning to
the east, he covered 10 km. In which direction is he from his house?
A. East B. West C. North D. South

53
Chapter 03 Integration

Lecture 01

54
 Which of the following function has the same derivative and integral?
a) Linear function b) Exponential function
c) Radical function d) Logarithmic function

𝑒𝑥
𝑥 2
 𝑎 dt = ?
2 2
𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑥2
a) b) +c c) t.𝑎 + c d) None of these
2𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑎 𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑥 2 2
𝑎 dt 𝑥
𝑎 .𝑡 +𝑐

𝑥 2
𝑎 1 dt
55
 5 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ?
2𝑥
a) 5x - 2𝑥 ln2 + c b) 5x - +c c) 5x - 2𝑥 + c d) 5x + 2𝑥 + c
𝑙𝑛2

5 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ?

5 𝑑𝑥 - 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥
5𝑥 − +c
𝑙𝑛2(1)

56
Differential of x is dx and differential of y is dy.

dx = δx
dy ≈ δy
dy = 𝑓 / 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Past Paper Question

If the radius of the football is increased 10cm to 12 cm, the approximate

increase in its surface area is:
a) 502 b) 901 c) 408 d) 112

S.A = 4𝜋𝑟 2 dA = 4(3.14) 2 10 (2)

S.A = 4𝜋𝑟 2
r = 10, dr = 2 dA = 4𝜋 2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 dA = (160)(3.14) = 502
57
If y = 𝑥 2 - 1 and x changes from 3 to 3.02 then dy = ?
a) 0.22 b) 0.12 c) 0.29 d) 0.34

dy = 𝑓 / 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
x=3
dy = 2x(0.02)
dx = 0.02
dy = 2(3)(0.02)
dy = 0.12

58
 𝑛𝑓/ [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + c , n ≠ -1
𝑛+1

𝑓 𝑥 −1 𝑓 / 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lnf(x) + c

59
The process of finding anti-derivative of a function is called integration.

 Anti-derivative of tanx is:

a) ln cosx b) ln secx c) ssecxtanx d) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
− 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

− ln 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
60
 Cosx is anti-derivative of:
a) sinx b) –sinx c) -𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 d) None of these

𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = -sinx
𝑑𝑥

(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

61
 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥 =? 𝑥+𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
=?

1
(𝑥 + 3 + 1)(𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥 = ? dx
𝑥(1+𝑙𝑛𝑥)

1
𝑥+3 4 + (𝑥 + 3)3 𝑑𝑥 =? 𝑥
dx
(1+𝑙𝑛𝑥)

ln(1+lnx)
(𝑥+3)5 (𝑥+3)4
+ +c
5 4

62
 1
=? 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
1−2𝑒 −𝑥 dx = ?
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

1 1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
1− 𝑥
2 dx = ?
𝑒 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

1 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝑒𝑥 −2 dx = ?
𝑒𝑥 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑒𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 −2
(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) dx = ?

ln 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 + 𝑐 x + cosx + c

63
 2
𝜋
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥+ − 2 𝑑𝑥 = ?
3
2𝜋
2 sin(2𝑥+ 3 )
2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 – 1 = cos2θ 2 +c
2

𝜋 2𝜋
2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥+ − 1 𝑑𝑥 sin(2𝑥 + ) +c
3
3

𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 + dx
3

2𝜋
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + dx
3

64
Integration by method of substitution:

𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , x = asinθ 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , x - a = asinθ

𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , x = asecθ 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 , x + a = asecθ

𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 , x = atanθ 𝑥±𝑎, 𝑥±𝑎 =t

65
cos 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ? 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin𝑥 2 + c

sin(sint) + c 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑒 𝑥 )dx = tan (𝑒 𝑥 ) + c

sin(𝑙𝑛𝑥)
dx = -cos(lnx)+ c
𝑥
cot 𝑥
dx =?
𝑥

cot 𝑥
2 dx = ln(sin 𝑥 ) + c
2 𝑥

𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥dx =

66
 𝑥 2
𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 =? 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 =?
𝑥 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +c
1 𝑥 2
2𝑥𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + c
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (𝑥)
2 𝑥+c 𝑒
1 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
. +c 1 + 𝑥2 =𝑒 +c
2 𝑙𝑛𝑎
2
𝑎𝑥
+c
𝑙𝑛𝑎2

67
 1
 2 𝑑𝑡 = ?
(𝑡−2) +25
−1 𝑡−2
a) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( +c) b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (t-2) +c
5
1 −1 𝑡−2 𝑡−2
c) ta𝑛 ( )+c d) 5ta𝑛−1 ( ) +c
5 5 5

1 1 𝑥
dx = ta𝑛−1 ( )
𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

68
 𝑥sinxdx = ?

a) –xcosx + sinx +c b) xcosx + sinx +c

−𝑥 2
c) cosx + c d) none of these
2

x(-cosx) - −( cosx ) (1) dx

-xcosx + sinx + c

69
 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 x + sin2x) dx =?
a) 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 x + c b) 𝑒 𝑥 sin2x + c
c) 𝑒 𝑥 cos2x + c d) none of these

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [af(x) + 𝑓 / (x)] dx = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 f(x) + c

𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + 2sinxcosx) dx =?

𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 x + c

70
 1+𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
 𝑒𝑥 ( ) dx =?
𝑥
𝑥 𝑒𝑥
a) 𝑒 lnx + c b) +c
𝑥
𝑒𝑥
c) +c d) none of these
𝑥2

1 𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑒𝑥 ( + ) dx
𝑥 𝑥

𝑥 1
𝑒 ( + lnx) dx
𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 (inx) + c

71
 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ?  𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ?

𝑥2 𝑒𝑥 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
+ +
2𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
- 2𝑥
- 2
2 𝑒𝑥
+ −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
2
0 𝑒𝑥 + 4
−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 0
8
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑥 + - +c
2 4 8
72