Introduction to Transformers

(Magnetically Coupled Circuits)

 Magnetic coupling
 Dot convention
 Ideal transformer
 Use of Transformer

1
 Magnetic Field of a Straight Wire
 The magnetic field lines
around a long wire which
carries an electric current
form concentric circles around
the wire.
 Ifa wire is grasped with the
thumb of your right hand
pointing in the current
direction, the fingers encircle
the wire in the direction of the
magnetic field.

2
 Magnetic Field of Current Loop

Electric current in a circular

loop creates a magnetic field
which is more concentrated
in the center of the loop than
outside the loop.

3
 Magnetic Field in a Solenoid

Stacking multiple loops

concentrates the field
even more into what is
called a solenoid.

4
 Magnetic Field in a Bar Magnet
 The lines of magnetic field
from a bar magnet form closed
lines.
 By convention, the field
direction is taken to be outward
from the North pole and in to
the South pole of the magnet.

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 Magnetic Field of The Earth

The earth's magnetic field

is similar to that of a bar
magnet tilted 11 degrees
from the spin axis of the
earth.

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 Electromagnets
 Electromagnets are usually in the
form of iron core solenoids.
 The ferromagnetic property of the
iron core causes the internal
magnetic domains of the iron to line
up with the smaller driving magnetic
field produced by the current in the
solenoids.
 The effect is the multiplication of the
magnetic field by factors of tens to
even thousands.

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 Coupled Inductors and Ideal Transformer

 When we place two inductors in close proximity or wound

them around a single ferromagnetic core experimental evidence
shows that a change in i1 will generate a voltage v2 across the
open circuit.
 Each inductor is said to be magnetically coupled.

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 AC Coil Example

220 volts at 50 Hz is
applied to the coil.

The changing magnetic field induces a

voltage in the coil which is sufficient to
light the bulb if it is close enough.

9
 Dot Convention

Current entering the (un)dotted terminal of one coil

produces a voltage that is sensed positively at the (un)dotted
terminal of the second coil.

10
 Physical Basis of the Dot Convention

From the consideration of

direction of magnetic flux
produced by each coil, dots may
be placed either on the upper
terminal of each coil or the lower
terminal of each coil.

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 Ideal Transformer
Two coupled coils are said to be ideal transformer if
they satisfy:
v 1(t ) N1
= =a
v 2 (t ) N2
i1(t ) N2 1
=- =-
i2 (t ) N1 a

Circuit symbol

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 Properties of a Transformer
1. A transformer consists of two or more coils wound on
the same core.
2. The basic property of a transformer is to change AC
voltage.
3. A transformer cannot change direct current voltage.
4. A step down transformer has a lower AC output
voltage at its secondary winding than the AC input
voltage to its primary winding.
5. Conversely, a step up transformer has a higher
secondary than primary voltage.

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 A Transformer Circuit
The magnetic field
couples around through
the secondary coil.

A voltage is induced
A current in the primary
in the secondary coil.
coil produces a magnetic
field, like a solenoid.

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 Impedance Transformation

v1
Z in =
i1

av2
Z in =
-i2
a
æ v2 ö
= a ´ ç- ÷
2

è i ø2

= a2 ´ Z

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 Example 1. Find v1 and v2.

The equivalent resistance as seen from the primary:

200
Rpr = 2
=8W
5
Rpr
v1 = ´ vs v2 = 5 ´ v1
Rpr + 2
= 200 cos1000t V
8
= ´ 50 cos1000t
8+2
= 40 cos1000t V

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 Example 2. Find the turn ratio (N1:N2) to achieve maximum
transfer to the 10 kΩ.

The equivalent resistance as seen from the primary:

2
é N1 ù
Rpr = ê ú ´ 10 kW
ë N2 û
For max. power transfer, we want Rpr = 50 Ω.
2
é N1 ù N1
50 = ê ú ´ 10000 Þ » 14
ë N2 û N2

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 Example 3. Find Vc.

The equivalent resistance as seen from the primary:

Z pr = (5 - j8) ´ 32
= 45 - j72 W

The voltage across the primary: v1 =

Z pr
´ 80Ð - 50 0
Z pr + (30 + j20)
45 - j72
= ´ 80Ð - 50 0
75 - j52
84.9Ð - 58 0
= ´ 80Ð - 50 0
91.26Ð - 34.73 0

= 74.42Ð - 73.27 0
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 The voltage across the secondary:
v1
v2 =
3
74.42Ð - 73.27 0
= = 24.80Ð - 73.27 0
3
The capacitor voltage Vc: - j8
VC = ´ v2
5 - j8
8Ð90 0
= ´ 24.80Ð - 73.27 0
9.43Ð - 58 0

= 21.0Ð - 74.730

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 Summary of Objectives
You should be able to:
1. Understand the dot convention and properties of ideal
transformers.
2. Analyze circuits with ideal transformer.
3. Use transformer for impedance matching.
4. Use transformer for voltage level adjustment.

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