₢

Chapter 31: Inductance

1. Define (Self) Inductance

2. Inductance of a Solenoid
3. RL Circuits
4. Energy Stored in an Inductor With Current
5. LC Oscillation Circuit
6. The RLC Circuit

1
 Parallel Plate and Solenoid
Magnetism
Electricity
1. Inductor
1. Capacitor
2. Solenoid
2. Parallel Plate

Length: L
Number of turns: N
Area: A
Distance: d

Draw a solenoid
𝐼
Draw // plate

Ideal capacitor Length: infinite

Ideal solenoid Number of turns density: n
Infinite area
2
 Capacitor and Inductor Circuit Elements
Electricity Magnetism
1. Capacitor 1. Inductor
2. Parallel Plate 2. Solenoid

Circuit symbol Circuit symbol

𝐶
Capacitor 𝐿
Inductor

Key equation Key equation

CΔV = Q Δ𝐼
𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿
Δ𝑡

** When current in a solenoid changes,

it plays a role like a battery.

3
 Define (Self) Inductance
∆Φ𝐵
𝜀 = −𝑁
∆𝑡
When current in a solenoid changes,
it plays a role like a battery.

𝐼 Δ𝐼 Key equation in
𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿 inductor circuit
Δ𝑡

𝐼 ↑ 𝐵 ↑ ∆Φ𝐵 ≠ 0 𝜀𝐿

Induced EMF ∆Φ𝐵

𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 𝜀 = −𝑁
(self-induced) ∆𝑡

𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼

This equation is useful for calculate the

inductance of a given inductor.

4
 Each Circuit Element has a Key Equation
Electricity Magnetism 𝑑Φ𝐵
1. Capacitor 1. Inductor 𝜀 = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
2. Parallel Plate 2. Solenoid

𝐶 𝐿
Inductor
Capacitor

** When current in a solenoid

changes, it plays a role like a
𝐼 battery.

CΔV = Q d𝐼
𝐼 ↑ 𝐵 ↑ ∆Φ𝐵 ≠ 0 𝜀𝐿 𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿
d𝑡
Induced emf
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼 𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼
(self-induced)
 Inductance of a Solenoid
This equation is useful for calculate the
𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼 inductance of a given inductor.

𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼

𝐼 𝐵 Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 𝐿 𝐿 = 𝜇0𝑛2 𝑉

𝑉 = 𝐴𝑙
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼

6
 Self Inductance
Calculate the inductance in Coaxial Cable (Calculus)

EX-U01 Coaxial cables are often used to 𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼

connect electrical devices. Model a long coaxial
cable as two thin, concentric, cylindrical
conducting shells of radii a and b and length as
in the Figure. The conducting shells carry the
same current I in opposite directions. Calculate
the inductance L of this cable.
𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼

give 𝐼 𝐵 Φ𝑩 = න𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝐴 𝐿

Ch29 page 46: EX-U04 𝑑𝛷𝐵 = 𝐵𝑑𝐴 = 𝐵(𝑏𝑑𝑟)

𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
 Inductance of a Solenoid

EX-11

a) Calculate the inductance of a solenoid

𝐿 = 𝜇0𝑛2 𝑉
containing 300 turns if the length of the
solenoid is 25.0 cm and its cross-sectional 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑙
area is 4.00 × 10 −4 𝑚2 .
b) Calculate the self-induced EMF in the
d𝐼
solenoid described in part (a) if the current in 𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿
the solenoid decreases at the rate of 50.0 A/s. d𝑡

8
 Inductance of a Solenoid

HW
𝐿 = 𝜇0𝑛2 𝑉
A solenoid of radius 2.5 cm has 400 turns and
a length of 20 cm. Find 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑙
a) its inductance and
b) the rate at which current must change Δ𝐼
through it to produce an EMF of 75 mV.
𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿
Δ𝑡

9
 Chapter 31: Inductance

1. Define (Self) Inductance

2. Inductance of a Solenoid
3. RL Circuits
4. Energy Stored in an Inductor With Current
5. LC Oscillation Circuit
6. The RLC Circuit

10
 RL Circuit: “Charging an Inductor”
Inductor: used to “store current”. When “charging an inductor, we can think of an inductor as magnetic
container used to store electric current; like a water container to store water.
Water source connect to a container

When the water pipeline opens at 𝑡 = 0, the water begins to

fill the container. The amount of water 𝑞 will change as time 𝑡
changes.

𝑡=0
In the beginning, the amount of water in
𝑞=0 the container = 0

𝑡 (any time) The water filling rate will decay as the water
𝑞(𝑡) level in the container increases.

𝑡 = ∞ (Infinite) Since the source is big and its level never changes,
𝑞 = 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑄 this is the maximum storage capacity of the container.

11
 RL Circuit: “Charging an inductor”
Inductor: used to “store current”. When “charging an inductor, we can think of an inductor
as a magnetic container used to store electric current, like water containers used to store
water.
Because RL circuits are structurally similar to RC circuits, we choose the similar language in
describing their functions (“charging an inductor” or “discharging an inductor”). But unlike
capacitors, inductors cannot hold current statically.

Charging an inductor is similar to storing water in a container. Here

➢ Battery ↔ water source
➢ Inductor ↔ Container
➢ Current ↔ the amount of water
➢ Current in the inductor ↔ the amount of water in the container

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 RL Circuit: “Charging an inductor”
D𝐫𝐚𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐼(𝑡)

The function of current vs. time mathematical behavior

should be as the following:

𝑡=0 𝑡=∞
𝐼=0 𝑡 𝐼 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚
𝐼𝑚
𝐼=0

𝑡 (any time) The charging rate decays

(slope decrease).
𝐼(𝑡)
𝑡=0 𝑡
𝐼=0
𝐼
𝐼𝑚
𝑡 = ∞ (Infinite)
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑡

13
 RL Circuit: “Charging an inductor”
Charging Curve 𝐼(𝑡) Mathematical form 𝐼(𝑡)

The function of current vs. time mathematical behavior 𝑡

−𝜏
should be as the following: 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 (1 − 𝑒 )
Check
1. t = 0, 𝐼 = 0;
𝑡=∞ 2. t = ∞, 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 ;
𝐼 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 3. t = τ, 𝐼 = 0.63𝐼𝑚 = 63% 𝐼𝑚 ;
𝐼𝑚
𝜏
called time constant
The charging rate decays (this constant tells us how fast it takes to “charge
(slope decrease). the inductor)
𝑡=0 𝑡 When time reaches 𝜏 (time constant)
𝐼=0 Current in the inductor fills to 63% of its maximum value 𝐼𝑚

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 RC Charging Vs. RL Charging Circuit
RC Charging Circuit
RL Charging Circuit
𝐵 𝐶
𝐵 𝐶
𝑅
𝑅
𝐶
𝜀 𝐿
𝜀
𝐴 𝐷 𝐷
𝐴

RC Charging Circuit Equation RC Charging Circuit Equation

Apply to Loop rule to the circuit Apply to Loop rule to the circuit
𝑞 d𝐼
𝜀 − 𝐼𝑅 − = 0 (C1) 𝜀 − 𝐼𝑅 − 𝐿 = 0 (𝐿1)
𝐶 d𝑡

d𝑞 𝑞 d𝐼
𝜀−𝑅 − =0 (C1) Same Mathematical form 𝜀−𝐿 − 𝐼𝑅 = 0 (𝐿1)
d𝑡 𝐶 d𝑡

Solutions are the same form

15
 RC Charging Vs. RL Charging Circuit
RL Charging Circuit
RC Charging Circuit
𝐵 𝐶
𝐵 𝐶
𝑅
𝑅
𝐿
𝐶 𝜀
𝜀
𝐴 𝐷
𝐴 𝐷

𝑡
−
𝑡
𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 (1 − 𝑒 𝜏 )
−𝜏
𝑞 𝑡 = 𝑄(1 − 𝑒 )
𝐿
RL time constant 𝜏=
𝑅
RC time constant 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
𝜀
𝑄 = 𝜀𝑅 𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅

When time reaches 𝜏 (time constant) When time reaches 𝜏 (time constant)
Charge in the capacitor fills 63% of its maximum value 𝑄 Current in the inductor fills 63% of its maximum value 𝐼𝑚

16
 RC Discharging Vs. RL Discharging Circuit
RC discharging Circuit RL “discharging” Circuit

𝐵 𝐶 𝐵 𝐶
𝑅 𝑅
𝐶 𝐿

𝐴 𝐷 𝐷
𝐴

RC Charging Circuit Equation RC Charging Circuit Equation

Apply Loop rule to the circuit Apply Loop rule to the circuit
𝑞 d𝐼
−𝐼𝑅 − = 0 (C1) −𝐼𝑅 − 𝐿 = 0 (𝐿1)
𝐶 d𝑡
d𝑞 𝑞 d𝐼
−𝑅 − =0 (C1) Same Mathematical form −𝐿 − 𝐼𝑅 = 0 (𝐿1)
d𝑡 𝐶 d𝑡

Solutions are the same form

17
 RC Discharging Vs. RL Discharging Circuit
RC discharging Circuit RL “discharging” Circuit
𝐵 𝐶
𝐵 𝐶
𝑅
𝑅
𝐶
𝐿

𝐴 𝐷
𝐴 𝐷

𝑡 𝑡
−𝜏 −𝜏
Current: 𝑞 𝑡 =𝑄𝑒 Current: 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑒

RC time constant 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 𝐿
RL time constant 𝜏=𝑅
When time reaches to 𝜏 (time constant)
63% of charge is gone (37% left)
When time reaches to 𝜏 (time constant)
63% of current is gone (37% left)

18
 RL Charging Circuit

EX-12 A 12.0 V battery is in a circuit with a 30.0-mH 𝐿

inductor and a 0.150-Ω resistor, as in shown in the a 𝜏= = 0.20𝑠
𝑅
Figure. The switch is closed at 𝑡 = 0. 𝜀
a) Find the time constant of the circuit. b 𝐼𝑚 = = 80.0𝐴
𝑅
b) Find the current after one time constant has c 𝐼 𝜏 = 0.63𝐼𝑚 = 50𝐴 ∆𝑉𝑅 = 𝐼 𝜏 𝑅 = 50 × 0.15 = 7.5𝑉
elapsed.
c) Find the voltage drops across the resistor when Δ𝐼 Δ𝐼
=? 𝜀−𝐼 𝜏 𝑅−𝐿 =0
𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = one time constant. Δ𝑡 Δ𝑡
d Δ𝐼
d) What’s the rate of change of the current after one 12.0 − 7.5 − 0.030 = 0
time constant? Δ𝑡

𝐵 𝐶
𝑅
𝐿
𝜀
𝐴 𝐷

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 HW
Consider the circuit shown in the Figure. Take 𝜀 = a 𝐿
𝜏= = 2.00𝑚𝑠
6.00 𝑉, 𝐿 = 8.00 𝑚𝐻, and 𝑅 = 4.00 Ω. 𝑅
a) What is the inductive time constant of the circuit? b 𝐼 250𝑚𝑠 =? 𝐼 250𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑚
b) Calculate the current in the circuit 250 ms after the
switch is closed. c 𝜀
𝐼𝑚 =
c) What is the value of the final steady-state current? 𝑅
d) How long does it take the current to reach 80.0% of 𝑡
its maximum value? 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 1 − 𝑒 −𝜏
d
𝐼 𝑡 = 0.80 𝐼𝑚

𝐵 𝐶
𝑅
𝐿
𝜀
𝐴 𝐷

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 EX-U
EX-U02
As shown in the Figure. Suppose the circuit elements have the
following values: 𝜀 = 12.0, 𝑅 = 6.00 Ω, and 𝐿 = 30.0 𝑚𝐻.
The RL circuit as shown in the Figure, with switch 𝑆2 at position
(A) Find the time constant of the circuit. a and the current having reached its steady-state value. When 𝑆2
(B) Switch S2 is at position a, and switch S1 is thrown closed at t is thrown to position b, the current in the right-hand loop decays
𝑡
= 0. Calculate the current in the circuit at t = 2.00 ms. −
exponentially with time according to the expression 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑖 𝑒 , 𝜏
(C) Compare the potential difference across the resistor with that
across the inductor.
where 𝐼𝑖 = 𝜀/𝑅 is the initial current in the circuit and 𝜏 = 𝐿/𝑅 is
the time constant.
Show that all the energy initially stored in the magnetic field of
the inductor appears as internal energy in the resistor as the
current decays to zero.
a 𝐿
𝜏=
𝑅
b 𝜀
𝐼𝑚 =
𝑅
𝑡
b 𝐼 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 1 − 𝑒 −𝜏
𝐼 𝑡 𝑅=
c
d𝐼
𝜀𝐿 = −𝐿
d𝑡
 HW-U

A 12.0-V battery is connected into a series circuit
containing a 10.0-Ω resistor and a 2.00-H
inductor. In what time interval will the current
reach (a) 50.0% and (b) 90.0% of its final value?
A 12.0-V battery is connected in series with a
resistor and an inductor. The circuit has a time
constant of 500 μs, and the maximum current is
200 mA. What is the value of the inductance of the
inductor?
Consider the circuit in the Figure, taking 𝜀 = 6.00 𝑉 , 𝐿 =
8.00𝑚𝐻, and 𝑅 = 4.00 Ω.
(a) What is the inductive time constant of the circuit?
(b) Calculate the current in the circuit 250 ms after the switch
is closed.
(c) What is the value of the final steady-state current?
(d) After what time interval does the current reach 80.0% of its
maximum value?
 Chapter 31: Inductance

1. Define (Self) Inductance

2. Inductance of a Solenoid
3. RL Circuits
4. Energy Stored in an Inductor With Current
5. LC Oscillation Circuit
6. The RLC Circuit

23
 Magnetic Energy Stored in an Inductor
Electricity Magnetism

Capacitance 𝑑𝐼
Self-inductance 𝜀 = −𝐿 𝑁Φ𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼
𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝐶∆𝑉 = 𝑄 𝐶 = 𝜀0 𝑑 𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝑉 1
Solenoid inductor 𝑈𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼 2
2 𝑈𝑒 = 𝑢𝑒 𝑉 V: Volume 2
Energy 𝑈𝑒 = 1 𝑄
1
𝑢 𝑒 = 𝜀0 𝐸 2 1 2
2 𝐶 𝑉: 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2
Magnetic Energy 𝑈𝐵 = 𝑢𝐵 𝑉 𝑢𝐵 = 𝐵
2𝜇0

Capacitor with charge 𝑄 Inductor with current 𝐼

Store electric energy store magnetic energy

1 𝑄2 1 2
𝑈𝑒 = 𝑈𝐵 = 𝐿𝐼
2 𝐶 2
𝐿 = 𝜇0𝑛2 𝑉 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑙
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛𝐼

24
HW
A 300-turn solenoid has a radius of 5.00
cm and a length of 20.0 cm. Find
(a) the inductance of the solenoid and
(b) the energy stored in the solenoid when
the current in its windings is 0.500 A.

25
 LC Oscillation Circuit
𝑘
𝑚

1 1
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑣 2 + 𝑘𝑥 2
2 2
1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 = 𝑘𝐴2 𝑈𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐿𝐼 2 + 𝑄 = 𝐿𝐼𝑚 = 𝑄
= 𝑚𝑣𝑚
2 2 2 2𝐶 2 2𝐶 𝑚

𝑑𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑈𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑 2𝑄

=0 + 𝜔2 𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑡
=0 + 𝜔2 𝑄 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1 natural frequency
𝑘 𝜔=
𝜔= angular frequency 𝐿𝐶 of LC circuit
𝑚

𝑥 = 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑) 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
 LC Oscillation Circuit
EX-U03 As shown in the Figure, the battery has an emf of 12.0 V,
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
the inductance is 2.81 mH, and the capacitance is 9.00 pF. The 𝑈𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐿𝐼2 + 𝑄 = 𝐿𝐼𝑚 = 𝑄
switch has been set to position a for a long time so that the capacitor 2 2𝐶 2 2𝐶 𝑚
is charged. The switch is then thrown to position b, removing the
battery from the circuit and connecting the capacitor directly across 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
the inductor.
(A) Find the frequency of oscillation of the circuit.
(B) What are the maximum values of charge on the capacitor and
natural frequency 1
current in the circuit? 𝜔=
of LC circuit 𝐿𝐶

LC Oscillation Circuit
HW-U
An LC circuit consists of a 20.0-mH inductor
and a 0.500-μF capacitor. If the maximum
instantaneous current is 0.100 A, what is the
greatest potential difference across the
capacitor?
₢
An LC circuit like the one in the Figure contains an 82.0-
mH inductor and a 17.0-mF capacitor that initially carries
a 180-𝜇𝐶 charge. The switch is open for t < 0 and then
thrown closed at t = 0.
(a) Find the frequency (Hz) of the resulting oscillations.
(b) At t = 1.00 ms, find the charge on the capacitor and
(c) the current in the circuit.
28