The counterculture movement

The 1960s were a period when long‐held values and norms of behavior seemed to break

down, particularly among the young. Many college‐age men and women became

political activists and were the driving force behind the civil rights and antiwar

movements. The counterculture of the 1960s was an anti-establishment movement that

spread throughout the Western world. It lasted into the mid-1970s. The counterculture

movement involved large groups of people, predominantly young people and youth,

who rejected many of the beliefs that were commonly held by society at large. This

rejection was most often shown in the form of non-violent protests. The subject of these

protests included racial segregation, widespread poverty, environmental pollution

caused by rapid industrialization, and the discrimination of minority groups. The youth

also fought for the freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and the sexual freedom.

While the general permissiveness of the counterculture encouraged sexual freedom,

other factors also contributed to the change in attitudes toward sexuality. Oral

contraceptives became available, and by 1970, 12 million women were “on the pill.”

The use of other means of birth control, such as diaphragms and IUDs, also increased.

Many states had already legalized abortion, and the new women's movement was

committed to making the procedure even more widely available. Throughout the sexual

revolution, which lasted until the onset of the AIDS crisis in the mid‐'80s, the birth rate

declined, and the number of abortions, unwed mothers, and divorces rose.

Hippies. Like the members of the New Left, the Hippies were mostly middle‐class

whites but without the political drive. Their hallmarks were a particular style of dress

that included jeans, tie‐dyed shirts, sandals, beards, long hair, and a lifestyle that

embraced sexual promiscuity and recreational drugs, including marijuana and the

hallucinogenic LSD. The sex and drug culture were reflected in the rock music of the
time by such groups as Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead and performers like

Jim Morrison and Janis Joplin. Although some young people established communes in

the countryside, hippies were primarily an urban phenomenon.

Some of the most important movements are:

Anti-nuclear

In 1961 and 1962, at the height of the Cold War, about 50,000 women brought together

by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate

against nuclear weapons. In 1963, many countries ratified the Partial Test Ban

Treaty which prohibited atmospheric nuclear testing.

Feminism

The starting point for contemporary feminism was the 1963 publication of Betty

Friedan's The Feminine Mystique, which argued that women should be allowed to find

their own identity, an identity not necessarily limited to the traditional roles of wife and

mother. The number of women attending college skyrocketed during the 1960s, and

many became involved with both the New Left and the civil rights movement. Even

these organizations remained dominated by men, however. During the takeover at

Columbia University, for instance, women were assigned duties such as making coffee

and typing. Consequently, although the political activism of the 1960s was a catalyst for

women's liberation, feminism became most effective when it created its own groups. In

1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) was formed to address such

issues as allotting federal aid for day‐care centers for working mothers, guaranteeing

women the right to an abortion, eliminating gender‐based job discrimination, and

ensuring equal pay for equal work.

Environmentalism

The 1960s counterculture embraced a back-to-the-land ethic, and communes of the era

often relocated to the country from cities. Counterculture environmentalists were quick

to grasp the implications of Ehrlich's writings on overpopulation, the Hubbert "peak oil"

prediction, and more general concerns over pollution, litter, the environmental effects of

the Vietnam War, automobile-dependent lifestyles, and nuclear energy. More broadly

they saw that the dilemmas of energy and resource allocation would have implications

for geo-politics, lifestyle, environment, and other dimensions of modern life. The "back

to nature" theme was already prevalent in the counterculture by the time of the 1969

Woodstock festival, while the first Earth Day in 1970 was significant in bringing

environmental concerns to the forefront of youth culture.

Gay liberation

The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a

police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall

Inn, a gay bar in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of New York City. This is

frequently cited as the first instance in US history when people in the gay community

fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities,

and became the defining event that marked the start of the Gay rights movement in the

United States and around the world.

Sexual revolution

The sexual revolution (also known as a time of "sexual liberation") was a social

movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality

and interpersonal relationships throughout the Western world from the 1960s to the

1980s. Sexual liberation included increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional

heterosexual, monogamous relationships (primarily marriage). Contraception and the

pill, public nudity, the normalization of premarital sex, homosexuality and alternative

forms of sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.

The counterculture movement encountered resistance from law enforcement officials as

well as the older generation. Numerous protests took place in different cities involving

police and the counterculture propagators. In most instances, their newly adopted

culture was unacceptable and therefore banned. Many activists and students involved in

the counterculture movement were arrested. However, the counterculture movement had

a significant, lasting influence on the music, fashion, literature, and art of the Western World.

The movement addressed some taboo topics such as homophobia, xenophobia, and racism. As

a result, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) community gained greater

acceptance, and same-sex relationships were eventually legalized in most states of the United

States (albeit several decades later). Racial segregation was abolished in most states following

the counterculture's non-violent protests. Other aspects of the counterculture movement

were assimilated into the mainstream culture and ceased to be taboo.

The counterculture movement of the 1960s played a key role in shaping modern day

society. It led to growth in the music industry which continues up to date. It resulted in a

less conservative and more liberal society. The movement has been accused of leading

to a degradation of traditional values. The disregard for cultural values by the

counterculture movement has led to the unruly and violent society we have today.