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80°N
80°N
160°W
160°W

WORLD & U.S. MAP

140°W
140°W 120°W
120°W 100°W
100°W

Axel
AxelHeiberg
HeibergIsland
Island
80°W
80°W

EElllleessmmeerree
IIssllaanndd
60°W
60°W 40°W
40°W 20°W
20°W 0°
0°

Spitsbergen
Spitsbergen
20°E
20°E 40°E
40°E

Franz
Franz Josef
Josef Land
(RUSSIA)
(RUSSIA)
Land
60°E
60°E 80°E
80°E

North
North Land
Land
100°E
100°E 120°E
120°E 140°E
140°E 160°E
160°E

80°N
80°N

AA RR CC TT II CC O
O CC EE AA NN Q
Q UU EE EE N
N EE LL II ZZ AA BB EE TT H
H II SS LL AA N
NDD SS (RUSSIA)
(RUSSIA) AA RR CC TT II CC OO CC EE AA NN
Svalbard
Svalbard New
NewSiberian
SiberianIslands
Islands
PPAARRRRYY IISSLLAANNDDSS YYAA
Bathurst
Bathurst GGRREEEENNLLAANNDD GGrreeeennllaanndd (NORWAY)
(NORWAY) MMLL LLaapptteevv
Devon
DevonIslandIsland Cape
CapeYork York ZZEE KKaarraa NNIINNSSUULLAA (RUSSIA)
(RUSSIA)
Melville
MelvilleIsland
Island Island
Island ((KKAALLAAAALLLLIITTNNUUNNAAAATT)) SSeeaa MYYRR PPEE
TTAAYYM
SSeeaa EEaasstt SSi ibbeerri iaann
t tMMeelvlvilillele
SSoouunndd Lancaster
LancasterSoundSound
Bear
BearI.I.(NORWAY)
(NORWAY)
YYAA SSeeaa SSeeaa
VVisisccoouunn
Prince SomersetSomerset ((DDEENNMMAARRKK))

VAA
Banks
Banks Prince BBaafffifinn ..

OV
Island
Island of Wales Island
ofWales Island
BBaayy
BBaarreennttss tataRR

NO
SSeeaa KKhhee

N
CChhuukkcchhi i I.I.

G
Guul
BBeeaauuffoorrtt SSeeaa BBaa Jan
JanMayen
Mayen(NORWAY)
(NORWAY) North
NorthCape
Cape
SSeeaa Victoria
VictoriaIsland
Island RR. .

lff oo
Boothia BBoooo ffff
Boothia nnaa C.
C.Shelagskiy
Shelagskiy

D
D aa v
i inn

ff
thth Kolguyev
KolguyevI.I. LLee

VE
V
No
Norrth
th Sl
Slooppee Peninsula
Peninsula itit
iaia IIss RR. .

ER
ttrraa CC EE NN TT RR AA LL mmaa

v ii ss
GGEE l laa

RK
KO
KOLA
LA

C
CH
BBRROOOOKKSS RRAANN Great
GreatBear
Bear Melville
Melville
kkSS KKoolyly

KH

H
MMaa nndd RRSS
aarr SS II BB EE RR II AA NN
Sttrraait
it

EE
NNoorrwweeggi iaann SSeeaa

HO
Arctic Circle cckkeenn
ArcticCircle Lake
Lake Peninsula Foxe Foxe PENINSULA
PENINSULA KKI I Arctic
ArcticCircle
Circle

ee a
a
Peninsula
Alaska
Alaska YY

OY
zz iviveerr mm SS

SS t r
PP LL AA TT EE AA UU RRAA

YA
RUSSIA
RUSSIA ttee
ngg S

RR Basin
Basin
Whhi i

AN
BBaacckk

t r aa i
WW EE SS TT NNGG

enn
rr W LLoowwee

N
KK

iiee
RRivivee NG Nuuk
Nuuk

DDe
ICELAND
ICELAND
erriin

i ai a EE
CC A
A N
N A
A D
D A
A
Southampton
Southampton

SS
GEE hhnn rrTTuunngguusskkaaRR. . RRAA
YYuukkoonn AARRAAN SS II BB EE RR II AA NN

N SS
BB e

RRiv
Reykjavik
Reykjavik oot t FINLAND NNGG

i tt
Island
Island FINLAND GGEE

iveer

A II N
SSKK Mt.

YYeen
AA Mt.McKinley
McKinley HHuu SWEDEN
SWEDEN OObb RR. . EE AANN
LL PP LL AA II NN VViliylyuuyy

o ff B
B
ddssoo

niisse
AA Faroe
FaroeIs.
Is. Lake
Lake KKRR

TA
St.
St.Lawrence
LawrenceI.I. (20,320
(20,320ft. ft. Mt.
Mt.Logan
Logan Coats
CoatsI.I. nnSStt RR. . Chunya
ChunyaR.R. LLAA

l ff o
YYAA

NT
(DENMARK)
(DENMARK) SSUU

eyy R
m) (19,550
(19,550ft.
ft. raraitit Onega
Onega

C
CA
6,194
6,194m) Great
GreatSlave
Slave ..

G uu l
RR
LLeennaaRR

UN
St.
St.Matthew
MatthewI.I. Mansel
ManselI.I. NORWAY
NORWAY ININ KKOO

R..
SS II BB EE RR II AA

G
5,959
5,959m)
m) Lake
Lake Ungava
Ungava Ungava Ungava Shetland
ShetlandIs.
Is. Helsinki
Helsinki EENN

OU
A
60°N
60°N HHuuddssoonn Peninsula 60°N
60°N
Oslo
Oslo Tallinn L.L.Ladoga
Ladoga AAldldaann RR. .

MO
Nunivak
NunivakI.I. Peninsula Bay Bay OObb

AP
P
GGuul lff ooff Cape
CapeFarwell
Farwell Orkney
OrkneyIs.
Is. Tallinn

N
NA
BBaayy RR UU SS SS II AA

L M
Stockholm
Stockholm
RR

LLaabbrraaddoorr

A
Lake
Lake ESTONIA
ESTONIA RR. . Karaginskiy
KaraginskiyI.I.

e aa
AAl laasskkaa NNoorrtthh

TKK
RR. .
AAnnggaarraa

AD

SS e
LL A
BBeerri inngg SSeeaa

AT
Athabasca
Athabasca SSeeaa
O
O

Kodiak
Kodiak Alexander
Alexander SSeeaa

HA
A

l RR.
.
r r Riga
Riga

AL
ee Belcher
Belcher Is.
Is.

DI

H
v
RRi iv LATVIA
LATVIA Bratsk
Bratsk

B
BR
DENMARK
DENMARK

i cc

RA
Island
Island Archipelago
Archipelago ll

bool
UNITED
UNITED

MCC
tt i
Moscow
Moscow
C
C

BBaaLITHUANIA ..

R
IA
aa RR Reservoir
Reservoir

AM
UR

TToob
LITHUANIA
NN SSeeaa ooff Commander
CommanderIs.
Is.

onn
Copenhagen
Copenhagen Vilnius
Vilnius

A
AD
SS
KINGDOM
KINGDOM KKaamm

KA
U
Neellsso
NNDD RUSSIA
RUSSIA
K
K

D
Minsk
Minsk

K
LLAA Mt.
Mt.Robson
Robson OOkkhhoottsskk
I ISS SSHH Dublin
Dublin Lake
Lake

O
OR
NETHERLANDS
NETHERLANDS

N
Queen
Queen (12,972
(12,972ft.
ft. POLAND
POLAND II
Y
Y

NN BELARUS
BELARUS

GEE
Lake
Lake

RR.
.
TTI IAA Berlin
Berlin aa

R
Charlotte
Charlotte IIEE Amsterdam
Amsterdam Baikal
Baikal

NG
AALLEEUU 3,954
3,954m)
m) IRELAND
IRELAND lglg

rrty
Winnipeg
Winnipeg ..

tyssh
London
London VVoo

AN
Islands
Islands LL D RRiviveerr
GERMANY
GERMANY Warsaw
Warsaw Astana
Astana r rRR

RA
h RR.
D ccee Brussels
Brussels Prague
Prague DDoonn Sakhalin
Sakhalin
M
M

Kiev DDnni i
Kiev

NR

muu
GE
E
Vancouver
Vancouver RR. .
rerenn

Am
.
eeppee

U
Urra
BELGIUM
BELGIUM LUX.
LUX. CZECH

NG
AN

A
Newfoundland
Newfoundland CZECHREP.
REP. UKRAINE
UKRAINE rrRR. .

AN
Island
Island aaww TT HH EE SS TT EE PP PP EE SS

GA
all R
SLOVAKIA
SLOVAKIA
O
O U

MMi i Gulf
Gulfof
of

RA
Paris
Paris

NG
Vienna
Vienna AALL

dd s
s
IN R
R..
LL. .SSuuppeerrioiorr Budapest MOLDOVA
MOLDOVA KKAAZZAAKKHHSSTTAANN

HIIN
Budapest

t. LL
St.
St.Lawrence
Lawrence SWITZ. AUSTRIA
AUSTRIA L.L.Balkhash
Balkhash TTAA

ALLIN
Mt.
Mt.Rainier
Rainier Ulaanbaatar
Ulaanbaatar

a nn
SWITZ.

SSt.
FRANCE
FRANCE Chisinau
Chisinau
U N

ssso
nn L.L.Huron
Huron YY ))

ll a
KH
sou
SS HUNGARY
HUNGARYROMANIA I Iss AA
(14,410
(14,410ft.
ft.4,392
4,392m)m) Ottawa
Ottawa Cape
CapeRace
Race LL PP ROMANIA MM MONGOLIA
MONGOLIA l l SSI I

TEE A
RK
urrii R
SLO.
SLO.CRO.

hiiggaa
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Belgrade Aral
Aral r ri i UUSS
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TE
Bucharest
Bucharest

Miicch
R..

HO
SAN
SANMARINO
MARINO B. Sea
Sea

AT
CCAASS

C
Caasspi
G
G O
O BB II

KH
LL Ontario
Ontario St.
St.Pierre
Pierre B.&&H.
H. SERBIA
SERBIA

EEA
Sofia
Sofia BBllaacckk SSea
ea UUSS Bishkek
Bishkek

IIK
TTIIAANN SSHHAANN

NSS
T A

LL.. M
ITALY
ITALY MONT. MMTT UZBEKISTAN
UZBEKISTAN AA SS
Cape
CapeSable
Sable

IIN
Mt.
Mt.Shasta
Shasta ieie &&Miquelon
Miquelon ANDORRA
ANDORRA MONT. KOS. GEORGIA
GEORGIA LLI I Hokkaido
Hokkaido

GRR
KOS. BULGARIA
BULGARIA
LL. .EErr

piaan
SS. .
Corsica
Corsica GGOO

G
T‘bilisi
T‘bilisi

TA
A
Istanbul
Istanbul Tashkent
Tashkent SSeeaa oof f
A II

(14,162
(14,162ft.
ft.4,317
4,317m)
m) (FRANCE)
(FRANCE) OONN
U
UNNIITTEED
D SSTTA
ATTRERE. . SS Madrid
Madrid Rome ALBANIA MAC.
Rome ALBANIA MAC. KYRGYZSTAN
KYRGYZSTAN

NT
Great
GreatSalt
Salt RR MM

n SSeea
Cape
CapeMendocino
Mendocino PORTUGAL
PORTUGAL Ankara
Ankara ARMENIA
ARMENIA AZER. Beijing
Beijing NORTH JJaappaann

UN
New
NewYork
York AZER. TURKMENISTAN
TURKMENISTAN TAK
TAKLIMA
LIMAKA
KANN NNEE NORTH
40°N
40°N Lake
Lake Balearic
BalearicIs.
Is. Yerevan
Yerevan I INN 40°N
40°N

OU
Washington
WashingtonD.C.
D.C. Sardinia
Sardinia Baku
Baku Dushanbe
Dushanbe KOREA ((EEaasstt SSeeaa))

w RR.
.
Lisbon
Lisbon SPAIN
SPAIN KOREA

a
MO
GREECE
GREECE DESERT
DESERT
oo
OOhhi i TTUURRKKEEYY AZER.
AZER. Ashgabat
Ashgabat P‘yongyang
P‘yongyang

NM
N
N SS

TAJIKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN

ellloow
AArrkk Azores
Azores Tunis
Tunis
Mt.
Mt.Elbert
Elbert Athens
Athens SSHH Seoul
Seoul
ooRR. . Algiers
Algiers Sicily
Sicily

AAN
aann (PORTUGAL)
(PORTUGAL) UU KKUU JAPAN Honshu
JAPAN Honshu
II MMee

YYel
Mt.
Mt.Whitney
Whitney ssaa NNDD

TTiigri
(14,433
(14,433ft.
ft. HH (U.K.)
(U.K.)Gibraltar
Gibraltar
Tehran
Tehran HHI I K2
K2(28,251
(28,251ft.
ft.8,611
8,611m)
m)
add

R.. ddi itt

ssRR SOUTH
SOUTHKOREAKOREA

griss R
(14,494
(14,494ft.
ft.4,418
4,418m)
m) pii R Cape
CapeHatteras
Hatteras MALTA
MALTA
SYRIA
SYRIA IRAQ Tokyo
Tokyo
AACC
orra

4,399
4,399m)
m) .. CYPRUS
CYPRUS IRAQ Kabul
Kabul
IINNSS eerrrr Crete
Miissssiissssiippp
Crete
EAUU OOFF CC H H II NN AA
Rabat
Rabat TUNISIA
TUNISIA YYeel ll looww
ollo

LL TTAA aannee LEBANON

LEBANON

R..
Madeira
Madeira UUNN aann SS Damascus
Damascus Islamabad PLAT
Islamabad PLATEA SSeeaa
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PPAA Tripoli
Tripoli Baghdad
Baghdad IIRRAANN

EEu
AFGHANISTAN
AFGHANISTAN Shikoku
Shikoku
C

MOROCCO MMOO

upph
(PORTUGAL)
(PORTUGAL) MOROCCO eeaaISRAEL Amman
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BermudaIs.
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Jerusalem tetessRR

h
Lahore
Lahore
B
BA

SS Jerusalem AALL
Shanghai
Shanghai
EEaasstt Kyushu
Kyushu
LLAA
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(U.K.)
(U.K.)
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RRioioGGr r Cairo
Cairo . . Kuwait PAKISTAN
PAKISTAN Mt.
Mt.Everest
Everest
Delhi NN AAYYAA (29,035
Guulf AL
G

AATT JORDAN
JORDAN Kuwait RR. . CChhi innaa
AC

Delhi
Guadalupe
GuadalupeIsland
Island ALGERIA
ALGERIA LIBYA
LIBYA EEPP (29,035ft. ft.8,850
8,850m)m) tztzee
lf o IF

SINAI
SINAI New
New Delhi
Delhi g g SSeeaa
aan

AA
CA

aann

N )) s..
Midway
MidwayIslands
Islands KUWAIT
KUWAIT LL
ndde

Canary
CanaryIslands
Islands

PPe

Is
off C OR

errssi

JAP u I
(U.S.)
(U.S.) (MEXICO)
(MEXICO) aann
GREAT
GREAT Kathmandu
Kathmandu BHUTAN
BHUTAN
SS AA HH AA RR AA
e

((JAyuukkyyu
GGuullff ooff BAHRAIN
BAHRAIN GGuu

YY
LIFO

(SPAIN)
(SPAIN)

AN
Okinawa
Okinawa
PP AA CC II FF II CC

i
Caali N

EGYPT
EGYPT GGaannggeessRR. .

PA
lflf
MMeexxiiccoo Nassau
Nassau ..
MTTSS SAUDI
SAUDI Karachi INDIAN
INDIAN
lifo IA

L
L II B
WESTERN
WESTERN QATAR
QATAR Karachi
M Taipei
Taipei
forrn

Ry
MEXICO
MEXICO AARR DESERT
DESERT

BY

R
RNI

BAHAMAS
BAHAMAS Gulf
GulfofofOman
Oman BANGLADESH
BANGLADESH
Tropic
Tropicof
ofCancer
Cancer Hawai‘ian
Hawai‘ianIslands
Islands AAGGGG ARABIA
ARABIA Riyadh Tropic
TropicofofCancer
Cancer

RR e
SAHARA
SAHARA RiyadhU.A.E.
niiaa

YA
Havana
Havana U.A.E.

AN
Muscat
Muscat

e dd
(U.S.)
(U.S.) (MOROCCO)
(MOROCCO) AAHH Dhaka
Dhaka TAIWAN
TAIWAN

e RR.
.
ND
A

Kaua‘i
Kaua‘i
CUBA
CUBA Turks
Turks&&Caicos
CaicosIslands
Islands (U.K.)
(U.K.) ARABIAN
ARABIAN INDIA
INDIA MYANMAR
MYANMAR Hanoi Hanoi

Niille
Moloka‘i
Moloka‘i SS Hong
HongKong
Kong

DE
Oahu
Oahu Maui Yucatán Cayman
CaymanIs.
Is. l il i TT (BURMA)
(BURMA) itit

N
Yucatán DOMINICAN
DOMINICANREPUBLIC
REPUBLIC PENINSULA
PENINSULA KKhh
HHAA Nay
Maui a a SStrtara

E SS E

AN
N
20°N
20°N (U.K.)
(U.K.) NayPyiPyiTawTaw LAOS
LAOS 20°N
20°N

SS e
HAITI
HAITI
Hainan LLuuzzoonn

MA
Peninsula
Peninsula Santo
SantoDomingo
Domingo MAURITANIA
MAURITANIA AÏR
AÏR ll AArraabbiiaann GG

ER
Mexico
MexicoCity
City Port-au-Prince
Port-au-Prince Hainan

e aa
MALI
MALI TIBESTI
TIBESTI bb AA

W
WE
Hawai‘i Hawaii
Hawai‘i Hawaii Revillagigedo
RevillagigedoIslands
Islands

M
OO Wake
WakeI.I.(U.S.)
(U.S.)

RT
Puerto
PuertoRico
Rico(U.S.)
(U.S.) Nouakchott
Nouakchott RRuu Mumbai
Mumbai Yangon
Yangon
rrRR. . SSeeaa (Bombay)

T
BELIZE
BELIZE JAMAICA

ESST
Luzon
Luzon
Vientiane
Vientiane
O
O CC EE AA NN
JAMAICA (Rangoon)
(Rangoon)
(MEXICO)
(MEXICO) Kingston
Kingston SS NNigigee AA H
H E
E LL (Bombay)

RN
N
Belmopan
Belmopan ANTIGUA
ANTIGUAAND
ANDBARBUDA
BARBUDA Paracel
Paracel NORTHERN
NORTHERN
Asmara
Asmara Sanaa
Sanaa NN

TE
NIGER
NIGER

ER
Johnston
JohnstonAtoll
Atoll (U.S.)
(U.S.) ST.
ST.KITTS
KITTS&&NEVIS
NEVIS BBaayy ooff THAILAND
THAILAND Islands
Islands PPhhiilliippppiinnee
CAPE
CAPEVERDE
VERDE Khartoum
Khartoum MEE

TE
ER
HONDURAS
HONDURAS DOMINICA
DOMINICA Dakar
Dakar ddeenn Saipan MARIANA
MARIANA
Guatemala
Guatemala Caribbean
CaribbeanSea
Sea YYEEM Saipan

ASST
VIETNAM
VIETNAM Manila

RN
GUATEMALA
GUATEMALA ST.
ST.LUCIA
LUCIA SENEGAL
SENEGAL BURKINANiamey
Niamey CHAD
CHAD oof fAA BBeennggaal l Manila SSeeaa ISLANDS
ISLANDS(U.S.)
(U.S.) M
Banjul
Banjul Bangkok
Bangkok

N G
BURKINA

BBllue
Tegucigalpa
Tegucigalpa ST.
ST.VINCENT
VINCENT&& SUDAN
SUDAN ERITREA
ERITREA GGuulflf M II CC

EA
Bamako
Bamako FASO
FASO Bangalore
Bangalore

ue N
San
SanSalvador
Salvador BARBADOS
BARBADOS GAMBIA
GAMBIA CAMBODIA
CAMBODIA Guam
Guam RR OO

E
NICARAGUA
NICARAGUA THE
THEGRENADINES
GRENADINES N‘djamena
N‘djamena DJIBOUTI
DJIBOUTI Socotra
Socotra (YEMEN)
(YEMEN) Andaman
Andaman Is.
Is. Mindoro
Mindoro

GH
Bissau
Bissau

A
An
PP AA CC II FF II CC
Samar
Samar NN EE

Niille
GRENADA
GRENADA Ouagadougou
Ouagadougou Phnom
Phnom Penh
Penh
Managua
Managua Caracas
Caracas
AA TT LL AA NN TT II CC Cape
CapeGwardafuy Gwardafuy (INDIA)
(INDIA)

HA
Niillee
NIGERIA
NIGERIA

nd
EL
ELSALVADOR
SALVADOR San
SanJosé
José GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA
GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA Djibouti
Djibouti PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES FEDERATED
FEDERATED STATES
STATES SS II

AT
SSoouutthh

d aa m
BENIN
BENIN
TRINIDAD
TRINIDAD&&TOBAGO
TOBAGO ETHIOPIAN
ETHIOPIAN

itee N
Conakry
Conakry AA

TSS
Panamá
Panamá CÔTE
CÔTE Abuja
Abuja SRI
SRI Eniwetak
Eniwetak

GHANA
GHANA
COSTA
COSTARICA
RICA Freetown
Freetown Addis
AddisAbaba
Ababa CChhi innaa SSuul luu OF
OFMICRONESIA
MICRONESIA

TOGO
TOGO
VENEZUELA
VENEZUELA SOUTH
SOUTH

Whhit
Mindanao
Mindanao Bikini MARSHALL
MARSHALL

m aa
PANAMA
PANAMA Georgetown
Georgetown SIERRA
SIERRALEONE
LEONE D‘IVOIRE
D‘IVOIRE LANKA
LANKA SSeeaa SSeea a Bikini

LLaag
CENTRAL
CENTRAL SUDAN ETHIOPIA
ETHIOPIA

ALLIA
IA
Yamoussoukro
Yamoussoukro SUDAN

W
Colombo
Colombo Nicobar
Nicobar Is.Is. PALAU
PALAU Pohnpei
Pohnpei Kwajalein ISLANDS
Kwajalein ISLANDS
PP

Paramaribo
Paramaribo

go
GGUU

nn
Accra
Accra CAMEROON AFRICAN
CAMEROON AFRICANREP. REP.
O
O CC EE AA NN

oss
GUYANA
GUYANA Monrovia
Monrovia (INDIA)
(INDIA) CC AA RR OO LL II NN EE II SS LL AA NN DD SSJaluit

MA
IAIA Cayenne
Cayenne Malabo
Malabo Bangui
Bangui Juba HIGHLANDS
Juba HIGHLANDS BRUNEI
BRUNEI Jaluit

SS e
aa

OM
vvo
o
NNAA

Noom éé
LL Bogotá
Bogotá LIBERIA
LIBERIA UUeeleleRR. . MALDIVES
MALDIVES Kosrae
Kosrae

e
Kuala
KualaLumpur
Lumpur Celebe
Celebess MM

SSO
iinn HHIG SURINAME
IGHHSURINAME Cape Gul of oo
Gulf fof
FRENCH
FRENCHGUIANA
GUIANA Cape LL
O
O

COLOMBIA
COLOMBIA

N
LLAANN ea rrttoo Yaounde
Yaounde CCoonngg KENYA
KENYA S Se e aa EE
ee Kiritimati
KiritimatiIsland
Island DDSS (FRANCE)
(FRANCE) Palmas Gui
Palmas Guinnea ooRR UGANDA
UGANDA Mogadishu
Mogadishu MM AA LL AA YY SS II AA KKIIRRIIBBAATTII
Quito
Quito PPoEQ.
oEQ.GUINEA
GUINEA Libreville
Libreville Lake
Lake Kampala
Kampala LL Tarawa
Tarawa

SSU
0° Equator
Equator Galapagos
GalapagosIslands
Islands SINGAPORE
SINGAPORE

UM
0° DEMOCRATICVictoriaVictoria AA 0°
0°
LL

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Scale:
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in == 1,540
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PrinceEdward
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, or Bounty
BountyIs.
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00 2000
2000 4000
4000 Miles
Miles (FRANCE)
(FRANCE)
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llalann by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage (N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
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SSttrraaitit (U.K.)
(U.K.) Made in the USA © 2013 BarCharts, Inc. 0513
Tierra
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Campbell(N.Z.)
(N.Z.)
00 2000
2000 4000
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SouthGeorgia
(U.K.)
(U.K.)
Georgia Bouvet
Bouvet(NORWAY)
(NORWAY) (AUSTRALIA)
(AUSTRALIA)
Dates and statistics are accurate according to the author’s sources.
Maxquarie
MaxquarieI.I.
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ISBN-13: 978-142322054-1
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(U.K.)
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60°S
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(U.K.)
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MOSCOW South
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Islands
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Alexander
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160°W
160°W 140°W
140°W 120°W
120°W 100°W
100°W 80°W
80°W Palmer
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60°W 40°W
40°W 20°W
20°W 0°
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20°E 40°E
40°E 60°E
60°E 80°E
80°E 100E
100E 120°E
120°E 140°E
140°E 160°E
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Land
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 WORLD
Be a Geotourist
Gateways to the Past International Extremes
• Mt. Etna, Italy (active volcano): With a top
elevation of 10,900 ft., it is the highest active volcano Babylon, Iraq Rainiest
Approx. 1800 BCE Mawsynram, India
in Europe.
An Akkadian city-state, Babylon was the capital of a Approx. 700 in./year, maximum
• Burgess Shale, British Columbia, Canada
vast empire. Knowledge of its culture and laws come Arguably the rainiest place in the world (records
(fossil formation): Fossils in this shale deposit
from the Code of Hammurabi, which governed its do vary, and some dispute that Lloró, Colombia, is
range from 512 million to 520 million years old; since society. actually rainier), the village of Mawsynram in the state
its discovery in 1909, over 60,000 specimens, including of Meghalaya gets the majority of its rain during its
Cueva de las Manos, Argentina
arthropods, sponges, and mollusks, have been found. long monsoon season.
Approx. 13,000–9,500 years ago
• Thingvellir National Park, Iceland (rifting
It is called “Cave of the Hands” for a reason, as one Coldest
tectonic plates): Now part of a national park, the of its main features includes the stenciled outlines Antarctica
Thingvellir rift zone marks the spot at which the North of human hands; in addition, scenes of hunting and –128.6°F record
American and Eurasian plates diverge. Not surprisingly, animals can be found here. Only a handful of scientific research stations are
the area experiences volcanic activity, and in 2000, two located in Antarctica; at Vostok Station, the Russian
Angkor, Cambodia
severe earthquakes occurred in South Iceland, approx. research station, the record low temperature was
Approx. 800–1400 CE
30 mi. southeast of Thingvellir. Angkor, often mentioned in terms of the famous recorded on July 21, 1983. One other record has been
• Wadi Rum, Jordan (eolian erosion): Located Temple of Angkor Wat, is a 154 sq. mi. region that claimed, but it has not been substantiated.
near Aqaba, Wadi Rum features canyons and imposing includes numerous temples and palaces of the Khmer Largest Earthquake
granite and sandstone towers, shaped by erosion, that Empire. Southern Chile
reach over 5,700 ft. into the air. Also called “The Valley Cave of Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc, France M9.5
of the Moon,” it is home to Bedouin tribes, few of Approx. 31,000 years ago This earthquake occurred on May 22, 1960. The
which still live the traditional nomadic lifestyle. Discovered in 1994, this cave contains some of the largest earthquake ever recorded, it resulted in over
• Fjords, Norway (glacier-carved valley): A most unique depictions of Paleolithic animals in the 2,000 casualties and over $550 million in damage.
fjord is formed when glacier-carved valleys fill with world, mainly because many of the animals depicted The resulting tsunami was so large that it also caused
water, creating are dangerous animals that the cave painters did not damage in Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and the West
long, narrow Smallest Countries hunt. (Hunted animals are a common theme in other Coast of the United States.
inland extensions Vatican City: 0.17 sq. mi. cave paintings.) Most Densely Populated
of the sea, known Monaco: 0.78 sq. mi. Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania Macau
for their great Nauru: 8.2 sq. mi. Approx. 2.1 million–15,000 years ago 48,869 people/sq. mi.
depth below sea More than 60 hominins (human ancestors) have been Macau, an administrative region of China, is by far the
Tuvalu: 9.9 sq. mi. most densely populated country in the world; with over
level. Norway, found in fossil deposits since 1959, when the deposits
among other San Marino: 23.63 sq. mi. half a million people within its 11.5 sq. mi., its entire
were first discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey.
countries, is Liechtenstein: 62 sq. mi. population is urban.
L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada
known for such Marshall Islands: 70 sq. mi. Approx. 11th century CE Least Densely Populated
formations, and St. Kitts and Nevis: 104 sq. mi. This site, originally settled by Vikings and consisting Greenland
its longest and Maldives: 155 sq. mi. of log-framed turf buildings (8 houses, 1 forge, and 4 0.07 people/sq. mi.
deepest is Sogn Malta: 122 sq. mi. workshops) similar to those in Greenland and Iceland While it is technically part of the Kingdom of
Fjord, north of from the same time, represents the earliest known Denmark, Greenland, as an autonomous country,
Bergen. presence of Europeans in North America. is the least densely populated country in the world;
• Giant’s Causeway, Ireland (basalt columns): conversely, it is the world’s largest island, nearly 75%
Palenque, Mexico
Named because it looks like a staircase used by giants, of which is covered by an ice sheet.
Approx. 600–900 CE
Giant’s Causeway is a collection of approx. 40,000 While its original name remains unknown, this Mayan Highest Waterfall
tightly packed basalt pillars, all of which have a city of the empire’s late classic period is known for Angel Falls, Venezuela
honeycomb shape, forming a geometric pattern. These its smoothly finished stone (obtained by a covering 3,212 ft. drop
blocky structures actually started with lava flows, which of plaster), its buildings’ carvings, and the numerous Located on the Churún River, this waterfall barely
later hardened into the structures we see today. temples that dot the surrounding landscape. touches the face of the mountain from which it falls;
however, because of the dense jungle that surrounds
• Tropical rainforests of South America,
it, the best view of the falls is from the air. In 2009,
Asia, Africa, Australia, Indonesia (rich land
Man-Made Wonders the Venezuelan president changed the official name
ecosystems): These forests, located primarily near of the falls: it now goes by the indigenous name of
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
the equator in areas that receive high rainfall, are known Kerepakupai Merú.
to be some of the most biologically diverse ecosystems Nurek Dam, Tajikistan
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, Japan Largest Coral Reef
in the world; in fact, rainforests can actually be divided
Trans-Siberian Railway, Russia and other countries Great Barrier Reef, Australia
into layers, including the canopy, which is made of the
135,000 sq. mi.
tops of trees, and the understory, each of which has its Kola Superdeep Borehole, Russia The Great Barrier Reef is not a single reef but a
own unique life-forms. Three Gorges Dam, China complex of reefs, shoals, and islets formed from
• Cave of the Crystals, Mexico (large mineral Channel Tunnel, England and France approx. 2,100 individual reefs and approx. 800 fringing
crystals): The Cave of Crystals in Mexico has one Palm Jumeirah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates reefs. It is sometimes called the largest structure
of the largest collections of huge mineral crystals in built by living organisms. The reef’s main structure
Henderson Waves Pedestrian Bridge, Singapore
the world. Mainly made of gypsum, crystals from this consists of the calcified remains of corals, which
Millau Viaduct, France
location have been measured to be up to 36 ft. long and house numerous species of fish, sponges, crustaceans,
weigh over 55 tons. Panama Canal, Panama gastropods, and other sea life.

MAP PROJECTIONS
Because the Earth is round, there is no way to represent • Conic: A cone is wrapped
wrapped touch the globe) or secant (they Secant Projection
the shapes and sizes of its land masses accurately on a around the globe, touching
touching intersect the globe). The specific
flat surface. Therefore, one of the jobs of cartographers it at a small circle (any projections used in this guide are
(map makers) is to develop reasonable approximations circle that goes around a Gall projection (World) and
of the Earth on maps, called “projections” because the the globe that is smaller
smaller an Albers Equal Area projection
Earth’s three-dimensional shape is projected onto the in diameter than the (U.S.).
two-dimensional plane of the map. No map is without globe’s diameter); • Gall projection: A
error, and therefore all projections must compromise the side opposite the cylindrical projection, the Gall
between errors in distance, size, shape, and direction. cone’s point is open. projection intersects the globe
Conversely, only a globe can represent all of these things Distortion increases at two circles (45° N and 45° S
accurately. Types of map projections usually fall into one the farther you move from the points at which the cone latitude). Projections like this
of the following categories: touches the globe. are mainly used to represent the
• Cylindrical: A hollow cylinder • Azimuthal: A flat plane
plane entire globe.
is “wrapped” around the globe, touches the globe at a • Albers Equal Area projection: A conic
leaving the cylinder’s two ends single, central point. projection that is mainly used for landmasses (not
open. A common version of this Distortion increases the
the entire continents) that extend in the east–west direction.
•
wraps the cylinder around the globe farther you move from the the NOTE: Shapes mentioned are for illustrative purposes
at the equator. Distortion increases central point. only; maps are made using complex mathematics to form
the farther you move from the The three main types the projections, which result in approximations of the
points at which the cylinder touches of maps can all be shapes described. Rarely, if ever, are the shapes used to
the globe. tangent (they simply form the maps themselves.
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 UNITED STATES
Did You Know? to the past: the world’s largest park devoted to petrified religious center, where archaeologists have found shell
• Alabama: In Enterprise, you can find the Boll Weevil wood. beads, copper jewelry, and heavy stone effigies.
Monument, constructed to remind farmers and others of • Tennessee: Nashville’s Grand Ole Opry is the • Canyon de Chelly, AZ: Inhabited for over 5,000
the destruction this tiny pest can wreak on cotton plants longest running live radio program in the United years, Canyon de Chelly, located near Chinle, has been
and to appreciate the lesson learned that farmers should States, having broadcast since 1925 (its name officially home to various groups, including the Archaic people,
vary their crops. becoming the Grand Ole Opry in 1927). the Basketmakers, the Pueblo, and the Hopi. Since the
• Arkansas: Crater of Diamonds State Park is the only • Texas: A single ranch in TX, King Ranch (825,000 18th century, it has been home to the Navajo (Diné),
publicly accessible diamond-producing site in the acres), is larger than the state of RI (781,440 acres). who work with the National Park Service to preserve
world, where visitors can dig for precious stones. • Vermont: VT is the largest producer of maple syrup the site, where ancient cliff dwellings, etchings, and
• Connecticut: The Scoville Memorial Library in in the United States, providing nearly 40% of the paintings can be found.
Salisbury, which claims to be the oldest publicly funded country’s production in 2012. • Nez Perce National Historical Park, ID, MT,
library in the United States, was founded in 1771 when • Virginia: Richmond was the capital of the OR, and WA: This park isn’t a single location but 38
Richard Smith promised to bring back 200 books from Confederacy during the majority of the Civil War; in historical sites in four states. Home to the Nez Perce
London if town residents would help fund the purchase. addition, more Civil War battles were fought in VA than (Nimiipuu), the surrounding area has been continually
• Delaware: The entire town of Odessa is a National in any other state. inhabited for over 11,000 years, evidence of which
Registry district, as it has numerous examples of 18th- • West Virginia: Weirton, located in the Northern is found in petroglyphs (designs etched in rock) and
and 19th-century structures, including five historic Panhandle of WV, is the only city to span the area remains of shelters.
houses that depict colonial life. between opposite state borders: it is bordered by OH on • Meadowcroft Rockshelter, PA: Located outside
• Illinois: The Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) the west and PA on the east. Pittsburgh, in Avella, this unassuming site is actually
in Chicago is arguably the tallest building in North • Wisconsin: The House on the Rock, designed over the oldest evidence of human habitation in North
America. several years by Alex Jordan Jr., features many unique America. Archaeological digs beginning in the 1950s
• Indiana: Because of its name, the town of Santa Claus rooms, including the Infinity Room, a long, narrow uncovered artifacts, including campsites, dating back
receives thousands of letters from children all over the room that extends 218 ft. over a precipice and is lined 16,000 years. The rockshelter itself is exactly that:
world every year at Christmastime. with over 3,000 windows to view the surrounding a giant stone overhang that ancient people used for
• Iowa: Dubuque is home to the Fenelon Place Elevator, nature (and the lack of supporting structures below!). shelter for thousands of years.
claimed to be the world’s shortest and steepest • Pipestone National Monument, MN: In
funicular, or a cable railway up a steep incline. Built in U.S. Extremes addition to being a naturally beautiful site, Pipestone
1882 for private use, it was later opened to the public Rainiest: Yakutat, AK (159.7 in./year) is also a practical site, as it is so named because of
and is now on the National Register of Historic Places. While a tropical climate might make you think of rain, the monument’s soft rock that has been used by rock
• Kansas: In 1953, Frank Stoeber began wrapping bits Yakutat gets the most rain per year. However, it rains carvers since 1500 BCE to make ceremonial pipes,
of twine into a ball. Today, his ball of twine in Cawker more often in Hilo, HI (the second-rainiest place in the which were extremely valuable to the Plains people.
City is approx. 40 ft. in diameter, the world’s largest United States). The pipes were often buried with their owners.
and still growing, thanks to an annual Twine-A-Thon. Driest & Hottest: Death Valley, CA and NV (<2 Be a Geotourist
• Louisiana: The Superdome, home to the New Orleans in./year) • La Brea Tar Pits, CA (ice age animal fossils):
Saints, is the largest fixed-dome steel structure in the The pits contain saber-toothed tiger, mastodon, and
Death Valley is so dry because the mountain ranges
world with a single room unobstructed by posts. dire wolf fossils from the Pleistocene (40,000–11,000
that lie between it and the Pacific Ocean cause winter
• Maine: Maine has the largest wild blueberry crop in years ago).
the country, which requires 1 billion bees to be trucked storm clouds to rise and condense; this moisture falls as
rain or snow before it reaches the desert. Death Valley • Clayton Lake State Park, NM (dinosaur
in from other areas each spring to help with pollination. tracks): Over 500 dinosaur footprints have been
• Maryland: Baltimore was the final resting place of is also one of the hottest places in the United States. On
July 10, 1913, air temperatures at Furnace Creek were discovered, dating to 100 million years ago.
Edgar Allan Poe, gothic author of “The Raven.” For
recorded at 134°F; because of this record, Death Valley • Sea stacks, OR (coastal erosion): Rocks along
decades, a mysterious individual known as the “Poe
may be the hottest place in the world. the OR coast are shaped by erosion as waves carve
Toaster” would leave offerings of roses and cognac on
them into arches and stacks and eventually wear them
Poe’s grave once a year. Coldest: Northern AK (–79.8°F record)
completely away, which happened to Jump-off Joe, a
• Massachusetts: Playing a central role in U.S. Recorded at Prospect Creek Camp on January 23,
sea stack that was eroded away over 100 years.
history, MA is home to Plymouth Rock, where the 1971. In the continental United States, however, the • Great Sand Dunes National Park and
Pilgrims landed in 1620. The Boston Tea Party, which coldest temperature was recorded to be –69.7°F at Preserve, CO (sand dunes): While scientists
occurred in 1773, is reenacted in Boston Harbor every Rogers Pass, MT, on January 20, 1954.
December. know how the sand dunes formed, they can only
• Michigan: Detroit and cars might come to mind estimate the tallest dunes in the United States began
when you think of MI. However, the village of Colon Major U.S. Landforms & Bodies forming less than 440,000 years ago.
• Grand Canyon National Park, AZ (fluvial
dubs itself “The Magic Capital of the World” and is a of Water erosion): Fluvial erosion by the Colorado River
major producer of magic supplies. Biggest U.S. Freshwater Lake by Area &
• Mississippi: Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt got his shaped the Grand Canyon, which is 6,000 ft. deep at its
Volume: Lake Superior, United States and Canada deepest and 18 mi. across at its widest.
nickname, and popularized “Teddy” bears, because
(31,700 sq. mi. in area; 2,900 cu. mi. in volume) • Arches National Park, Moab, UT (eolian
of the famous Sharkey County bear hunt, in which
Roosevelt refused to shoot a bear. The area is now By area, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake erosion): Arches National Park contains the highest
memorialized as the Theodore Roosevelt National in the world. However, by volume, it is trumped only density of natural rock arches in the world, the largest of
Wildlife Refuge. by Lake Baikal in Russia and Lake Tanganyika in East which is 306 ft. from base to base. While part of a desert,
• Nebraska: While it is known for its vast cornfields, Africa. the park also features a biological “crust” on the ground,
NE is also home to the Lied Jungle, one of the world’s Longest River: Missouri River (2,540 mi.) made of lichens, bacteria, and algae instead of soil.
largest indoor rainforest exhibits, which is 8 stories tall The second-longest river located solely within the • Yellowstone National Park, WY (geysers):
and takes up nearly 3 acres of floor space within the United States is the Mississippi (2,350 mi.). Yellowstone is positioned over a hot spot, or an isolated
Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha. spot of volcanic activity, which leads to numerous
Largest Active Volcano: Mauna Loa, HI (30,080 thermal landforms, including geysers, mudpots, hot
• New Hampshire: Category 5 hurricanes have wind ft. above sea floor)
speeds faster than 157 mph. However, on April 12, springs, and fumaroles (an opening in a volcanic
While not the tallest mountain relative to sea level, region from which gases and steam emerge). In fact,
1934, the highest surface wind speed ever recorded on relative to the surrounding ground, Mauna Loa is taller
Earth was 231 mph at the Mt. Washington Observatory. the majority of the world’s geysers are located here,
than Mt. Everest (at 29,035 ft.). the most famous being Old Faithful, which, contrary to
• New Jersey: There are almost 1,200 people/sq. mi.
in NJ, making it the state with the highest population Largest Desert: Great Basin Desert (190,000 sq. its name, does not erupt at regular intervals but rather
density in the United States. mi.) every 35–120 minutes.
• North Carolina: Kitty Hawk is the famous spot The Great Basin Desert, located mostly in NV and UT, • Everglades National Park, FL (rich land
where the Wright brothers made the first significant is the largest desert located solely within the United ecosystems): The Everglades is not a single
advancement in controlled, powered flight in a heavier- States and is the only “cold” U.S. desert, where the ecosystem but a collection of nine identified
than-air craft in 1903. little precipitation it does get usually falls as snow. ecosystems (hardwood hammock, pineland, mangrove,
• Ohio: OH has quite a history of advances in public Longest Natural Cave System: Mammoth coastal lowlands, freshwater slough, freshwater marl
safety: Cincinnati had the first hospital-based Cave, KY prairie, cypress, marine, and estuarine) that covers over
ambulance service and the first professional fire More than 400 mi. of its passages have been mapped 1.5 million acres in southern FL.
department in the country, and Akron was the first city and surveyed. This is the longest known cave system • Carlsbad Caverns National Park, NM
to use a motorized police patrol vehicle, a precursor to in the world. It is also home to over 70 threatened or (caves): Located in the Chihuahuan Desert, one of
the modern police car. endangered species. the four deserts in the United States, Carlsbad Caverns
• Oklahoma: The capitol of OK is the only state contains over 110 limestone caves, the longest of which
capitol with active, working oil rigs on the grounds, is over 120 mi. long.
as the capitol building is on top of the Oklahoma City Major American Indian
Oil Field. Historical Sites Man-Made Wonders
• Rhode Island: While RI is the smallest state in terms Mt. Rushmore, near Keystone, ND
The United States has a large variety of archaeological
of land area, the official name of RI is quite a mouthful:
and historical sites because of the diversity of cultures Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, CA
“State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.”
that inhabited its lands before European colonization. Brooklyn Bridge, New York, NY
• South Carolina: SC is one of two states that call
Here are just a few of those sites:
themselves home to the Gullah people, descendants of Hoover Dam, near Boulder City, NV
slaves, who have a rich history tied to African culture; • Etowah Mounds, GA: Located in the Etowah
visitors can learn more about this community at the Indian Mounds Historic Site near Cartersville, this area One World Trade Center, New York, NY
annual Gullah Festival in Beaufort. marks an American Indian settlement that was active Gateway Arch, St. Louis, MO
• South Dakota: Honored as SD’s Small Community between 1000 CE and 1550 CE. Six huge earthen Space Needle, Seattle, WA
of the Year in 2012, the city of Lemmon also has a link mounds are the focus of this former political and