ENGLISH FOR MORFOLOGY

Roots,Bases,Stem,Affixes
Introductory Lecturer:Dina Irmayanti Harahap,S.Pd,M.Hum

By :

Indah Prasasti:1832000042
Fauziah nur Dalimunthe:18320000
Serlin Utami:1832000043
Ikhsanul Mukhsin:18320000

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF POLITIC SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY POTENSI UTAMA
MEDAN
T.A 2019/2020
 PREFACE

Thank God for all the abundance of the gifts of Allah Almighty. It is with his permission that

we can complate this paper on time. I also didn’t forget to send my blessings and greatings to

the lord of the great prophet Muhammad SAW. Writing this paper aims to fullfill the task of

the entitled “Roots,Bases,Stem,Affixes thank the lecturers and our parents who have given

advice, so that we can finish this paper, thank you for Miss Dina who have thought and guide

in the work of the task.

Hopefully this paper can be use as a reference quite for readers. Therefor I hope that the

readers will provide constructive input for the perfection of this paper.

Medan, 01April 2020

Indah Prasasti
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER..................................................................................................................... i

PREFACE................................................................................................................. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. Roots

B. Bases

C. Stem

D. Affixes

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES
 A.ROOTS
In English grammar and morphology, a root is a word or word element (in other
words, a morpheme) from which other words grow, usually through the addition
of prefixes and suffixes. Also called a root word.In Greek and Latin
Roots (2008), T. Rasinski et al. define root as "a semantic unit. This simply
means that a root is a word part that means something. It is a group of letters
with meaning."

1.Etymology
From the Old English, "root”Examples and Observations ."Latin is the
most common source of English root words; Greek and Old English are the
two other major sources.Some root words are whole words and others are word
parts. Some root words have become free morphemes and can be used as
separate words, but others cannot. For instance, cent comes from the Latin root
word centum, meaning hundred. English treats the word as a root word that can
be used independently and in combination with affixes, as in century,
bicentennial and centipede. The words cosmopolitan, cosmic and microcosm
come from the Greek root word kosmos, meaning universe; cosmos is also an
independent root word in English. (Gail Tompkins, Rod Campbell, David
Green, and Carol Smith, Literacy for the 21st Century: A Balanced Approach.
Pearson Australia, 2015)

2.Free Morphs and Bound Morphs

Because a root tells us more about the meaning of a word than anything else,
the first thing we ask about a complex word is often: What is its root? Often a
complex word has more than one root, as in blackbird. . . .
In our native and nativized vocabulary, roots can usually appear as
independent words, for which reason they are called free morphs. This makes
it particularly easy to find the roots of words like black-bird, re-fresh, and book-
ish-ness. In Latin and Greek, roots most often do not occur as separate words:
they are bound morphs, meaning they can only appear when tied to other
components. For example, the root of concurrent is curr 'run.' which is not an
independent word in English or even in Latin.
(Keith Denning, Brett Kessler, and William R. Leben. English Vocabulary
Elements, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007)
3.Roots and Lexical Categories
Complex words typically consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes.
The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of
its meaning. Roots typically belong to a lexical category, such as noun, verb,
adjecteiv, or preposition. . . . Unlike roots, affixes do not belong to a lexical
category and are always bound morphemes. For example, the affix -er is a
bound morpheme that combines with a verb such as teach, giving a noun with
the meaning 'one who teaches.(William O'Grady, et al., Contemporary
Linguistics: An Introduction, 4th ed. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001)

4.Simple and Complex Words

[M]orphologically simple words, which contain only a single root morpheme,
may be compared to morphologically complex words which contain at least
one free morpheme and any number of bound morphemes. Thus, a word like
'desire' may be defined as a root morpheme constituting a single word.
'Desirable,' by contrast, is complex, combining a root morpheme with the
bound morpheme '-able.' More complex again is 'undesirability' which
comprises one root and three bound morphemes: un+desire+able+ity. Notice
also how, in complex words of this sort, the spelling of the root may be altered
to conform to the bound morphemes around it. Thus, 'desire' becomes 'desir-'
while 'beauty' will be transformed into 'beauti-' in the formation of 'beautiful'
and of the increasingly complex 'beautician.(Paul Simpson, Language Through
Literature: An Introduction. Routledge, 1997)

B.Bases
In English grammar, a base is the form of a word to which prefixes and
suffixes can be added to create new words. For example, instruct is the base for
forming instruction, instructor, and reinstruct. Also called a root or stem.

Put another way, base forms are words that are not derived from or made up of
other words. According to Ingo Plag, "The term 'root' is used when we want to
explicitly refer to the indivisible central part of a complex word. In all other
cases, where the status of a form as indivisible or not is not an issue, we can just
speak of bases (or, if the base is a word, base words)" (Word-Formation in
English, 2003).
Examples and Observations
In most situations, the user of English has no problem at all recognizing
prefixes, bases, and suffixes. For instance, in the sentence, 'They repainted the
old car,' the complex word repainted obviously has three elements--a prefix, a
base, and a suffix: re + paint + ed. The base paint is the word's semantic core,
the starting place for describing what the word is being used to mean in a given
utterance. The prefix and suffix add semantic content to that core, the prefix re
adding the content 'again,' and the suffix ed adding 'in the past.(D. W.
Cummings, American English Spelling. JHU Press, 1988)

1.Base Forms and Word Roots

The term base refers to any part of a word seen as a unit to which an operation
can be applied, as when one adds an affix to a root or stem. For example, in
unhappy the base form is happy; if -ness is then added to unhappy, the whole of
this item would be considered the base to which the new affix is attached. Some
analysts, however, restrict the term 'base' to be equivalent to 'root,' the part of a
word remaining when all affixes have been removed. In such an approach,
happy would be the base form (the highest common factor) of all its derivations
—happiness, unhappy, unhappiness, etc. This meaning leads to a special use in
prosodic morphology to define the portion of the output in correspondence with
another portion of the form, especially the reduplicant.(David
Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008)

2.Citation Forms
For adjectives, e.g. bad, the base form is the so-called 'absolute' form (as
against the comparative form worse, or the superlative form worst). For other
word classes, e.g. adverb or preposition, where there are no grammatical
variants, there is only one form that can be the headword.

These base forms of words, the headwords of dictionary entries, may be termed
the citation forms of lexemes. When we want to talk about the lexeme sing, then
the form that we cite (i.e. 'quote') is the base form--as I have just done--and that
is taken to include all the grammatical variants (sings, singing, sang, sung).
(Howard Jackson, Words and Their Meaning. Routledge, 2013)

3.Bases in Complex Words

Another classic problem of morphology [is] the case of a complex word with a
recognizable suffix or prefix, attached to a base that is not an existing word of
the language. For example, among the -able words are words such as malleable
and feasible. In both cases the suffix -able (spelled -ible in the second case
because of a different historical origin for the suffix) has the regular meaning
'be able,' and in both cases the -ity form is possible (mealleability and
feasibility). We have no reason to suspect that able/ible here is not the real
suffix -able. Yet if it is, then malleable must be broken down as malle + able
and feasible as feas + ible; but there are no existing words (free morphemes) in
English such as malle or feas, or even malley or fease. We thus have to allow
for the existence of a complex word whose base exists only in that complex
word .

C.Stems
Definition: A stem is the root or roots of a word, together with any derivational
affixes, to which inflectional affixes are added.A stem consists minimally of
a root, but may be analyzable into a root plus derivational morphemes. A stem
may require an inflectional operation (often involving a prefix or suffix) in
order to ground it into discourse and make it a fully understandable word. If a
stem does not occur by itself in a meaningful way in a language, it is referred to
as a bound morpheme.
Examples: (English)

 The verbs tie and untie are both stems.

 The inflectional third person singular suffix -s may be added to the stems
to form ties and unties.

In English grammar and morphology, a stem is the form of a word before any
inflectional affixes are added. In English, most stems also qualify as words.The
term base is commonly used by linguists to refer to any stem (or root) to which
an affix is attached.

1.Identifying a Stem
A stem may consist of a single root, of two roots forming a compound stem, or
of a root (or stem) and one or more derivational affixes forming a derived
stem.(R. M. W. Dixon, The Languages of Australia. Cambridge University Press,
2010)

2.Combining Stems
The three main morphological processes are compounding, affixation, and
conversion. Compounding involves adding two stems together, as in . . .
window-sill--or blackbird, daydream, and so on. . . . For the most part, affixes
attach to free stems, i.e., stems that can stand alone as a word. Examples are
to be found, however, where an affix is added to a bound stem--compare
perishable, where perish is free, with durable, where dur is bound, or unkind,
where kind is free, with unbeknown, where beknown is bound. . . .

3.Stem Conversion
Conversion is where a stem is derived without any change in form from one
belonging to a different class. For example, the verb bottle (I must bottle some
plums) is derived by conversion from the noun bottle, while the noun catch
(That was a fine catch) is converted from the verb.
(Rodney D. Huddleston, English Grammar: An Outline. Cambridge University
Press, 1988)

D.Affixes
In linguistics, an affix is a morpheme that is attached to a word stem to form a
new word or word form. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and
pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed. They are bound
morphemes by definition; prefixes and suffixes may be separable affixes.
Affixation is the linguistic process that speakers use to form different words by
adding morphemes at the beginning (prefixation), the middle (infixation) or the
end (suffixation) of words.

1.Positional categories of affixes

Affixes are divided into many categories, depending on their position with
reference to the stem. Prefix and suffix are extremely common terms. Infix and
circumfix are less so, as they are not important in European languages. The
other terms are uncommon.

Categories of affixes

Affix Example Schema Description

Appears before
Prefix un-do prefix-stem
the stem

Appears before
the stem, but is
Prefixoid/semi-
flexi-cover prefixoid-stem only
prefix/pseudo-prefix
partiallybound
to it

Appears after
Suffix/postfix look-ing stem-suffix
the stem

Appears after
[2]
Suffixoid /semi- the stem, but is
cat-like stem-suffixoid
suffix[3]/pseudo-suffix only partially
bound to it

Appears within
a stem —
Infix Abso⟨bloody⟩lutely st⟨infix⟩em common e.g. in
Austronesian
languages

One portion
appears before
Circumfix en⟩light⟨en circumfix⟩stem⟨circumfix
the stem, the
other after

Links two stems

Interfix speed-o-meter stema-interfix-stemb together in a
compound

Duplifix money~shmoney stem~duplifix Incorporates a

reduplicated
portion of a
stem
(may occur
before, after, or
 within the stem)

A discontinuous
Maltese: k⟨i⟩t⟨e⟩b "he affix that
wrote" interleaves
Transfix s⟨transfix⟩te⟨transfix⟩m
(compare root ktb within a
"write") discontinuous
stem

Changes a
Simulfix mouse → mice stem\simulfix segment of a
stem

Changes a
produce (noun) suprasegmental
Suprafix stem\suprafix
produce (verb) feature of a
stem

Alabama: tipli "break

The elision of a
up"
Disfix st⟩disfix⟨em portion of a
(compare root tipasli
stem
"break")

Prefix and suffix may be subsumed under the term adfix, in contrast to infix.

When marking text for interlinear glossing, as in the third column in the chart
above, simple affixes such as prefixes and suffixes are separated from the stem
with hyphens. Affixes which disrupt the stem, or which themselves are
discontinuous, are often marked off with angle brackets. Reduplication is often
shown with a tilde. Affixes which cannot be segmented are marked with a back
slash.

2.Lexical affixes
Lexical affixes (or semantic affixes) are bound elements that appear as affixes,
but function as incorporated nouns within verbs and as elements of nouns. In
other words, they are similar to word roots/stems in function but similar to
affixes in form. Although similar to incorporated nouns, lexical affixes differ in
that they never occur as freestanding nouns, i.e. they always appear as affixes.

Lexical affixes are relatively rare. The Wakashan, Salishan, and Chimakuan
languages all have lexical suffixes — the presence of these is an areal feature of
the Pacific Northwest of the North America.
The lexical suffixes of these languages often show little to no resemblance to
free nouns with similar meanings. Compare the lexical suffixes and free nouns
of Northern Straits Saanich written in the Saanich orthography and in
Americanist notation:

Lexical Suffix Noun

-o, -aʔ "person" , ełtálṉew̱ ʔəɬtelŋəxʷ "person"

-nát -net "day" sȼićel skʷičəl "day"

-sen -sən "foot, lower leg" sxene, sx̣ənəʔ "foot, lower leg"

"building, house, "house"

-áwtw̱ -ew̕txʷ , á,leṉ ʔeʔləŋ
campsite"

Lexical suffixes, when compared with free nouns, often have a more generic or
general meaning. For instance, one of these languages may have a lexical suffix
that means water in a general sense, but it may not have any noun equivalent
referring to water in general and instead have several nouns with a more
specific meaning (such "saltwater", "whitewater", etc.). In other cases, the
lexical suffixes have become grammaticalized to various degrees.

Some linguists have claimed that these lexical suffixes provide only adverbial
or adjectival notions to verbs. Other linguists disagree arguing that they may
additionally be syntactic arguments just as free nouns are and, thus, equating
lexical suffixes with incorporated nouns. Gerdts (2003) gives examples of
lexical suffixes in the Halkomelem language (the word order here is verb–
subject–object)

3.Orthographic affixes
their position to the left, on top, to the right, or at the bottom of the main glyph.
A small glyph placed In orthography, the terms for affixes may be used for the
smaller elements of conjunct characters. For example, Maya glyphs are
generally compounds of a main sign and smaller affixes joined at its margins.
These are called prefixes, superfixes, postfixes, and subfixes according to inside
another is called an infix.Similar terminology is found with the conjunct
consonants of the Indic alphabets. For example, the Tibetan alphabet utilizes
prefix, suffix, superfix, and subfix consonant letters.