DENTAL MATERIALS 1

Introduction

INTRODUCTION resins for impression and bleaching trays, acrylic

resins for mouth guards and occlusion aids, and
 An ideal restorative material would (1) be
finishing and polishing abrasives.
biocompatible, (2) bond permanently to tooth structure
or bone, (3) match the natural appearance of tooth
 Temporary restorative materials are a subcategory
structure and other visible tissues, (4) exhibit properties
of restorative materials and include products used
similar to those of tooth enamel, dentin, and other
for dental restorations and appliances that are not
tissues, and (5) be capable of initiating tissue repair or
intended for moderate-term or long-term
regeneration of missing or damaged tissues.
applications. Examples include temporary cements
 Dental materials may be classified as preventive materials,
used for luting, temporary cements, or other
restorative materials, or auxiliary materials.
restoratives used for fillings, orthodontic wires, and
1. Preventive dental materials include pit and fissure
acrylic resins used for temporary inlays, onlays,
sealants; sealing agents that prevent leakage;
crowns, and fixed partial dentures
materials that are used primarily for their
antibacterial effects; and liners, bases, cements and
HISTORY
restorative materials that are used primarily
 Dentistry as a specialty is believed to have begun
because they release fluoride (Compomer, hybrid
about 3000 B.C
ionomer; glass ionomer cement, zinc
 Cold bands and wires were used by the Phoenicians
silicophosphate cement), chlorhexidine, or other
(after 2500 B.C)
therapeutic agents used to prevent or inhibit the
 Around 700 B.C the Etruscans carved ivory or bone
progression of tooth decay (dental caries).
for the construction of partial denture teeth that
2. Restorative dental materials consist of all synthetic
were fastened to natural teeth by means of gold
components that can be used to repair or replace
wiles or bands.
tooth structure, including primers, bonding agents,
 The earliest documented evidence of tooth implant
liners, cement bases, amalgams, resin-based
materials is attributed to the Etruscans as early as
composites, compomers, hybrid ionomers, cast
700 B.C.
metals, metal-ceramics, ceramics, and denture
 Around 600 A.D. the Mayans used implants
polymers. These materials can also be designed as
consisting of seashell segments that were placed in
controlled-delivery devices for release of
anterior tooth sockets.
therapeutic or diagnostic agents. Restorative
 Hammered gold inlays and stone or mineral inlays
materials may be used for temporary, short-term
were placed for aesthetic purposes or traditional
purposes (such as temporary cements and
ornamentation by the Mayans and later by the
temporary crown and bridge resins), or for longer-
Aztecs. The Incas performed tooth mutilations
tern1 applications (dentin bonding agents, inlays,
using hammered gold, but the material was not
onlays, crowns, removable dentures, fixed
placed for decorative purposes.
dentures, and orthodontic appliances). Restorative
 Pare (1509-1590), surgeon to four kings, used lead
materials may further he classified as direct
or cork for tooth fillings.
restorative materials or indirect restorative
 Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) used cloth fragments
materials, depending on whether they are used (1)
to fill the cavities in her teeth.
intraorally to fabricate restorations or prosthetic
 Fauchard (1678-1761), the father of modern
devices directly on the teeth or tissues or (2) extra
dentistry, used tin foil or lead cylinders for filling
orally, in which the materials are formed indirectly
tooth cavities.
on casts or other replicas of the teeth and other
 Pfaff (1715-1767), the dentist of Frederick the Great
tissues.
Prussia, used gold foil to cap the pulp chamber
3. Auxiliary dental materials are substances that are
 Bull began producing beaten gold in Connecticut
used in the process of fabricating dental prostheses
for dental applications in 1812.
and appliances but that do not become part of these
 Arculanus recommended gold-leaf dental fillings in
devices. These include acid etching solutions,
1848
impression materials, casting investments, gypsum
cast and model materials, dental waxes, acrylic
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 DENTAL MATERIALS 2
Introduction

 Sponge gold was introduced in 1853 in the United ISO Technical Committee 106
States and England to replace gold leaf.  In 2002 the Internal Organization for
 In 1855 Arthur promoted the use of cohesive gold Standardization had 224 TCs to develop standards
in the United States. for testing the safety and efficacy of dental products
 In 1897 Philbrook described the use of metal fillings  Of these TCs, TC 106 is the committee responsible
made from wax patterns of the tooth cavity. for dental standards, terminology used in
 Using filings from silver coins mixed with mercury, standards, methods of testing, and specifications
Taveau (1816) developed in France what is likely applicable to materials, instruments, appliances and
the first dental amalgam. equipment used in all branches of dentistry.
 The Crawcour brothers, who emigrated from  A total number of 134 ISO dental standards have
France to the United States, introduced Taveau's been published related to the TC and its
amalgam fillings in 1833; subcommittees (SCs) and working groups (WGs).
 Many dentists criticized the poor quality of the  In 2002, representatives from 25 member countries
early amalgam restorations. This controversy led to and 20 observer countries were involved.
the "amalgam war" from 1840 to 1850  There are seven subcommittees for ISO standards
 Gold shell crowns were described by Mouton in involving dental products.
1746, but they were not patented until 1871 by
Beers.
 In 1885 Logan patented porcelain fused to a
platinum post, replacing the unsatisfactory wooden
posts previously used to build up intra radicular
(within the tooth root) areas of teeth
 In 1907 the detached-post crown was introduced,
which was more easily adjustable.
 In 1756 Pfaff described a method for making
impressions of the mouth in wax, from which he
constructed a model with plaster of Paris.
 Pfaff’s use of plaster of Paris allowed dentists to
make impressions of the patient's edentulous jaws
in the mouth
 Duchateau, a French pharmacist, and de Chemant,
a dentist, designed a process in 1774 for producing
hard, decay-proof porcelain dentures
 In 1789 de Chemant patented an improved version
of these "mineral paste" porcelain teeth.
 In 1808 Fonzi, an Italian dentist developed an
individual porcelain tooth form that was held in
place with an embedded platinum pin.
 Planteau, a French dentist, first introduced
porcelain teeth in the United States in 1817.
 In 1822 Charles T'eale, an artist, fired mineral teeth
in Philadelphia, and Samuel Stockton began the
commercial production of porcelain teeth soon
thereafter in 1825.
 Ash further developed an improved porcelain tooth
in England around 1837.
 In 1907 Taggert developed a more refined method
for producing cast inlays

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 DENTAL MATERIALS 3
Introduction

ANSI /
ISO No. Title Date
ADA No.
1 24234 Alloy for dental amalgam 2004
2 7490 Gypsum – bonded casting investment for dental gold alloy 2002
4 15854 Dental inlay casting wax 2003
Dental casting alloys
1562
5 Dental casting alloys with noble metal content of 25% up to but not 1997
8891
including 75%
6 24234/1 Dental mercury 2004
11 1564 Dental agar impression materials 1997
12 1567 Denture base resins 2002
13 - Denture cold – curing repair resin 1999
6871/1 Base metal alloys: nickel – based
14 1998
6871/2 Base metal alloys: cobalt – based
15 22112 Synthetic polymer teeth 2000
16 - Dental impression paste: zinc oxide eugenol material 1999
17 - Denture base temporary relining resin 1999
18 1563 Dental alginate impression material 1992
19 4823 Elastomeric dental impression material (KCET-02) 2003
20 14356 Dental duplicating material 1995
22 3665 Photography: Intraoral dental radiographic film 1969
23 3823 Dental excavating burs 1999
24 15854 Dental base plate wax 2003
25 6873 Dental gypsum products 2000
26 - Dental X- ray equipment and accessory devices 1999
27 4049 Resin based filling materials 1993
28 3630 Endodontic files and reamers 2002
30 3107 Zinc oxide – eugenol and non eugenol cements 2000
32 15841 Orthodontic wires 2000
33 1942 Dental terminology 2003
34 9997 Dental cartridge syringes 2000
35 7785 High – speed, air – driven hand pieces NS
36 7711 Dental diamond rotary cutting instruments NS
37 - Dental abrasive powders 2000
38 9693 Metal – ceramic systems 2000
39 6874 Pit and fissure sealants 1999
40 10451 Dental implants NS
Recommended standard practices for biological evaluation of dental
41 7405 2001
materials
42 9694 Dental phosphate - bonded casting investments 2002
43 7488 Electrically powered amalgamators 1995
44 - Electrosurgical equipment 1999
45 22112 Dental porcelain teeth NS
46 6875 Dental chairs 2004
47 7494 Dental units 2003

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 DENTAL MATERIALS 4
Introduction

48 10650 Visible light – curing units 2004

53 10477 Polymer – based crown and bridge resins 1999
54 7885 Double – pointed, parenteral, single – use needles for dentistry 2000
57 6876 Endodontic sealing materials 2000
58 3630 Root canal files, Type H (Hedstroem) 2004
62 - Dental abrasive pastes NS
63 3630 Rasps and barbed broaches 1999
65 7785/3 Low speed handpieces NS
69 6872 Dental ceramic 1999
70 - Dental radiographic protective aprons 1999
71 3630/3 Root canal filling condensers and spreaders 2001
73 7551 Dental absorbent points 2001
74 7493 Dental operator’s stool 2002
75 10139 Resilient lining materials for removable dentures 2004
76 - Non sterile latex gloves for dentistry 2002
77 8627 Stiffness of tufted area of toothbrushes NS
78 6877 Dental obturating points 2000
79 10637 Dental vacuum pumps NS
80 7491 Color stability test procedure 2001
82 13716 Combined reversible / irreversible hydrocolloid impression materials 2003
85 - Disposable Prophy angles (Part 1) 2004
87 - Impression trays 2003
88 9333 Dental brazing alloys 2000
89 9680 Dental operating lights 1999
90 - Dental rubber dam NS
91 11246 Ethyl silicate investment 1999
92 11245 Dental phosphate – bounded refractory die materials 2002
93 11244 Soldering investments 2000
94 - Dental compressed – air quality 2003
95 3630-2 Root canal enlargers 2003
96 9917 Dental water – based cements 2000
97 10271 Corrosion test methods 2002
98 - Endodontic posts NS
99 - Athletic protector materials 2001
100 - Orthodontic brackets and tubes 2004
101 3630 Endodontic instruments: general requirements 2001
102 - Non sterile nitrile gloves for dentistry 1999
103 - Non sterile poly vinyl chloride latex gloves for dentistry 2001
105 - Orthodontic elastomeric materials NS
106 13897 Dental amalgam capsules NS
Antimicrobial agents and other chemicals for prevention, inactivation,
107 7494.2 NS
and removal of biofilms in dental unit waterlines
3950 3950 Designation system for teeth and areas of the oral cavity 1997

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 DENTAL MATERIALS 5
Introduction

WG 1.1 11405 Adhesion _

WG 2.23 14569 Wear test methods _
WG 3.23 - Communication for dental terminology _
WG 3.24 - Definition of new terms _
WG 3.25 15300 Harmonization of dental codes and abbreviations _
WG 7.43 16409/1 Interdental brushes _
WG 7.44 20127 Powered oral hygiene devices _
WG 7.45 8627 Manual toothbrushes _
WG 7.55 16408 Oral rinses _
WG 7.56 11609 Toothpastes _
WG 8.46 22911 Biological aspects of dental implants _
WG 8.47 - Physical and chemical aspects of implants _
14727 Mechanical properties
WG 8.49 _
14801 Dentistry: Fatigue test for endosseous implants
WG 8.50 - Terminology _

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