x Contents

Chapter 3 Lateral Load-Resisting Systems ............................................................................... 199

3.1 Flat Slab-Frame System ................................................................................ 201
3.2 Flat Slab-Frame with Shear Walls................................................................. 203
3.3 Coupled Shear Walls .....................................................................................204
3.4 Rigid Frame ...................................................................................................205
3.4.1 Deflection Characteristics ................................................................207
3.4.1.1 Cantilever Bending Component........................................207
3.4.1.2 Shear Racking Component ...............................................207
3.5 Tube System with Widely Spaced Columns .................................................. 210
3.6 Rigid Frame with Haunch Girders ................................................................ 210
3.7 Core-Supported Structures ............................................................................ 212
3.8 Shear Wall–Frame Interaction ...................................................................... 212
3.8.1 Behavior ........................................................................................... 217
3.8.2 Building Examples ........................................................................... 218
3.9 Frame Tube System .......................................................................................224
3.9.1 Behavior ........................................................................................... 225
3.9.2 Shear Lag.......................................................................................... 225
3.9.3 Irregular Tube................................................................................... 229
3.10 Exterior Diagonal Tube ................................................................................. 230
3.10.1 Example of Exterior Diagonal Tube: Onterie Center, Chicago ........ 231
3.11 Bundled Tube ................................................................................................. 232
3.11.1 Example of Bundled Tube: One Magnificent Mile, Chicago ........... 232
3.12 Spinal Wall Systems ...................................................................................... 234
3.13 Outrigger and Belt Wall System .................................................................... 234
3.13.1 Deflection Calculations .................................................................... 238
3.13.1.1 Case 1: Outrigger Wall at the Top .................................... 238
3.13.1.2 Case 2: Outrigger Wall at Quarter Height from
the Top .............................................................................. 239
3.13.1.3 Case 3: Outrigger Wall at Midheight ................................ 241
3.13.1.4 Case 4: Outrigger Wall at Quarter Height from
the Bottom ........................................................................ 241
3.13.2 Optimum Location of a Single Outrigger Wall................................ 242
3.13.3 Optimum Locations of Two Outrigger Walls................................... 247
3.13.4 Recommendations for Optimum Locations ..................................... 250
3.14 Miscellaneous Systems.................................................................................. 251

Chapter 4 Wind Loads .............................................................................................................. 253

4.1 Design Considerations ................................................................................... 253
4.2 Natural Wind ................................................................................................. 255
4.2.1 Types of Wind .................................................................................. 256
4.3 Characteristics of Wind ................................................................................. 256
4.3.1 Variation of Wind Velocity with Height (Velocity Profile) .............. 257
4.3.2 Wind Turbulence .............................................................................. 258
4.3.3 Probabilistic Approach .....................................................................260
4.3.4 Vortex Shedding ............................................................................... 261
4.3.5 Dynamic Nature of Wind .................................................................264
4.3.6 Pressures and Suctions on Exterior Surfaces ...................................264
4.3.6.1 Scaling ..............................................................................264
4.3.6.2 Internal Pressures and Differential Pressures .................. 265
4.3.6.3 Distribution of Pressures and Suctions ............................. 265
4.3.6.4 Local Cladding Loads and Overall Design Loads ...........266