Physics 169: Luis Anchordoqui

Physics 169
Luis anchordoqui
Kitt Peak National Observatory
Tuesday, April 6, 21 1
9.19.1 Inductance
Inductance
An inductor stores energy in magnetic field
An inductor stores energy in just
theasmagnetic
a capacitor
fieldstores
just asenergy in electric
a capacitor stores field
energy
in the electric field.
AWechanging B-field
have shown willthat
earlier leada to an induced
changing B-fieldemf
willinlead
a circuit
to an induced emf in
a circuit.
Question
If a circuit
Question : If generates a changing
a circuit generates magneticmagnetic
a changing field field, does it lead to an
induced emf in the samedoes it lead to
circuit? an induced
YES! emf in same circuit?
Self-Inductance
YES! Self-Inductance
The inductance L of any current element is
Inductance L of any current element is
di di The negative sign
EL = VL = L
E L = VL = L Negative signdt comes comes
from from
LenzLenz
LawLaw.
dt
Unit of L: Henry(H) VS Vs Vs
1H=1·
Unit of L : Henry (H) 1H = 1 1· H = A1
A A
• •All
Allcircuit
circuitelements (including
elements (includingresistors) have
resistors) some
have inductance.
some inductance
• •Commonly
Commonlyused
usedinductors:
inductors:solenoids,
solenoidstoroids
and toroids
Vs
• •circuit
circuitsymbol:
symbol 1H=1
A
Example
Example Solenoid
: Solenoid
di di
EL = V B VA = L <0 EL = V B VA = L >0
dt dt
VB < VA VB > VA
Recall Faraday’s Law

d B d
EL = N = (N B)
dt dt
where B is magnetic flux ☛ N B is flux linkage
) Alternative definition of Inductance
d di N B
(N B ) = L ) L =
dt dt i
) Inductance is also flux linkage per unit current
(1) Solenoid:
To first order approximation,
Calculating Inductance:
B = µ0 ni
① Solenoid
where n = N/L = Number of
To first order approximation B = µ0 ni coils per unit length.
Consider a subsection of length l of the solenoid:

n = N/` ☛ number of coils per unit length
Flux linkage = N B
where A is
Consider a subsection of length l of solenoid = nl · BA
cross-sectional area
Flux linkage = N B
L=
N B
= µ0 n2 lA
i
L
= nl · B A = µ0 n2 A where
= Inductance per is
A unitcross-sectional
length area
l
Notice :
N
(i) L ⇤ n2 B 2
L = = µ n lA
0
) i
(ii) The inductance, like the capacitance, depends only on geometric
factors, not on i.
L
= µ0 n2 A = Inductance per unit length
l
Note
❑L / n2
❑Inductance (like capacitance) depends only on geometric factors (not on i)
I
We see that L depends only on the geometrical factors ( n , R and l ) and is independent
② Toroid of the current I .
Inside toroid Recall

Example ☛ B-fieldoflines
11.3 Self-Inductance a Toroidare concentric circles
µ0 iN
B =
2⇡r
Outside toroid
B = 0 9.1. INDUCTANCE 109
(a) (b)
Flux linkage throughZtoroid
(2) Toroid: n~ +
~ Figure k d~
B11.2.3 Aatoroid with N turns
N B = N B · d~a KEY
cles.
da = h dr
Recall: B-field lines are concentric cir-
Z bthe toroid:
2 Inside 11-7
µ0 iN h dr
= B=
µ iN 0
2⇡ a r 2⇥r
(NOT a constant)
µ0 iN 2 hwhere r ⇣ b ⌘
is the distance from center.
= ln
2⇡ Outside theatoroid:
N B µ0 N B =20
h ⇣b⌘
) Inductance L = = ln
2
i 2⇡ a
Again L / N Flux linkage through the toroid
⇤ ⌅
⇤ ⇤ d⇤a
ˆ
Tuesday, April 6, 21 ⇤ · d⇤a Notice B 5
N B = N B KEY
Write da = h dr
4. In the RL circuit show in Figure 11.14.1, can the self-induced em
9. 2 LR Circuits than the emf supplied by the battery?
(A) Charging an inductor
When switch is adjusted to position a

By loop rule (clockwise)
E0 VR + VL = 0 a
Figure 11.14.1
di
E0 iR L = 0
dt
di R E0
) + i = First Order Differential
dt L L Equation
Similar to equation for charging a capacitor!
changing variables
x = (E0 /R) i dx = di
L dx
x+ =0
R dt
Z x 0 Z t
dx R
0
= dt
xo x L 0
ln(x/x0 ) = Rt/L
x = x0 e Rt/L
i = 0 @ t = 0 ) x0 = E0 /R
E0 E0 Rt/L
i= e
R R
di R E0 First Order Differ-
+ i= ential Equation
dt
E0 L L
Solution ☛ i(t) = (1 e t/⌧L
)
Similar to the equation for charging a capacitor! (Chap5)
R
E0 ⇥
t/ L
⌧Solution:
L = L/R
i(t) =
☛
1 e
Inductive
R time constant
where ⇥L = Inductive time constant = L/R
t/⌧L
| VR | = iR = E0 (1 e t/
)
| VR | = iR = E0 (1 e ) L
di di E 0 E0 1 1
| VL | =| VLL| = L= L = · L · · · · ·ee t/⌧
t/ L
L
== E0 eE0t/e L t/⌧L )
dt dt R R⌧L⇥L
(B) Discharging
) ”Discharging” anan inductor
inductor
Whenthe
When switch is adjusted
switch at at
is adjusted position b after
position b afterinductor has been
the inductor has charged
been
”charged” (i.e. current i = E0 /R is flowing in the circuit.).
i.e. current i = E0 /R is flowing in circuit
Byloop
By looprule:
rule
VLVL VRVR= 0= 0
⇤ ⇤
di
di L dt
iR = 0
L iR = 0
dt inductor as source of emf)
(Treat
Treat inductor as source of emf
di R Discharging a capacitor
didt + R i=0 (Chap5)
) + L i = 0 Discharging an inductor
dt L
t/
i(t) t/⌧
= i0 e L
i(t) = i0 e L
where i0 = i(t = 0) = Current when the circuit just switch to position b.

where i0 = i(t = 0) = Current when circuit just switch to position b
+ i=0 (Chap5)
where i0 = i(t = 0)
dt = LCurrent when the circuit just switch to position b.
t/
i(t) = i0 e L
where i0 = i(t = 0) = Current when the circuit just switch to position b.
Summary
Summary : During charging of inductor,
During charging of inductor
1. At t = 0, inductor acts like open circuit when current flowing is zero.
1. At t = 0 inductor acts like open circuit when current flowing is zero
2. At t ⇥ ⌅, inductor acts like short circuit when current flowing is
Summary : During charging of inductor,
stablized at maximum.
2. At t !1. 1 inductor
At t = actslikelike
0, inductor acts open short circuit
circuit when current when
flowing iscurrent
zero. flowing
2. At t ⇥ ⌅, inductor acts like short circuit when currentisflowing
stabilized
is at maximum
stablized at maximum.
3. Inductors are used everyday in switches for safety concerns.
3. Inductors are used everyday in switches for safety concerns.

3. Inductors are used everyday in switches for safety concerns
Summary
dI (b)
11.6.1 Rising Current
(a) I ! = I 2 R + LI . (11.6.6)
dt
Figure
The11.6.1 Modified
left-hand Kirchhoff’s
side represents therule
ratefor
at inductors
which the(a) with increasing
battery current,
delivers energy andcircuit.
to the (b)
withOn decreasing
the othercurrent.
hand, the See Section
first 11.4.2
term on the for cautionsside
right-hand about
is the power
use of this modified
dissipated in the
rule.resistor in the form of heat, and the second term is the rate at which energy is stored in
the inductor. While the energy dissipated through the resistor is irrecoverable, the
Themagnetic
modifiedenergy
rule for inductors
stored may be obtained
in the inductor as follows:
can be released later. The polarity of the self-
induced emf is such as to oppose the change in current, in accord with Lenz’s law. If the
rate of change of current is positive, as shown in Figure 11.6.1(a), the self-induced emf
! L sets
11.6.2 Decaying
up an inducedCurrent
current I ind moving in the opposite direction of the current I to
oppose such an increase. The inductor could be replaced by an emf
| ! L Next
| = L |we
dI /consider the RL
dt | = + L(dI / dt)circuit
with shown in Figure
the polarity shown 11.6.5. Suppose
in Figure the switch
11.6.1(a). S1 has
On the been
other
closed
hand, 11.6.2 RL
if dI
for circuit
a long timewith
/ dt <RL0 , as
so thatrising
shownwith
in Figure current
the current
11.6.1(b), and equivalent
is at its equilibrium
the Equivalent
induced current setcircuit
value ! / R . What
I indusingupthe
happens
by modified
the
Figure (a) Circuit rising current. (b)
to the current when at t = 0 switches S1 is opened and S2 closed? circuit
Kirchhoff’s
self-induced loopemfrule.
! L flows in the same direction as I to oppose such a decrease.
Consider
We see that RL circuit
the whether shown
the rate in Figure
of change 11.6.2.
of current in At t = 0 the
increasing ( dI /switch
dt > 0 )isorclosed. We find
decreasing
< 0 ), indoes
that( dIthe/ dtcurrent bothnot risethe
cases, immediately to its maximum
change in potential when moving valuefrom!/Ra .toThis is due
b along theto the
presence
direction ofofthe
theself-induced
current I is Vemf
b
! Vina =the inductor.
! L(d I / d t) .Using
Thus, the modified Kirchhoff’s rule for
we have
increasing current, dI / dt > 0 , the RL circuit is described by the following differential
equation: Kirchhoff's Loop Rule Modified for Inductors (Misleading, see Section 11.4.2):
dI
If an inductor is traversed in ! "the |!L | = ! "
IR"direction ofIR the" Lcurrent,
= 0 the
. “potential change” (11.6.1)is
dt
! L(dI / dt) . On the other hand, if the inductor is traversed in the direction opposite of the
RLtheFigure
current, circuit
“potentialwith
11.6.5change”
decaying
+ L(dIwith
(a) RL iscircuit
current
/ dt) .
decaying
and equivalent circuit
current, and (b) equivalent circuit.
Note that there is an important distinction between an inductor and a resistor. The
potential difference across a resistor depends on I , while the potential difference across
9.3 Energy Stored in Inductors
Inductors stored magnetic energy through magnetic field stored in circuit
Recall equation for charging inductors
di
E0 iR L = 0
dt
Multiply both sides by i
2 di
E0 i = i R
|{z} + Li
|{z}
Power input by emf Joule’s heating | {zdt}
(Energy supplied (Power dissipated Power stored in inductor
one charge = qE0 ) by resistor)
) Power stored in inductor

Integrating both sides and use initial condition
At t = 0, i(t = 0) = UB (t = 0) = 0
) Energy stored in inductor ☛ UB = 1 Li2
2
Energy Density Stored in Inductors
Consider an infinitely long solenoid of cross-sectional area A
For a portion l of solenoid
L = µ0 n2 lA
) Energy stored in inductor:
1 2 1
UB = Li = µ0 n2 i2 |{z}
lA
2 2
Volume of solenoid
) Energy density (= Energy stored per unit volume) inside inductor

UB 1
uB = = µ 0 n2 i 2
lA 2
Recall magnetic field inside solenoid
B = µ0 ni
B2
) uB =
2µ0
This is a general result of energy stored in a magnetic field
9.4 Mutual Inductance Inductance and Magnetic Ene
Very often the magnetic flux through the area enclosed by a circuit varies with time
because of time-varying currents in nearby circuits
11.1 Mutual Inductance
Suppose two coils are placed near each other, as shown in Figure 1
mutual inductance depends on interaction of two circuits
Consider two closely wound coils of wire shown in cross-sectional view
Current I1in coil 1 which has N1 turns creates a magnetic field

Some magnetic field lines pass through coil 2 which has N2 turns
The magnetic flux caused by the current in coil

Figure 11.1.11 Changing
and passing through
current in coil 1coil 2 is changing
produces 12 ma
We define the mutual inductance ofThe
coilfirst
2 with respect
coil has toand
N1 turns coilcarries
1 a current I1 which gives
!
B1 . The
Nsecond coil has N 2 turns. Because the two coils are clos
2 12
M12the⌘magnetic field lines through coil 1 will also pass through co
I1 through one turn of coil 2 due to I . Now, by vary
magnetic flux 1
will be an induced emf associated with the changing magnetic flux
We shall see that the mutual inductance M12 depends only on the
of the two coils such as the number of turns and the radii of the two
If current I1 varies with time
In a ssimilar
we see from Faraday’ manner,
law that emfsuppose
inducedinstead there
by coil 1 iniscoil
a current
2 is I 2 in the
varying with time (Figure 11.1.2). Then the induced emf in coil 1 b
✓ ◆ d# 21 d ! !
d d M12 I1 ! 21 = " N1 = " %% B 2 $ dA1 ,
12 dt dI1dt coil
E2 = N2 = N2 = M12 1
dt dt N2 dt
and a current is induced in coil 1.
If current I2 varies with time ☛ emf induced by coil 2 in coil 1 is
dI2
E1 = M21
dt
In mutual induction emf induced in one coil

is always proportional toFigure 11.1.2
rate at Changing
which current
current in inother
coil 2 coil
produces changing ma
is changing
It is easily seen that M12 =This

Mchanging
21 = M
flux in coil 1 is proportional to the changing current
d! 21 dI 2
e is suddenly thrown
9. 5 LC Circuit to b at t = Oscillator)
(Electromagnetic
0.
Figure 11.13.6 LC circuit

After the capacitor is charged we move the switch to position b
ties:
9.4 LC Circuit (Electromagnetic Oscillator)
Initial charge on capacitor = Q
Initial charge on capacitor = Q
InitialInitial
currentcurrent== 00
No battery.
No battery
AssumeAssume
current i to
current i tobe
be in direction
in the direction that decreases
that increases charge charge
on the positive
capacitor plate. on positive capacitor plate
dQi = dQ
⇤ (9.1)
) i = dt (10.1)
dt of the inductor.
By Lenz Law, we also know the ”poles”
By Lenz Law we also know poles of inductor
Loop rule: VC + VL = 0
Q di
Loop rule ☛ V C + VL = 0C dt = 0
L (9.2)
Combining equations (9.1) and (9.2), we get

Q di2 (10.2)
L d Q=+ 01 Q = 0
C dtdt2 LC
Combining equations (10.1) and (10.2) we get
This is similar to the equation of motion
d2 Q oscillator:
of a simple harmonic 1
+ Q= 0
dt2 LC d2 x k
+ x=0
Tuesday, April 6, 21 dt2 m 17
dt LC
This is similar to equation of motion of
milar to theharmonic
a simple equationoscillator
of motion
e harmonic oscillator:
d2 x k
2
+ x= 0
dt m
Another approach (conservation
d2 x kof energy)
Total energy stored in circuit
2
+ x=0
dt m = UE
U + UB
approach (conservation of energy)
rgy stored in circuit: Q2 1 2
U = + Li
2C 2
U =is zero
Since resistance in circuit UE no + energy
UB is dissipated in circuit
) Energy contained in circuit ⇥is conserved
⇥
2
Q 1 2
) dU U= = 0 2C + 2 Li
dt
resistance in the Q no energy is⇣ dissipated
dQis zero, di
circuit dQin⌘ the circuit
) · + Li = 0 * i =
gy contained in the C circuit
dt is conserved.
dt dt
Tuesday, April 6, 21
dU 18
di Q
) L + = 0
dt C
d2 Q 1
) 2
+ Q = 0
dt LC
Solution to this differential equation is in form
Q(t) = Q0 cos(!t + )
dQ
) = !Q0 sin(!t + )
dt
d2 Q
) 2
= ! 2
Q0 cos(!t + )
dt
= !2 Q
d2 Q
) 2
+ ! 2
Q = 0
dt
1
) ! = 2
Angular frequency of LC oscillator
LC
+ ⇥2Q = 0
dt2
Q0 , are constants derived from initial conditions
1 Angular frequency dQ
⇥2 =
(Two initial conditions, e.g. Q(t = 0)LCand i(t = 0) =
of the LC oscillator are required)
dt t=0
2
Also, Q0 , are constants derived from theQ
initial Q20
conditions. (Two initial condi-
2
Energy stored
tions, e.g. in0),capacitor
Q(t = and i(t = 0)C= =
dQ
are =
required.) cos (!t + )
2C
dt t=02C
Q2 Q120 22 (⇥t + 1) 2 2 2
Energy stored in inductance
Energy stored in C = L
2C =
=
2C Li
cos = L! Q 0 sin (!t + )
1 2 12 22 2 2 2
Energy2stored1in L = Li = Q
L⇥ Q0 sin (⇥t + )
( Since* L! = ) 2 = 2 0
sin 2
(!t + )
C2 1 Q2C2
0
⇥ L⇥ = = sin2 (⇥t + )
C 2C
2
) Total Q0 Q20
energy stored
Total = =
energy stored
2C 2C
= Initial energy stored in capacitor
= Initial energy stored in capacitor
Energy oscillations in LC system and mass-spring system
LC Circuit Mass-spring System Energy
Figure 11.7.5 Energy oscillations in the LC Circuit and the mass-spring system
9. 6 RLC Circuit (Damped Oscillator)
In real life circuit ☛ there’s always resistance
energy stored in LC oscillator is NOT conserved
11.8 The RLC Series Circuit
and
We now consider a series RLC circuit that contains a resist
dU 2 11.8.1.
capacitor, as shown in Figure
= Power dissipated in resistor = i R
dt
Negative sign shows that energy U is decreasing
i FigureJoule’s heating
11.8.1 A series RLC circuit
z}|{
di Q dQ
) Li + · = i2 R
dt C dt
d2 Q R dQ 1
) 2
+ · + Q = 0
dt L dt LC
This is similar to equation of motion of a damped harmonic oscillator
~ = b~v )
(e.g. if a mass-spring system faces a frictional force F
Solution to equation is of form

R
Q(t) = Q0 e| {z } cos(! 0 t + )
2L t
| {z }
exponential oscillating term
decay term
s ✓ ◆2
0 1 R
! =
LC 2L
s ✓ ◆2
R
!0 = !02
2L
R
= damping factor
2L
There are three possible scenarios depending on the relative values of and !0
on is less than the undamped oscillation, ! ' < ! 0 . The qualitative
harge on I:the
Case capacitor as a!function
Underdamping 0 > of time is shown in Figure 11.10.1.
Figure 11.10.1 Underdamped oscillations
uppose the initial

Underdamped condition
oscillator is Q(t
always = 0) = Q0 . The phase constant is then
oscillates
at a lower frequency than natural frequency of oscillator
Tuesday, April 6, 21 !" t 24
ntsCase
Q1 II:
andOverdamping
Q2 can be!determined
0 < from the initial conditions.
Figure
Case III:11.10.2 Overdamping
Critical damping !0 = and critical damping
damping

Physics 169: Luis Anchordoqui

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Physics 169: Luis Anchordoqui

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Physics 169

Recall Faraday’s Law

Consider a subsection of length l of the solenoid:

Inside toroid Recall

When switch is adjusted to position a

Similar to equation for charging a capacitor!

where i0 = i(t = 0) = Current when the circuit just switch to position b.

where i0 = i(t = 0) = Current when the circuit just switch to position b.

3. Inductors are used everyday in switches for safety concerns.

3. Inductors are used everyday in switches for safety concerns.

) Power stored in inductor

) Energy density (= Energy stored per unit volume) inside inductor

Consider two closely wound coils of wire shown in cross-sectional view

Current I1in coil 1 which has N1 turns creates a magnetic field

The magnetic flux caused by the current in coil

In mutual induction emf induced in one coil

It is easily seen that M12 =This

Figure 11.13.6 LC circuit

Combining equations (9.1) and (9.2), we get

Negative sign shows that energy U is decreasing

Solution to equation is of form

Figure 11.10.1 Underdamped oscillations

uppose the initial

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