Dental Materials – the science that deals with the study Branch of Dentistry with Dental Materials:

of the different chemical and physical properties, their

Endodontics
manipulation and the clinical application or usage of the
various materials used in dental practice. • From the Greek word endo “inside” and odons
“tooth”.
• Chemical – biocompatibility to the pulp
• Deals with the tooth pulp and the tissues
• Physical – includes strength, hardness, stresses
surrounding the root of a tooth.
of the different materials.
• Endodontists perform a variety of procedures
Objectives of Dental Materials: including root canal therapy, surgery, treating
dental trauma
• To know the proper manipulation of the various
materials needed in dental practice
• To be able to know the application or use of
materials
• To know the diff. Physical and chemical
properties of various materials
• To stimulate further research to improve the
materials to have the knowledge to make
optimal selection of materials.
o Amalgam and resin composite
• To be able to identify between facts and
propagandas.

Characteristics of Dental Materials:

• Biocompatible
• The materials should be mechanically stable and
durable
o The material must be strong and
resistant to fracture.
• Resistant to corrosion - does not deteriorate
over time
• Esthetic – natural and pleasing to the eye.
• Adheres to tissues
• Tasteless and odorless o RCT procedure:
• Cleanable/repairable ▪ Open the cavity with the use of
• Cost-effective the handpiece and burs then
• Minimal conduction - insulates against you need to remove the caries.
thermal/electrical charge After the removal of the caries
• Easy to manipulate at reasonable time and effort the endodontic file will be
inserted inside the canal, this
will enlarge the canal then clean
it and shape it. Once cleaning
and shaping is done, the zinc
oxide eugenol which is a cement
will be mixed with gutta-percha
and will be inserted inside the
canal. All portion of the canal
must be filled leaving no space
 that could cause infection to Prosthodontics
reoccur.
• Is the dental specialty pertaining to diagnosis,
Orthodontics treatment planning, rehabilitation and
maintenance of oral function, comfort,
• From the Greek words orthos “straight or
appearance and health of patients with clinical
proper” and odons “tooth”.
conditions associated with missing or deficient
• Is the specialty of dentistry that is concerned
teeth and/or oral and maxillofacial tissues using
with the study and treatment of malocclusions,
biocompatible substitutes.
which may be a results of tooth irregularity,
disproportionate jaw relationship, or both.

• Fixed Prosthodontics – deals with a missing

o Cements are used to adhere the brackets to
the tooth surfaces
Pediatric Dentistry/Pedodontics
tooth; main concern is to restore the missing
tooth or teeth and place that inside the patient’s
mouth that cannot be removed. In doing fixed
bridges there must be abutment (adjacent
teeth).

• From the Greek words pedo “child” and odons

“tooth”.
• The division of dentistry concerned with the
diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the o Parts of Fixed Partial Denture:
teeth and mouth in children, including restoring ▪ Retainer – it covers the
and maintaining the primary, mixed, and abutment preparation
permanent dentition, applying preventive ▪ Abutment – holds the
measures for dental caries and periodontal restoration; needs to be
disease; preventing, intercepting, and correcting reduced in its miniature form for
occlusal problems, and training the child to tooth preparation.
accept dental care. ▪ Pontic – one that will replace
the missing natural tooth; it is
attached to the retainer by a
connector
▪ Connector – can be rigid or non-
rigid

Cement will be used to

adhere the fixed bridge
- The tooth can still be restored with the use of to the surface of the
resin composite, by this other tooth structure prepared abutment.
will be saved as well. Jacket crown is not (glass ionomer cement,
advisable since the patient is still a child and the zinc phosphate cement,
tooth does not have a cavity. polycarboxylate cement and resin cement)
 • Removable Partial Dentures – deals with a • Complete denture – done if there’s no tooth or
missing tooth savable tooth left in patient’s mouth.

Acrylic resin – pink

colored material; used
to come up with a
denture base

*Pontic and artificial

teeth/denture have
the same purpose of
replacing the missing natural teeth, however, the term
pontic is used when you are dealing with fixed
prosthodontics, while artificial teeth/denture teeth are
used in RPD and CD.

Assembled Cast Removable

Partial Denture - made of How it’s done?
chrome cobalt material
- Make an impression with the used of modeling
compound and stock tray
- Make a diagnostic cast with the use of plaster of
paris
- The diagnostic cast will be used to make an
Purely Acrylic Denture
impression tray termed as individual tray
- The material used for the fabrication of
individual tray will be the shellac base plate or
acrylic resin.
Single Tooth Denture - For final impression alginate will be used as a
material.
- The material - Once done with final impression, dental stone
used is the will be poured.
flexible acrylic - The dental stone cast will be used to produce the
resin denture but initially wax denture is given to the
patient for trial to check the fitting of the
denture, the occlusion, shape of artificial teeth
and the shade of the denture.
Combination of metal
and flexible acrylic resin Restorative/Operative Dentistry

• A branch of dentistry that focuses on the

preservation and restoration of decayed,
defective, missing and traumatized teeth.
o Triad Factors (Causative factor of dental
caries):
Long span partially ▪ Microorganism (streptococcus
edentulous – made of mutans)
flexible acrylic resin ▪ Fermentable carbohydrates
material ▪ Susceptible tooth structure
• Dental caries is one of the most prevalent
diseases affecting humans.
• G. V. Black divided caries into six classifications.
BLACK’S CLASSIFICATION

• Class 1 lesions:
o Lesions that begin in the structural
defects of teeth such as pits, fissures
and defective grooves.
o Locations include:
▪ Occlusal surface of molars and • Class 5 lesions:
premolars. o Lesions that are found at the gingival
▪ Occlusal two thirds of buccal third of the facial and lingual surfaces of
and lingual surfaces of molars anterior and posterior teeth.
▪ Lingual pits of upper anterior
tooth. (lateral incisors)

• Class 6 (Simon’s modification):

o Lesions involving cuspal tips and incisal
• Class 2 lesions: edges of teeth.
o They are found on the proximal surfaces
of the bicuspids and molars.

Several materials used in dealing with caries:

• Class 3 lesions: • Amalgam or composite
o Lesions found on the proximal surfaces • Base material:
of anterior teeth that do not involve or o Zinc oxide eugenol
necessitate the removal of the incisal o GIC
angle. o Polycarboxylate
o Zinc phosphate
• Cavity liners:
o Calcium hydroxide
o Varnish

• Class 4 lesions:
o Lesions found on the proximal surfaces
of anterior teeth that involve the incisal
angle.
GYPSUM PRODUCTS ADA (American Dental Association) CLASSIFICATION
OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
• Rock or solid particles which have been
grounded into powdered form and then heated. Type I: Soluble Plaster/Impression Plaster
• Chemically the gypsum produced for dental
• Used to make impression especially on
applications is nearly pure Calcium Sulfate
edentulous cases as well as doing maxillofacial
Dihydrate - CaSO4 • 2H2O
prosthesis.
• Calcination – process of heating gypsum and
• Using impression plaster/soluble plaster in the
driving off part of the water of crystallization.
presence of natural teeth is not advisable as it
o Open calcination
will give you a hard time removing it.
▪ Heating is done in a kettle or an
• Also used for bite registration material
open bath while stirring at 110⁰
o Once you mix the material, it’s going to
to 120⁰C (230⁰ to 250⁰F)
be placed in the occlusal surfaces of the
▪ Upon doing this the plaster of
mandibular teeth then ask the patient to
Paris or ß-hemihydrate is
bite to leave imprints on the material.
produced.
After that, remove it to the patients
▪ The Plaster of Paris will appear
mouth and transfer that bite into the
or is consists of large, irregularly
cast.
shaped orthorhombic crystal
o In bite registration the actual occlusion
particles with capillary pores
of the patient is copied.
▪ Microscopically, crystals are
spongy and irregular in shape
o Closed calcination
▪ Heating is done in autoclave at
120° to 130°C
▪ It produces hemihydrate/Dental
stone
▪ Consists of smaller, regularly
shaped crystalline particles in
the form of rods or prisms.
▪ Crystals are prismatic and more
regular in shape
Type II: Plaster Model/Plaster of Paris

Difference between crystal structure of dental • Used to make study cast/model for record
plaster and dental stone. purposes
• It may also be used in preliminary cast in the
Dental Plaster Dental Stone complete denture.
Needle like crystals Rods and prism like • It is usually off-white in color however a very
crystals white in color plaster of Paris is for orthodontic
Irregular in shape with Regular in shape use.
capillary pores
Loosely packed Closely packed
Type III: Dental Stone (Class I Dental Stone)
• It is stronger than the Plaster of Paris
• Used as working casts that can withstand forces
applied
• It is used for us to come up with temporary
crown
• In complete denture, it is used to come up with
a wax denture using shellac or acrylic resin as a
denture base and through this denture base, wax
will be placed and then set the artificial teeth.
• Basically, it is color yellow but there are other
colors like blue and green
Type IV: Dental Stone High Strength (Class II Dental
Stone)
• Stronger than Type III
• also called die stone
• This is harder than the plaster of Paris and dental
stone.
• It is usually used in FPD cases or RPD cases so
that it can resist scratches.
• Used as working die material for crown
restoration and other treatments needing
accurate measurements
• Die material-refers to a single tooth/several
teeth
o It should be sectioned into several teeth
because later on certain procedures that
will be done in FPD, the margins of the
preparation needs to be exposed
o the margins of preparation are the
termination of the prepared tooth.
o Normally if you are going to use
porcelain fused to metal crown
restoration, there will be two margins
that you need to deal.
o In the labial or buccal there is a shoulder
margin preparation. While in the lingual
there is a chamfer margin preparation.
o These two margins are important as it
will be the exact location of the
termination of the crown so that the
crown will properly fit the margin of the
prepared tooth.
o Ditching/Die Fabrication - formation of
a gap or groove between the cavity
preparation margin and the restorative
material; the surrounding surfaces of
the cusp will be removed to expose the
margin.
o If the margin was not exposed there will
be a tendency that the technician will
over extend the crown and once it is
placed on the actual patient, the crown
might not fit the prepared tooth that
could lead to irritation of the gingiva.
Type V: Dental Stone High Strength High Expansion
• So called investing material
• Used as investing medium to compensate to high
shrinkage of metals like chrome cobalt ion.
• It is subjected to very high temperature
• In inlay restoration or
crown restoration, the
investing material will be
poured inside the ring to
cover it, then after that, you
are going to do wax
elimination so that there
will be space for the
material.
Other Uses of Gypsum Products
• Used for ceramics
 • Used for medical purposes=cast for broken
bones
• Used to stabilize articulation between upper and
lower cast
o The plaster of Paris will be used for
attachment of the cast in the articulator
then the articulator will simulate the jaw
movement.
Chemical Equation
Test for Working, Setting and Final Setting Times
-It’s important in the manipulation of the gypsum as well
as the other materials related to dentistry
• Mixing Time (MT)
o Defined as the time from the addition of
the powder to the water until the mixing
is completed.
o Mechanical mixing of stones and
plasters is usually completed in 20 to 30
seconds.
o Hand spatulation generally requires at
least a minute to obtain a smooth mix.
• Working Time (WT)
o Is the time available to use a workable
mix/material, one that maintains a
uniform consistency to perform one or
more tasks.
o It is measured from the start of mixing to
the point where the consistency is no
longer acceptable for the product’s
intended purpose.
o Generally, a 3 minute working time is
adequate
• Setting Time (ST)
o The powder is mixed with water, and the
time that elapses from the beginning of
mixing until the material hardens.
o This is usually measured by some type of
penetration test, using instruments like:
▪ Vicat needle - measure initial
setting time
▪ Gillmore needle:
• ¼ lb – measures initial
setting time
• 1 lb – measures final
setting time
o Initial Setting Time
▪ Measured from the start of
mixing until the 2nd increase of
temperature
▪ 7-13 minutes
o Final Setting Time
▪ Measured from the start of
mixing until the 2nd decreases
of temperature
▪ 20 minutes
▪ Record the
reading/temperautre of gypsum
every two minutes
Significance of Finding I.S.T. and F.S.T.
• I.S.T. – give you the time when to trim off extra
plaster or stone that overflowed,
o To prevent the breakage of the cast.
• F.S.T. – cast separation is done after 30 mins. – 1
hour.
o To prevent premature separation; prone
to breakage
o To prevent powdery casts
Manipulation
• Rubber bowl and metal spatula is needed
• Know the Water:Powder ratio
• Put the water then powder in the bowl
• Let the powder settle for 30 seconds to remove
air
• Mix it using rotatory motion at 120 rpm
(revolution per minute) for 1½ minutes
 • Tap the mixture to release entrapped air ▪ Borax, nitrates, citrates, higher
concentration of NaCl and
Theoretical Factors Affecting Setting Time
Na2SO$
• Number of nuclei crystallization Water Power Ratio
o The greater number of nuclei, will
decrease Setting Time which means Type WP Ratio C.S (psi)
shorter Setting Time I.Plaster .50 -.75 290 – 870
o Few numbers of nuclei, increases ST, impression
which means longer setting time II.Plaster of .45 - .50 1300
• Solubility of the hemihydrate Paris
o More soluble it is, the faster the setting III.Dental Stone .28 - .30 3000
IV.Die Stone .22 - .24 5000
time
V.Dental Stone .18 - .22 7000
• Rate of crystal growth
high strength,
o Faster rate of crystallization, faster high expansion
setting time Example: For every 100grams of powder 50=70 cc of
Practical Factors Affecting Setting Time water

• Presence of impurities like set plaster or stone Factors Affecting Compressive Strength
o Decreased setting time • Shape and size of the particles
• Fineness-particle size and shape of crystals • W:P ratio
o Smaller crystals, more soluble, faster
• Mixing technique (undermixing/overmixing)
setting time
• Use of chemical modifier
• W:P Ratio
o Too thin (watery): prone to air bubbles;
longer setting time
o Too thick (less water more powder): not
all particles (powder) will be mixed with
water; faster setting time
o More water, less powder: longer ST
o Less water, more powder: shorter ST
• Mixing Time – 2 minutes
o Longer time, faster mixing RPM, faster
the setting time
• Temperature
o Up to 50°C: accelerator
o Above 50°C: retarder
• Accelerators and Retarders
o Accelerators – tend to remove the
surface coating of crystals making them
more soluble to water: faster setting
time
▪ Low concentration of NaCl and
Na2SO4
▪ K2SO4 = best accelerator
regardless the concentration
o Retarders – tend to create surface
coating of crystals making them less
soluble to water: slower setting time
IMPRESSION MATERIALS
• Are used to form replicas or copies of teeth and
other oral structures.
• The impression is a negative reproduction while
the model or cast is the positive reproduction.
o Once impression making is done, the
gypsum products now can be poured
and come up with a model cast
• Objective is to copy accurately the teeth and
other structures in the oral cavity.
Requirements of Good Impression Material
• Good flow property
o Should reach even the deepest area of
oral cavity
• Good dimensional stability (don’t shrink or
expand after setting)
• Reasonable cost
• Easy to manipulate
• Biocompatible
• Should have adhesive property
• Compatible with the cast
• Good storage life
• Palatable taste
• Appropriate setting time
• No toxic agents
• Enough strength to withstand withdrawal from
the patient’s mouth
Setting Mechanism
• Impression materials can set by means of
reversible or irreversible reactions.
• Irreversible Reaction implies that chemical
reaction had occurred and that the material
cannot revert to its present state, example:
alginate, ZOE impression paste, impression
plaster and elastomeric impression materials.
o For example, the alginate which is in
powdered form, once mixed with water
there will be a chemical reaction and
once the material sets, you cannot
return it back to its original condition.
• Reversible materials softened under heat and
solidify when they are cooled, with no chemical
change taking place, example reversible
hydrocolloid and impression compound.
o For example, once the modeling
compound is manipulated and have
been set, it still has the same
composition.
Impression Trays
• Are appliance used to reach the patient’s mouth
• Kinds of trays:
1. Stock Tray – used for modelling compound
for preliminary impression. It is commonly
used for edentulous cases.
• Once you already have the negative
copy (impression), you need to
come up with the cast and the
gypsum that will be used in this
particular case is the plaster of Paris.
Once the plaster of Paris is poured
and set, you now have the
preliminary cast/diagnostic cast
Materials used:
Stock tray, Modeling
compound, Plaster of
Paris = Preliminary
cast/ diagnostic cast
2. Perforated Tray – used when impression
materials do not adhere to the tray.
• It’s a metal tray with perforations
• The purpose of these perforations is
for the material to adhere to the
tray, so that it will stick, it also serves
as retention form.
• It is normally used for preliminary
impression in cases of doing crowns,
bridges, Removable Partial Denture,
restoration procedures and also for
final impression.
Materials Used:
Alginate or rubber
impression material
(condensation silicon)
3. Rim-Lock Tray
• Basically, it is made of metal but
unlike the perforated tray, the rim-
lock tray doesn’t have perforation
 • It has a very thin elevated metal on
the palatal area as well as on its
edges of the tray
• The elevated metal will serve as a
lock when placing an impression
material. It will retain the material
inside the tray
4. Individual Tray – custom built; self-made,
used in final impression for study cast;
cannot be used on other patients.
• It is usually used to come up with
final impression.
• Used in complete denture
fabrication.
• The cast that you’re going to do with
this case is the master cast or
working casts.
• The gypsum that will be poured is
the dental stone.
• From stock tray, using modeling
compound and plaster of Paris, you
came up with diagnostic cast. Then
the individual tray will be
constructed from this diagnostic
cast by putting an outline.
• There are three materials that can
be used to come up with an
individual tray:
1. Shellac base plate
2. Type II modelling compound
3. Resin (either self-curing acrylic
resin or visible light-curing resin)
5. Water-Cooled – used for agar impression
• It’s a specialized tray that are
normally used in agar impression
material.
6. Disposable Tray – made of plastic
• It can be adjusted by heating it and
softening the edges of the tray to fit
in the patient’s mouth.
Types of Impression Taking
• Single Impression – only one material will be
used all throughout the procedure.
• Double impression – with the use of the rubber
impression material
o Preliminary impression – with the use of
putty (a clay like consistency material)
that will be manipulated and will be
pasted in the impression tray to make
impression. Once done with first
impression it should be washed with
water to remove debris.
o Final impression/secondary “wash” –
another layer of material called wash or
light body (a rubber impression material
that has paste-like consistency) will be
used here
▪ More accurate
▪ Corrects the defect of
preliminary impression
Classification of Impression Materials According to • K2SO4 – speed up setting time (3-5 mins.)
Manner of Setting • Potato Starch
o Makes the plaster “soluble”
• Thermoset
o Helps in separating cast and impression
o Set with chemical reaction
material when submerged in hot water
o Irreversible
(soluble plaster swells when placed in
o Examples are soluble plaster, ZOE,
hot water)
alginate, irreversible hydrocolloid
• Coloring Materials
• Thermoplastic
o Helps in interpreting the impression
o Set with change in temperature
o Provides ease in reading the impression
o Reversible
o For easy identification of impression
o Examples are modelling compound,
from cast
wax, agar
• Flavoring Material
Classification On Impression Materials According to • For palatability
Mechanical Properties
Methods of Cast Construction
• Rigid/Inelastic (thermoset)
1. Boxing Method
o Used for taking secondary impression
• Place a 1” wax strip around the tray and seal
o Used for edentulous patients (no
it and make sure that the wax is properly
undercuts)
wrapped on the surfaces of the tray so that
o Manner of Withdrawal: teasing
the gypsum will not be escaped when
movement
poured.
• Elastic
• Pour a cast material on tray and level it to
o For dentulous patients (for undercuts)
the wax.
o Hydrocolloid
o There are cases sometimes that the
▪ Reversible – agar
wax needs to be trimmed. If you will
▪ Irreversible – alginate
not trim the wax then just make sure
o Rubber Impression Materials
not to excessively fill the tray with
(Elastomers)
gypsum so that you won’t exceed to
▪ Polysulfides, Polyethers,
the maximum thickness that is
Silicone: condensation and
around 2.5 inches.
addition
• Let it set, remove the wax and separate the
o Manner of Withdrawal: sudden pull,
cast after setting
snap jerk
▪ Parallel to the long axes of the
teeth
o After impression making, wash it in
running water to remove saliva, blood
(for patients with periodontal problem)
and food debris 2. Inversion Method
▪ Presence of such substances can • Pour cast material on tray
alter the accuracy of the cast • Pour the excess on a glass slab or on the tiled
o After washing, shake off excess water working table
o Optional; put some separating medium • Invert the impression tray on slab or table
before cast construction: varnish, o Make sure to support the
soapsuds, lacquer impression tray with material until it
sets
Composition of Soluble/Impression Plaster • Scrape flowing cast material towards the
• 80% Plaster of Paris (ß-hemihydrate) tray to form the base and smoothen the
surface
 3. Rubber Base Former Cross Section through Cast Master
• It is like a container
• It is like an inversion method but instead of
inverting on a slab or table, invert it on a
rubber base former.

Properties of Good Cast

• No porosities or no nodules (no bubble

formation)
o That is why, washing the impression
material is very important to
prevent alteration on the cast like Outline of Bases for Trimmed Casts Follow the contour
holes or elevated stone (nodules) of the ridges, with rounded angles
that will make your cast inaccurate.
o If the holes are small, you can still
coat it with alginate.
o However, if the holes or nodules are
big, you have to repeat the
impression making
• No distortion: copy accordingly the given
impression
• Dimensionally stable
Impression Compound
Trimming
• Also called modeling compound, is supplied in
• Make sure the model is moist during trimming, the form of cake and sticks.
so that debris from the trimmer does not attach
• This compound is softened by heat, inserted in
to the cast. Soak the model by immersing it in
an impression tray (stock tray), and place against
slurry water, or by allowing just the base of cast
tissue before it cools to a rigid mass.
to contact clear tap water. Prolonged immersion
• Its primary indication for use has been making an
in tap water can lead to erosion of the cast.
impression of the edentulous ridge.
o Cast trimmer - rotary flat grinder used to
trim dental plaster or stone casts Types of Impression Compound
• Cast should be minimum of 10-12mm (.5 inch) in
• Type I
thinnest part
o True impression compound
• Trim the base on the model trimmer parallel to
o Has high flow property
ridges.
o For preliminary impression
• Leave the mucous membrane reflection intact
for making a custom tray
• The casts should have the following contours
and dimensions:
o For Master casts, impressions are boxed
and trimmed with a 3mm wide by 3mm
deep land area to aid in processing of
acrylic. For diagnostic casts used for
making custom trays, the land area
should be omitted so that the tray • Type II
material is easier to trim and remove o Tray compound
from the cast o More rigid
o For individual tray
Components of Modeling Compound Manipulation

• Beeswax and Thermoplastic Resin • Moist Heat Method

o Responsible for thermoplastic property o Use of water bath 50-70°C
• Shellac, Gutta Percha, Stearic Acid o Get the modeling compound (cake form)
o Act as plasticizer which can improve o Immerse the modeling compound in the
workability water bath
• French Chalk, Talc, Diatomaceous Earth Fillers ▪ In the clinic, the students are
o Hardening agents, improve the strength advised to place a cloth or table
• Coloring Pigments and Flavoring Agent napkin on the plastic container
so that the modeling compound
Types of Modeling Compound will not stick on the container
• Cake Form ▪ Because of poor thermal
• Stick Form conductivity or poor heat
• Cone Form transfer, the outer surface
softens while the inner surface
remains hard
o Knead with fingers to expose the inner
layer
o Repeat until the modeling compound is
homogenously soft inside and out.
Uses of Modeling Compound ▪ Once done with the
manipulation of modeling
• Cake Form: used for full arch impression during
compound, you can now put it in
preliminary impression.
the tray and make impression
• Stick Form: used for single tooth impression
▪ However before putting in the
known as impression tube with the use of copper
patient’s mouth, you should
band (matrix band).
check it if it’s hot or not to avoid
o Cylinder in shape, open on both ends
accidents (burning patient’s
o Come in different sizes – to conform
mouth)
with different teeth
▪ After you check, if you think it’s
o Should fit the tooth properly
still hot, get a rubber bowl with
• Used to make individual tray
water and immerse the
• Used to border molds compound to cool it down, this
o Incases wherein the rim of the tray is is to avoid accidents.
very short
• Dry Heat Method
o Makes the rim higher with the use of
o Use of open flame for small amount of
stick compound by softening it and
modeling compound (stick form)
placing it on the edges of the tray
o Modeling compound are heated to
• Serve as a wedge material to hold the matrix in
become soft and not to be melted.
place: orangewood stick ▪ Important ingredients are lost
o In dealing with Class II preparation, you
during melting
will remove the wall that is affected, ▪ Overheating – sparks indicate
once removed, you will replace it with that some components
something that will serve as a wall.
(plasticizers) are leached out.
o Wedge material could be made up of
▪ If during heating, the modeling
plastic or wood and can be used as a compound does not exhibit
substitute to modeling compound, along shiny surface, discard it
with the matrix band it will be inserted (dullness indicates that the
interdentally to stabilize the matrix.
plasticizers are lost already)
Properties of Modeling Compound
• Poor thermal conductivity
• Dimensional change: shrinks at 0.3-0.4%
• With good flow property
• Advantage – enables us to get a more detailed
and accurate impression
• Disadvantage – if you fail to construct the cast
immediately after withdrawing the impression
from the patient’s mouth, the continuous flow
property can be a source of error
Cast Construction and Separation
• Wash in running water after withdrawal
• No need for separating medium
• Mix plaster of Paris to make a study cast
• Immerse in a hot water bath
o MC softens, if MC sticks to the cast,
soften a piece of MC and allow it to come
into contact with the melted MC
o Do this to soften the modeling
compound. Do not apply force to
prevent damaging the cast
Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE)
• The reaction between zinc oxide and eugenol
yields a relatively hard mass that possesses
certain medicinal advantages, as well as
mechanical property benefits, for some dental
operations.
• This type of material has been involved in a wide
range of applications in dentistry, including use
as an impression material (prosthodontics) for
edentulous mouths, a surgical dressing (endo),
bite registration paste (prosthodontics),
temporary filling material (resto), root canal
filling material (endo), cementing medium
(prostho or resto), and temporary relining
material for dentures (prostho).
Uses of ZOE
• Secondary impression for edentulous ridge for
final impression
• Surgical dressing (for perio)
o After periodontal surgery, open wounds
are covered with ZOE to allow healing
(medicament covers the wound from
debris)
• Stabilizes occlusion rims
o These are the rolled wax that was placed
in the denture base where artificial teeth
will be set.
o You have to get the bite of your patient
first to stabilize the occlusion rim before
setting the artificial teeth.
o Before that, the ZOE paste should be
inserted in the wax to get the correct
bite of the patient.
o Once the material sets, the occlusion rim
can now be removed from the upper and
lower jaw
• Temporary filling material
o When there’s pain
- The ZOE will be used as
temporary filling material once
you have cavity preparation and
the patient cannot distinguish if
he/she felt pain or sensitivity.
- You are going to mix the ZOE
and then place it inside the
prepared cavity. Then the
patient will be under
observation for 4 weeks.
- If the patient did not feel pain or
sensitivity, that means the pulp
were healed. Because of this you
can now place the final filling
material that can either be the
amalgam, composite or GIC.
o When time is not enough
- Mostly occurs if you are a
clinician
o When there is rampant caries
- If you cannot identify which one
felt the pain just coat all the
caries with ZOE. Once done
filling all caries, the body
infected tooth will be the one
that will feel the most pain. This
help you identify which tooth
should be extracted and which
tooth needs RCT.
• Temporary relining material for loose dentures
o Dentures become loose because the
bone resorbs
- If the loose dentures were not
adjusted, the tissue in the
patient’s mouth may be
 traumatized or cause tissue oBoth onlay and inlay are made of metal
overgrowth. or any tooth-colored material like
o Remedy: relining or rebasing depends porcelain or composite. The difference
on the extent of looseness between these two is that in onlay, there
are very extensive damage on the tooth
Relining
and the restorations is fabricated
• Relining – resurfacing the tissue side of a outside the mouth. While for inlay, the
denture in order to compensate for changes in restoration is only confined within the
the soft tissue occurring during the wearing of walls of the cavity
the denture and to achieve an accurate fit • 2 varieties:
• Use ZOE but temporary only because it is soluble • Weak – for temporary cementing medium
to the oral fluids • Strong – for permanent cementing medium
• Use Resin – permanent reliner
o Common problem among dentists is that
they use self-curing acrylic resin for
relining. The problem with this is that it
releases heat (exothermic reaction) and
the patient will definitely feel pain
caused by this reaction.
o If you are going to use self-curing acrylic
resin as a reliner, you have to use it
indirectly. You have to come up with a
Finished Preparation - MOD porcelain onlay preparation
cast and you will do your relining from
that cast.

Rebasing

• Changing the entire denture base because of too

much looseness

Uses of ZOE

• Use base material

• Root Canal Sealer
• During root canal treatment, ZOE is used to coat
gutta percha sticks inserted into the canal
• ZOE is a sealer or obtundant material
o ZOE has sedative effect, it can heal the
pulp that is why it is used as a temporary
filling material so that we can observe if
the ZOE can reverse the condition of the
pulp.
• Cementing Medium
• To cement crown preparations, onlays,
• Onlays – with missing cusps, restorations that
are fabricated outside the mouth, they must be
cemented on the prepared cavity
• Inlays – restorations are confined within the
walls of the cavity
Uses of ZOE
• Pulp Capping Agent
o When there is excessive cavitation
• Depth of Cavity
o Class A – depth is 0.2-0.5 mm beyond
DEJ; ideal depth of cavity
o Class B – a little beyond 0.5mm beyond
DEJ but with 1 mm thickness of dentin
left to cover the pulp
o Class C – with pinpoint pulp involvement
yet deeper than class B. The thickness of
 the dentin left will be .5 mm; when you ▪ Increase the strength of ZOE
check the prepared cavity, you will see o Olive Oil
the pulpal floor or wall, its color is ▪ Dilute the content
already reddish or pinkish.
o Class D – with pulp involvement (pulp
exposure); no dentin left; bloody
▪ Pulp capping is done on Class C
and D
▪ For class C – use ZOE with
calcium hydroxide (liner),
indirect P.C. procedure
Manipulation
▪ For class D – (Calcium
hydroxide) direct pulp capping • Accomplished on an oil impervious paper or a
• Bite Registration Paste glass mixing slab.
• To simulate the occlusal relationship between • Squeeze two strips of paste of the same length,
the upper and lower arches one from each tube, onto the mixing slab
• Use of bite wax (yellow wax) and ZOE paste • Use stainless steel spatula for mixing procedure
• Seat the horse-shoe shaped wax or ZOE paste on (rotatory motion then folding motion)
the mouth • Combined the two strips of contrasting colors,
• Allow ZOE paste to set with the first stroke of the spatula, and mixing is
• Once set, transfer the bite to the cast continued for approximately 1 min, or as
• Heat Insulating Base directed by the manufacturer, until uniform
• Used to absorb heat coming from outside color is achieved
stimulus before amalgam restoration • Put it on a tray and insert it to the patient’s
mouth.
Composition of ZOE

• Dispensed as two separate pastes.

• Tube 1 Universal/ Base
o 87% Zinc Oxide
o 13% Fixed Vegetable or Mineral Oil
▪ Acts as a plasticizer and aids in
offsetting the action of the
eugenol as an irritant. Irreversible Hydrocolloids/Alginate
• Tube 2 Reactor/Catalyst/Accelerator • Cannot be converted to its original form
o Oil of Cloves • Classified as Thermoset according to manner of
▪ Contains 70 to 85% eugenol, hardening
produces less burning sensation • Elastic
for patients • Dispensing form is powder
o Gum or Polymerized Rosin
▪ Facilitates the speed of the
reaction and yields a smoother,
homogenous product
o Resinous Balsam
▪ Used to increase flow and
improve mixing properties
o Accelerators
▪ CaCl2 – speed up setting Components of Alginate
o Silica & Lanolin (fillers or hardening
agent) • Na & K Alginate – main component of alginate
 • CaSO4 – chief reactor For Maxillary Impression:
• Na3PO4 (Trisodium Phosphate) – retarder,
• Do not insert the tray directly into the patient’s
allows proper manipulation, prolongs the
mouth.
working time
• With the use of the left hand of the operator, the
• Potassium Titanium Fluoride – accelerator,
one finger must retract the left cheek and then
plaster hardener
that’s when you insert the impression tray, on
• Fillers ZnO, Diatomaceous Earth – hardening
the right side first then followed by the left side.
agents, improve the strengths
• Once inside the patient’s mouth, advice the
• Coloring Agents – could help ease in reading the
patient to rest his/her tongue on the tray and
impression; used to interpret the accuracy of
then lift the lip of the patient and then press
impression
down the tray and make sure that it will capture
• Flavoring Material – to make palatable to the
the deepest portion of the patient’s mouth.
patient’s mouth
• Do not let the patient tilt his/her head upward,
• Organic Glycof – for a “dust-free” alginate
otherwise the material will flow towards the
Uses of Alginate uvula and the patient may gag.
• Make the patient tilt his/her head downward.
• Taking impression for orthodontic cases,
restorative cases and prosthodontic cases For mandibular Impression:
o Mainly used for preliminary impression
• Do the same thing you did with getting the
and final impression as well
maxillary impression however use your right
• As a duplicating material
hand this time.
o It is for RPD cases, wherein you need to
duplicate your master cast because the Manipulation of Alginate
metal framework is processed in
• Apparatus: Plaster spatula & Plaster Bowl,
duplication with the use of investment
Perforated/Rim-Locked Tray
material.
• W:P Ratio – see manufacturer ‘s instruction
• Taking impression with undercuts
• Place the water first on a rubber bowl then add
Types of Alginate the powder
• Mix briskly – figure of 8 motion while turning the
• Type I – fast set 1 -2 min
rubber bowl (palm & thumb grasp)
• Type II – normal set 2-4.5 mins.
• Mixing time: 45s – 1 min
SEATING OF THE PATEINT o Still depends on manufacturing
instructions
• When a homogenous mixture is attained, place
Position of the operator for it on a tray
maxillary impression • Manner of withdrawal: Sudden pull

(11 O’ CLOCK) Manipulation of Alginate

Position of the operator for

mandibular impression

(7 O’ CLOCK)
 Preparing – Dosage Impression - Fixing

*Changes in color will indicate when to do the next step.

Preparing – Mixing Properties of Alginate

• Not dimensionally stable

o Syneresis – shrinkage
o Imbibition - swelling
• Compressive strength – at least 49.8psi
• Tear strength – 4psi
• Elasticity – 97.3%
• Flexibility – 12%

Reversible Hydrocolloid/Agar

• Classified as THERMOPLASTIC according to

Preparing - Application
Impression – Tray insertion
manner of hardening
• Elastic
• Dispensing form is Gel
o Tube-tray material
▪ Thicker consistency
▪ Less flow property
▪ Stronger to withstand
withdrawal
o Stick/Capsule-syringe material
▪ Weaker
▪ Thinner consistency
▪ High flow property
Uses of Agar

• Used as duplicating material

• Used for partial/removable dentures
o to make a removable partial denture,
you need to do a casted metal
framework, and to do this, you need to
duplicate the master cast. Then the wax
pattern for the metal framework will be
accomplished in the copy of the master
cast.
 • For corrective for final or wash impression tolerable by the hands, but the agar on
material the other hand, uses a boiling water
o Double impression technique – • After the agar hydrocolloid material has been
preliminary then agar as wash liquefied, it may be stored in the sol condition
impression material (compartment B) at 65°C until it is needed for
• For orthodontic cases (diagnostic cast) injection into the cavity preparation or for a
filling a tray
Composition of Agar
• When the sol is needed (or the time you are
• Agar – main component 8-15% for tray material going to place it inside the patient’s mouth),
and 6-8% for syringe material transfer it to compartment C as that will change
• H2O – main component by weight: 72-80% the temperature of the material and the
• Borax – improves the viscosity of the sol and the temperature will be tolerable by the patient
strength of the gel o Tempering time is 3-10 minutes
o Sol – liquid state of colloids/can reach o Cover the tray with gauze pad so that the
more areas contaminated surface layer of agar can
o Gel – solid state/can withstand be removed
distortion o Tempering also increases the viscosity of
• K2SO4 – serves as an accelerator, used to agar
counteract the retardation effect of borax to the
setting of the cast
• Fillers – improve the strength of gel, hardening Hydrocolloid conditioning with
agents include wax, silica, rubber, inert powder, three baths: liquefying, storage
clay, talc, diatomaceous earth and tempering
• Glycerine – acts as plasticizer, improves the
workability of agar
• HCl and Thymol – anti bacterial agents which
prolong the storage life.
• Coloring and Flavoring materials
Tubes and cartridges of
Manipulation of Agar hydrocolloid placed in
• Agar is difficult to manipulate, aside from this, an liquefying bath
apparatus is needed in order to manipulate it.
• Apparatus: Hydrocolloid conditioner - like a
water bath with 3 compartments at different
temperature Tubes and cartridges of
A B C hydrocolloid transferred from
98-100⁰ C 64-68⁰ C 44-48⁰ liquefying bath to storage bath
Liquefying Storing Temp. Tempering
Temp. Temp.
• Impression Tray Used – water-cooled trays,
used exclusively for agar, facilitate faster setting
time.
• Manner of Withdrawal – Sudden Pull Tray filled with impression
• Liquefy the hydrocolloid gel in boiling water in material placed in tempering
compartment A for 10 minutes bath
o Difference of agar to modeling
compound is that the modeling
compound uses water bath that is
 • Procedure:

Cartridge of liquefied
hydrocolloid is removed
Tray material
from storage bath

Cartridge of impression
material is loaded into Syringe material
syringe

Loaded tray in tempering

Blunt needle is attached bath
to impression syringe

Agar Impression Technique

Dentate arch is flooded
• Armamentarium with water

Water cooled tray

(It has 2 holes that
distinguishes it from the
stock tray/rim lock tray)
Water cooling tubes
(inserted in the 2 holes
on the handle of the
water-cooled tray) is
connected to seated
Tray and syringe material tray

Completed impression
Conditioning unit
Disadvantages

• Dimensionally unstable / distortion during

gelation

• Initial expenditure for instruments (very

expensive)

• Multiple pouring is not possible (can be used

once only)

• What then are the drawbacks of this material?

• Can only be poured once
• Quite temperature dependent
• Potential injury to the patient
• If left exposed, can begin to distort
readily

Properties of Agar

• Not dimensionally stable

o Syneresis: shrinkage or contraction –
giving off of water to environment
o Imbibition: swelling or expansion –
taking in water from environment
*(similar with the alginate) you need to
pour it immediately after impression
making, to prevent syneresis and
imbibition and prevent inaccurate cast.
• Good flow property
• Physical Property
o Tear strength: 4psi, 3mm thickness of
agar gel inside the tray to prevent the
tearing of the material
o Compressive Strength: 35.6psi
• Elasticity – 93.8% (more elastic than alginate)
• It’s a must to construct a cast immediately after
taking the impression to prevent the shrinkage
or expansion, otherwise, wrap it with a moist
paper or towel
IMPRESSION MATERIALS
• Good material for making impression for fixed
prosthodontics cases but can also be used in CD
and RPD or even resto.
• If the restoration is to fit precisely, the cast on
which it is made must be as nearly an exact
duplicate of the prepared tooth as possible.
• Hydrophilic Materials:
o Irreversible Hydrocolloid (alginate)
o Reversible Hydrocolloid
o Polyether
• Hydrophobic Materials:
o Polysulfide
o Polyvinyl Siloxane
Elastomeric Impression/Rubber Impression Materials
• Elastomers refers to a group of rubbery
polymers, which are either chemically or
physically cross-linked.
• They can easily be stretched and rapidly recover
their original dimensions when the applied stress
is released.
• Classified as Thermoset according to the manner
of hardening
• Chemically, there are four kinds of elastomers
used as impression materials:
o Polysulfide
o Condensation-polymerizing silicone
o Addition-polymerizing silicone or Vinyl
Polysiloxane Impression Material (VPS)
o Polyether
• Setting occurs through a combination of chain-
lengthening polymerization and chemical cross-
linking by either a condensation reaction or
addition reaction.
POLYSULFIDE
• Also called Mercaptan rubber or Thiokol (name
of the company that supplies the 1st polysulfide
in the market)
• Commonly called rubber base
• With obnoxious odor
o Inform the patient that the material has
obnoxious odor.
• Will begin to shrink after one hour from removal
• Should be poured immediately
• Only radiopaque impression material
• Brownish because of lead oxide
• Dispensing form is 2 paste form
o Base
o Catalyst
Base
• Contains the polysulfide polymer, a suitable filler
(e.g, lithopone or titanium dioxide) to provide
the required strength
• Dibutyl Pthalate – a plasticizer to confer the
appropriate viscosity to the paste
• Sulfur – 0.5% to accelerate the reaction
Catalyst/Accelerator
• Lead Dioxide – main component of polysulfide,
produces the dark brown color
• Fillers
• Plasticizers
• Stearic and Oleic Acid – retarders, control the
rate of setting
• Sulfur – main role is to improve the physical
property of polysulfide rubber, has foul/pungent
odor
Handling Polysulfides:
• Materials needed: mixing pad and spatula
1. Equal lengths of pastes on pad
2. Pastes are “swirled” together, then stropped
3. Material placed in custom tray
o Once homogenous mix is achieved, it is
now ready to be placed in the custom
tray.
o Polysulfide is indicated for final
impression of edentulous cases.
4. Take impression – hold in place for up to 15 min.
o It has a very long setting time, that
means you have to hold the tray inside
the patient’s mouth for 15 minutes to
prevent alterations of the appearance of
the teeth.
o You must also insert the saliva ejector
suction in the patient’s mouth.
5. Remove from pt’s mouth slow & steady force
6. Rinse & disinfect
7. Pour-up impression within several hours
o Not so long as it undergoes dimensional
changes
Advantages of Polysulfides: Catalyst
• Economical • Alkyl Aromatic Sulfonate – main component
• Good tear resistance • Glyoclether/Pthalate – plasticizer
• Good compatibility with gypsum • Silica – filler
Disadvantages of Polysulfides: Handling Polyether: (1 step technique)
• Malodor • Materials needed: mixing pad, spatula, syringe
• Stains clothing or automix cartridge tip
• Long setting time 1. Mix equal lengths of paste; or extrude through
• Fair stability the automix cartridge tip
• Less accurate 2. Load syringe and apply to tooth thru tip
o Syringe is used for a good capture of the
POLYETHER prepared tooth especially the margin.
• Was introduced in Germany in the late 1960s 3. Load tray and invert over area for impression
4. Allow to set; 4 – 5 minutes
• It is a polyether-based polymer that is cured by a
5. Remove from mouth
reaction between aziridine rings, which are the
6. Rinse & disinfect
end of branched polyether molecules.
• Cross-linking and setting are brought about by an Polyether: Impregum
initiator, an aromatic sulfonate ester
• Excellent dimensional stability
• Hydrophilic in nature
• Similar with polysulfide, polyether is also a two-
paste dispensing form
o Base
o Catalyst

Advantages of Polyether:
• Short setting time
• Single viscosity
• Good stability
• Good tear strength
• Clean & easy to use
Disadvantages of Polyether:
Polyether Characteristics:
• Bad taste
• Excellent dimensional stability • Most difficult to remove from mouth
• Hydrophilic in nature
• Will lock into undercuts if not blocked out CONDENSATION SILICONES
o May have a hard time removing from the • Can have pronounced shrinkage due to
patient’s mouth if not all undercuts are evaporation of alcohol during reaction [poor
blocked dimensional stability]
• 0.5% of individuals have shown some reaction to • Used in a similar fashion to polysulfides
this material • Must be poured within six hours
o Causes allergic reaction to some patients • Dies produced from this material are undersized
• Can be somewhat brittle *The above occurs due to the evaporation of the
Base byproduct of the condensation reaction. (H2O
for polysulfides and ethanol for Condensation
• Polyether polymer silicones)
• Glycolether/Pthalate (plasticizer) • For dispensing form, you may use paste and
• Colloidal Silica (filler) liquid or putty and paste
Base: Paste
• Polydimethyl Siloxane – main component
• Fillers – silica
Catalyst: Liquid
• Tin Octoate or Stannous octate
• Alkyl Silicate
• No fillers- fillers are necessary to form a paste
Manipulation for Condensation Silicone
• The liquid is measured in terms of drops per unit
length of base
• Knead with fingers
• Place the material on the tray then seat inside
the mouth
• At initial setting time, withdraw from the mouth
• Scrape off some parts then put the light material
on the tray and around the tooth
• Seat the tray again and wait for the final setting
time
Note: instead of scraping, a plastic spacer sheet
can be placed over the tray to provide room for
the syringe material or rock the tray while seated
on the mouth to provide spaces.
POLYVINYL SILOXANE
• Best material among the elastomers
• Also known as addition silicones or Vinyl
Polysiloxane
• Dimensional stability is quite high in this group
• Least affected by pouring delay of any material
(due to no volatile byproduct formation, carbon
double bonds, in the form of vinyl groups open
up during polymerization and link the monomer
groups together via an addition reaction)
• Comes in many varieties (putty-wash, wash-
wash)
• Surfactants have been added to the material to
decrease its hydrophobia, but dies are 14-33%
softer
• Its dispensing form includes base and catalysts.
Base
• Silicone Polymer
• Polymethyl Hydrogen Siloxane
• Chloroplatinic Acid
• Fillers
• Aluminum Sulfate – retarder
Catalyst
• Divinyl Polymethyl Siloxane
• Platinum Salt – activator
• Fillers – colloidal silica
Polyvinyl Siloxanes
• Mixing guns (automix) are the most popular
form of this material
• We utilize a monophase-wash system (one step)
o But can also use two step technique
• Latex gloves retard the setting of this type of
material
o The gloves must be removed when using
this material as it affects the
polymerization of polyvinyl siloxanes.
o Wash your hands or use alcohol after
removing the gloves.
o Inform the patient to why you need to
remove the gloves.
• Must not come into contact with any surface
touched by a glove
Handling Addition Silicone: (one step technique; wash-
wash technique)
• Mix equal lengths of pastes, or automix
• Apply light-body material to tooth thru syringe
• Load tray with heavy-body
• Set tray over prep site
• Set in 4 – 5 minutes
• Rinse & disinfect
Advantages of Addition Silicone: Polyvinylsiloxane
• Very stable
• Short setting time
• Good tear resistance
• Great accuracy
• No bad taste
Disadvantages of Addition Silicone: Polyvinylsiloxane:
• May have poor wettability
• Two pastes to mix
Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Technique
• Type of Impression:
o Heavy body wash (Monophasic material)
in a stock tray with medium or light wash
around
o Light body wash in a custom tray
 • One step monophasic-wash technique: have equigingival or subgingival
o Stock tray preparation margin, you can now do the
o Tissue management tissue management by:
o Final wash • Either single or dual
o Evaluation cord technique with
hemostatic agent
Stock Tray Preparation
• Either single or dual
• Washing Hands Is A Must! cord technique with
o Powder from latex gloves can react with epinephrine
impression material. It must be removed • Electrosurgery/laser
to prevent incomplete setting of the (alternative)
impression material.

• Astringedent contains 20% Ferric Sulfate which

stimulates blood clotting
• ViscoStat contains 20% Ferric Sulfate
Phase One: Stock Tray Preparation o Either of these two must be applied
topically first on the gums
• Tray adhesive is applied to help retain material
within tray [the adhesive for aquasil and
impragum are different]

Phase Two: Tissue Management

• Prior to impression proper, the margins must be
captured to be able to do the crowns.
o Chamfer margin – lingual
• Reaction begins immediately upon application to
o Shoulder margin – labial or buccal
bleeding area
• Techniques:
o No cord – margins are already exposed;
margins supragingival (above the
gingiva)
o Single cord technique
o Dual cord technique
▪ second location of the margin is
equigingival (both the margin
and the gingiva is located at the
same height); last location of the
• The Ferric Sulfate [ViscoStat] is applied to the
margin is the subgingival margin
bleeding tissue using this tip attached to a
(below the gingiva). Once you
syringe
 • Cord can be purchased in a variety of sizes to be
used in varying sulcus widths and depths

• The Ferric Sulfate can be injected onto a cord

that has been previously packed into the gingival
sulcus
*Main objective of tissue management is to
expose the margins.
Cord Placement Armamentarium

• Cord is positioned above the sulcus and using a

length cut to surround the tooth without overlap

Phase Two: Tissue Management

• Cord is packed into the sulcus to retract tissue

and aid in moisture control

• Ferric sulfate being scrubbed into sulcus via

tufted syringe tip

• Tissue is rinsed after scrubbing with ferric

sulfate, if hemostasis is confirmed, more ferric
sulfate needs to br placed into sulcus prior to
introducing the first dry cord.
• Two types of cord are available for purchase:
o 1. Braided (stronger) and 2. Knitted

• Tooth with first cord in place. Ferric sulfate is

scrubbed into sulcus again and rinsed
 Phase III: Introduction of wash and tray material
• Second cord (larger) Placed into sulcus for lateral
retraction of soft tissue. Leave on the prepared
tooth for about five minutes.
• Second cord is in place circumferentially
Phase III: Introduction of wash
• Coronal cord is removed to expose margin and
apical cord (small cord inside the sulcus)
• View margin and check for any heme. If heme is
present rescrub with ferric sulfate
• Wash is introduced into the sulcus making sure
tip stays in contact with material at all times
o To capture the margin, we need to put
the material directly to the prepared
tooth.
• Once the prepared tooth has had wash placed
around it insert stock tray with monophase
material into the patient’s mouth. (one step)
o If you’re going to do two step, you have
to do the putty first before placing the
wash
• Seat the tray completely and do not allow the
tray to move once setting has begun.
Lingual View of Impression
• The impression material cervical to the margin
is termed “flash”.
• The more flash cervical to the impression, the
easier it is to trim the dies during the laboratory
phase of any project.
o Easier to make die fabrication or ditching
Lingual View Of Impression
• All of the margin has been captured on the facial
surface
• Far less flash is present on the facial making that
portion of the die far more difficult to trim
Ideal Impression
• Note marginal clarity around each of the four Phase Two: Tissue Management
anterior teeth. This was accomplished with
Aquasil and good tissue management.

• Need to measure sulcus with periodontal probe

• And assess need for hemostatic agent
Cord Placement

• Cord is placed into the sulcus. This will allow for

the tissues to be position laterally from the
margin.
Preparing the Syringe Tip

• Make sure tip is not made too large. This will

prevent adequate force on the impression
material
Phase Three: Final Wash

• Working time 2 min. 30 sec. (seat tray)

• Setting time 5 min.
• Remove and inspect for accuracy.
Loading The Tray and Syringe (Two Steps) • Scalpel point is needed, normally the T2

Tip must be kept in contact

with the impression tray
and impression material to Straight Tip
prevent bubble formation (scalpel)

• Two step: first mix the putty on the tray

• The anatomy of the tooth is not that visible
because plastic spacers were used.
• After that, place the wash and then reinsert the • Uses of the
tray in the patient’s mouth. electrosurgery:
o Inflamed tissue
Final Wash of Preparation
o Hyperplastic tissue
o Frenum removal
o Sulcus expansion

DioDent Laser
• Final wash is applied with force so that • Gallium Aluminum
impression material is expressed into the sulcus. Arsenide Solid
State laser diode
Alternative Soft Tissue Management Techniques
provides the
• Without the use of retraction cord optical energy
• Fiber optic
Electrosurgery handpiece delivers
• State of the art high up to 10 watts of
frequency electrical device laser energy
used for easy and effective • Pulse and power
soft tissue contouring and output can be
coagulation adjusted
• Normally used for • Used in:
gingivectomy. o Cosmetic Dentistry
• Gingivectomy - removing excess tissue o Endodontics
o must not violate biologic width o Periodontal procedures
o adequate attached gingiva o Oral soft tissue surgery including
o caution in cosmetic areas (adequate gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, biopsy,etc.
sulcus depth, and attached gingiva), o Tissue retraction for impressions
although it can be used for aesthetic o I and D’s – incision and drainage
contouring of gingival tissue o Implant recovery
• Advantages of Electrosurgery over blade
surgery:
o Less bleeding
o Less need for sutures
o Less scaring
o Better access
DENTAL RESIN/SYNTHETIC RESIN Orthodontic and pedodontic
appliances
SYNTHETIC RESINS
• Uses a colorless acrylic
• Are non-metallic compounds which are molded resin
into various forms and then hardened for • Hawley appliance/Hawley
commercial use (e.g., clothing, electronic retainer or retainer with
equipment, building materials and household expansion crew.
appliances).
• These are materials composed of polymers or
complex molecules of high molecular weight. Provisional restorations in FPD
• A variety of resins are used in dentistry which
• Temporary crowns
includes:
o Acrylics • Uses a tooth-colored
o Polycarbonates acrylic resin.
o Vinyl resins • Have various shapes:
o Polyurethanes 66, 65, 62 etc.
o Styrene depending on the
o Cyanoacrylates remaining natural
o Epoxy resins teeth
• Placed after tooth
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS preparation and final impression of jacket crown
patients or fixed bridges patients.
• Based on the THERMAL BEHAVIOR
• Its primary objective is to protect the tooth from
o THERMOPLASTIC –
sensitivity and fracture.
▪ resin that can be repeatedly
softened and molded under
heat and pressure without any Tooth restorations
chemical change occuring (fillings)
▪ They are fusible and are usually
soluble in organic solvents • Composite filling
o THERMOSETTING – materials.
▪ Resin that can be molded only • These are tooth colored
once. • Placed inside the
▪ They set when heated prepared cavity
▪ They are generally infusible and • Various shades: A1, A2,
insoluble A3, A35, A4, B3
• Along this composite
USES OF RESINS IN DENTISTRY material is the etchant.
Fabrication of dentures (denture • Etchant are around 37% phosphoric acid.
base resins) • There is also a bonding agent that is used in the
• Denture base holds the denture prepared tooth after doing the etching
teeth or artificial teeth in making procedure. This aids for the material to adhere
CD and RPD to the tooth surfaces.

Inlay and post-core patterns

(pattern resins)
• This is used in replace to
Artificial teeth (cross-linked resin.
acrylic resins) • Used in inlay
• In the wax rim, the restorations or post and core
denture teeth is set. restoration
 Crown and FPD facings (tooth
colored acrylic or composite
resins)
• In facings, the materials
will only be placed on the
facial surfaces of the
tooth while at its lingual
surface is a metal. These two materials will be
joined together to come up with a crown or fixed
bridges.
Cementation of orthodontic
brackets, crowns and FPDs
(resin cements)
• Another form of
composite but the main use
of this is cementation.
• Automix resin can be
used or two paste (powder-
liquid system)
Custom Impression Tray
• Individual tray is made
of resin
• Other materials like
modeling compound
and shellac base plate
may also be used to
make an individual tray.
Dies (epoxy resin)
• Similar to the wax
pattern but instead of using
wax the epoxy resin is used to
come up with the pattern for
restorations.
Other Uses of Resin:
• Maxillofacial prostheses (obturators for cleft
palates)
o Along with denture base is an elevated
portion of resin on the tissue site to
block the hole for cleft palate.
• Endodontic and core filling material
• Athletic mouth protectors
o Mouth guards
• Splints and stents
o Stents – for implant; a pattern to be
used before doing the drilling for the
screw
• Models
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF DENTAL RESINS
• Be tasteless, odorless, non-toxic and non-irritant
to the oral tissues
• Be esthetically satisfactory (color should be
permanent)
• Be dimensionally stable (not expand, contract or
warp during processing and subsequent used by
the patient)
• Have enough strength, resilience and abrasion
resistance
• Be insoluble and impermeable to oral fluids
• Have a low specific gravity (light in weight) –
meaning, any prostheses that’s going to be put
into the patient’s mouth must be light in weight
• Tolerate temperatures well above the
temperature of any hot foods or liquids taken in
the mouth without undue softening or distortion
• Be easy to fabricate and repair
• Have good thermal conductivity
• Be radiopaque
• When used as filling material it should:
o Bond chemically with the tooth
o Have coefficient of thermal expansion
which match that of tooth structure
• Be economical
ACRYLIC RESINS
• Used in prosthodontic activities.
• Are derivatives of ethylene and contain a vinyl
group in their structure formula.
• The acrylic resins used in dentistry are the esters
of:
o Acrylic acid, CH2=CHOOH
o Methacrylic acid, CH2=C(CH3) COOH
POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) RESINS
• Widely used in dentistry to fabricate various
appliances like complete denture, removable
partial denture and Hawley’s appliance
• Although, it is a thermoplastic resin, in dentistry
it is not usually molded by thermoplastic means
• The liquid (monomer) methylmethacrylate is
mixed with the polymer (powder)
• Types (based on the method used for its
activation)
o Heat activated resins – subjected to very
high temperature of water.
o Chemically activated resins – mixture of
two components and wait for it to set.
o Light activated resins - with the use of
curing box that will emit light to
HEAT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC RESINS CUSTOM TRAY CONSTRUCTION
• Heat activated polymethyl methacrylate resins • Materials that can be
are the most widely used resins for the used for making a
fabrication of complete dentures. custom tray are shellac,
o This material needs to be subjected to a modeling compound
very high temperature of boiling water and acrylic resin
for 3 hours or 9 hours depending on the • With a red pencil,
method you will use outlined the planned
• Available as: area of the denture
o Powder and Liquid base in the diagnostic
▪ Powder may be transparent or cast. Use the following landmarks as basis for the
tooth colored or pink colored design of the denture base:
▪ The liquid (monomer) is o Mucobuccal fold
supplied in tightly sealed amber o External oblique ridge
colored bottles. This liquid o Masseteric notches
evaporates easily and has a bad o Retromolar pads
odor. o Mylohyoid ridges
o Gels – sheets and cakes o Frenae
• With a blue pencil, outline the tray design. The
tray design should be about 2 mm shorter the
COMPONENTS OF ACRYLIC RESIN planned denture base.
• Mix the resin, form it into a ball during the dough
• Dispensing Form: Powder (polymer) Liquid stage and flatten it to an even thickness using a
(monomer) roller or two wet glass slabs. (omit this step if
• Powder using VLC resin).
1. Polymethyl Methacrylate – main • Apply petroleum jelly on the diagnostic cast to
component, in beads or pear form prevent acrylic from sticking.
2. Benzoyd/Benzoyl Peroxide – an initiator, • Adapt the resin to the cast and trim the excess
starts the polymerization process once the with a sharp knife. Allow the material to set.
powder is mixed with the monomer (place in a curing unit for VLC).
3. Dibuthyl Pthalate – act as a plasticizer, • Finish the tray by trimming the border. Border
improves the workability thickness should be about 2 to 3mm.
4. Talc or Gelatin – prevents cohesion of the • Attach a handle made of the same tray material.
beads during storage/ prolong storage life Position the handle at the anterior ridge crest
5. Dyed Synthetic Fibers – improves aesthetics area.
appearance as it produces reddish and bluish
small blood vessel appearance
6. Titanium Dioxide – fibers, hardening agents
7. Coloring Material/Pigments
• Liquid (Monomer)
1. Methyl Methacrylate – main component,
transparent, colorless liquid with sweetish
odor, toxic when inhaled in prolong periods
of time; when you’re using this monomer,
you have to use a face mask.
2. Hydroquinone – prevents premature
polymerization during storage
3. Glycol Dimethacrylate – cross linking agent,
this makes resin hard, stronger and serves as
a bridge that unites two polymerized chains
and also improves physical property of the
monomer
CUSTOM TRAY CONSTRUCTION STEPS IN MAKING DENTURE
BASE
• With a red pencil, outlined the planned extent of
the denture base. Use the following landmarks 1. Impression Taking
as basis for the design: 2. Cast Construction
o Mucobuccal fold 3. Wax Pattern
o Coronomaxillary space Construction
o Hamular notches 4. Investing of Wax Pattern
o Vibrating line 5. Wax
o Frenae Elimination/Burnout
• With a blue pencil, outline the tray design. The Procedure
tray must be designed about 2 mm shorter along 6. Preparation of Mold
the muccobuccal fold, except along the posterior Space
palatal seal area. 7. Packing of Resin Dough
• An apron about 3-4mm wider than the planned 8. Curing
postdam area, should be made instead. 9. Deflasking
• Apply petroleum jelly on the diagnostic cast to 10. Trimming and Polishing
prevent acrylic from sticking.
IMPRESSION TAKING
• Adapt the acrylic tray material to the cast
following the same procedure for mandible and • 1st step before making denture base
attach a handle. • Preliminary impression – using stock tray,
modeling compound then after making the
impression pour with plaster of Paris
• Outlining of the study cast
o Red outline is intended for the propose
denture base
o Blue outline for individual tray

• Once done with individual tray, final impression

VISIBLE LIGHT CURED RESIN (POLYMERIZING RESIN)
can now be made using alginate or rubber
• Easiest way for you to come up with and impression material (preferably A-silicone
individual tray as well as for the denture base. • Secondary impression – to construct individual
You just have to adapt it to the cast, press it hard tray for working cast
to conform with the shape of the ridge then • Working cast with outline
remove all the excess using wax carver set aside
all that is carved excess as it will be used as a
handle of the tray
later on. Place in
curing box once it is
mold for it to harden.
• Once exposed
to light it immediately
starts to set.
CAST CONSTRUCTION INVESTING THE WAX PATTERN
• Working cast 1. Prepare the metal
flasks for investing
the wax pattern by
applying petroleum
jelly on the inside
part of the upper
and lower halves,
knock out plate and
cover of the flask.
2. Soak the cast in
water until it is
SHELLAC BASE PLATE entirely wet. Do
not over soak, as
• Easiest way to come up with denture base is with this will cause the cast to etch. Apply separating
the use of shellac. medium (petroleum jelly or color guard) to the
base.
3. Mix plaster of Paris and then fill the sides of the
lower half of the flasks, leaving the center
portion with an amount of plaster mix just
enough to accommodate the cast.
4. Press the cast at the center of the lower half of
the flask. The bottom of the cast must touch the
WAX PATTERN CONSTRUCTION
base of the flask. See to it that the land area is
• Use pink wax and pass over flame to soften slightly above or at level with the rim of the flask
• Place the softened wax over the cast and press it
hard to get the exact shape of the cast
• Then place another wax over the 1st wax
• Pour melted wax (using the carver) into the
periphery of wax pattern and allow it to flow to
prevent Plaster of Paris from going inside wax
pattern during investing
• Wax pattern should be stable to the working cast
• Double processing of denture – 1st do the wax
pattern then eliminate this and then do the
denture base

• Theres folds on the edges and these folds must

be uniform in terms of thickness and height.
 5. Using the plaster WAX ELIMINATION/BURNOUT PROCEDURE AND MOLD
spatula, work SPACE PREPARATION
around the cast
1. Prepare two metal water containers. One of
so the plaster is
smoothed even these should be big enough to be filled with
with the base of water and hold two flasks.
the cast. Contour 2. Fill the containers with water and bring it to a
the plaster so running boil. One container will be used to heat-
that no undercut soak the flasks and the other to hold clean, hot
around the cast is water.
present. 3. Soak the flasks in boiling water for about 4-5
6. Allow to partially minutes. The wax should have softened by this
set. Moisten a finger and complete the time.
smoothening of the lower half. Let the plaster 4. Separate the upper and lower halves of the flasks
set completely. by inserting a blunt knife at the slot at the back
7. Apply separating medium all around the plaster of the flask. Peel off the softened wax and
investment and allow it to dry. discard.
8. Secure the upper half of the flask to the lower 5. Flush the mold space (space occupied by the wax
part. Be sure that there is metal-to-metal contact pattern) with hot water coming from the boil-out
between them. Clean the rim with a sharp knife container. Use a dipper with a hole at the
if the plaster investment interferes with this or bottom. Do not use all the water in the dipper.
re-contour the investment to accommodate the Discard it because the top portion contains wax
upper half. that can contaminate the old
6. Apply detergent and brush all the areas to
9. Mix plaster of Paris and pour it onto the upper
half. Place the flask on a vibrator to ensure that remove any trace of wax.
plaster flows to the crevices, thus reducing the PACKING THE RESIN (STAGES OCCUR ONCE THE RESINS
chances of air bubble formation. Add plaster ARE MIXED)
until the flask is full, to complete the investment.
Put the flask cover and firmly tap it to allow the • Damp/Sandy Stage
excess plaster to escape. Allow the plaster to • Sticky/Stringy Sage
completely set • Gel/Dough Stage
• Rubbery Stage
TWO METHODS OF POURING THE PLASTER OF PARIS TO • Stiff Stage
THE UPPER HALF OF METAL FLASK
DAMP/SANDY STAGE
• Single Pour Technique
o Mix the plaster then pouring it to the • Mixture is cloudy
upper half then place the cover and sandy
• Double Pour Technique/Two Capping • No reaction yet
Technique between monomer
o This is good in the presence of artificial and polymer
teeth. Should not be done without the
denture teeth. STICKY/STRINGY STAGE
o Pouring is done twice, 1st pour of the • Monomer attacks the
investing medium is only to the level of surface of polymer
the wax pattern and the tooth must still • The mixture becomes
be exposed. viscous and sticks to the
o After that, allow it to set until the initial stirring rod.
time is achieved. • If it still sticks, then it’s
o Now, mix the dental stone and this will not yet ready to be
be used to cover the denture teeth. mold. Don’t forget to
o This is done to protect the denture teeth cover every now and
from moving during the processing of then to prevent it from
denture. evaporating
GEL/DOUGH STAGE COVER THE MIXING JAR TO PREVENT EVAPORATION OF
THE MONOMER. But check every now and then if it’s still
• It is now ready to be sticky or not. It not sticky, then it’s ready to be mold.
removed from the glass
but prior to that make
sure to wet your hands.
• Mixture is easily molded
into different forms and
shapes.
• Ideal for compression
molding, no longer sticky
RUBBERY STAGE
• Mixture is rubber-like in character and no longer
flows freely
Constantly monitor the
• Cannot be molded anymore
polymerization process. The resin
o That is why before this stage, the
is ready for packing during the
mixture must be at the mold space
“dough” stage.
already.
STIFF STAGE

• Mixture is dry and resistant to mechanical

deformation During the “dough” stage, wet
your hand with water and
Again…
knead the acrylic material.
PACKING THE RESIN Form it into a ball and then roll
it. Pack it in the mold space
Prepare the acrylic mixing using your fingers.
jar and soak a piece of
polyethylene sheet in
water.
Measure enough amounts of polymer
GET THE POLYETHYLENE SHEET AND LINE IT OVER THE
and monomer, following manufacture’s
ACRYLIC. THIS WILL ENABLE YOU TO DO A TRIAL
instruction.
CLOSURE. CLOSE THE FLASK WITH THE LOWER HALF AND
APPLY A PALM PRESSURE.

EMPTY THE MEASURED MONOMER INTO THE MIXING

JAR. ADD POLYMER IN A SPRINKLING FASHION. MAKE
SURE THAT THE POWDER IS COMPLETELY WET WITH THE
MONOMER. A STIRRING ROD MAY BE USED FOR THIS
PURPOSE, TAKING CARE NOT TO STIR, AS THIS MAY
INTRODUCE AIR INTO THE MIXTURE

Put the assembled flask

into a press. This could be
accomplished by either of
the following:
• Bench press
• Pneumatic press
Pneumatic Press
Release the pressure and
gradually separate the
lower and upper halves
using a dull knife. Lift away
the polyethylene sheet and
see to it that the mold is
totally filled with resin.
The flash on the investment is
cut away using a sharp knife.
TRIAL-CLOSURE TECHNIQUE
Reassemble the flask. Clamp
this using a spring clamp and
bench cure for about 30
minutes to allow excess
monomer to evaporate.
Repeat the procedure for
other investment.
Bench Press CURING
• Heating process of
resin to allow
complete
polymerization.
• Rapid curing:
74°C/165°F water
bath for 2 hours then
increase to 100°C for 1
hour.
• Slow curing: 65 -70°C water bath for 8-9 hours
• Turn the curing unit on. Set the temperature at
65-70°C and the timer to about 8-9 hours.
• Place the flask in the water bath and leave it to
cure for the time duration.
BENCH COOLING
• After curing cycle,
retrieve the flasks
from the water bath.
Allow them to bench-
cool before divesting
the denture base.
Rapid temperature
change alters the dimensions of the base
DIMENSIONAL CHANGES DURING CURING
• Thermal Expansion – change from room
temperature to temperature of water bath
• Contraction – polymerization shrinkage of resin
• Thermal Contraction – change from room
temperature of water bath to room temperature
DEFLASKING
• Remove the lid of the
flask and put the flask
into a flask ejector.
Carefully separate the
halves of the flask
from the investment
by inserting levers at
the sides of the
ejector and engaging
the flask at the recess
provided for this purpose.
• An alternative way would be to use a mallet.
Remove the flask cap and invert the flask. Tap
the knock-out plate until the lower half of the
flask separates. Re invert the flask and tap the
stone cap until the investment is completely free
from flask.
 • Saw through the manipulation of resin and packing too
investment, making soon
several linear cuts. • Crazing – linear small cracks caused by too much
The cut must be pressure exerted during deflasking
deep enough, • Fracture – caused by too much pressure during
without damaging packing and by accidental dropping of denture
the denture base, base during deflasking.
so that the parts
will be done easily if the cast has been prepared
well with the separating medium.
• Slowly lift the denture base from the cast. Do not
force it out if there is difficulty or it may break.
Saw the cast and pry the pieces out until the base
is free from the investment.

INJECTION MOLDING TECHNIQUE

TRIMMING AND POLISHING
• Trim the “flash” (excess resins at the sides of
denture base) from the processed denture and
clean off the investing plaster.
• Polish it using a wheel rag and acryluster.
• It is important to remove the residual monomer
from the finished denture base because it can
cause irritation to the oral tissues.
• Used a special thermoplastic resin (Ivoclar)
• This technique uses special equipment including
a special bath for curing
• A sprue hole and a vent hole are formed in the
gypsum mold
• The soft resin is contained in the injector and is
forced into the mold space as needed
• It is kept under pressure until it has hardened

Example of poorly processed

denture base

DEFECTS OF DENTURE BASE

• Presence of porosities
o External Porosities – caused by
improper manipulation of investing
medium
o Internal porosities – caused by too rapid
curing process and improper
Advantages: LIGHT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE RESINS
• Dimensional accuracy • Consists of a urethane dimethacrylate matrix
(low shrinkage) with an acrylic coplymer, microfine silica fillers,
• No increase in vertical and a camphoroquinone amine photoinitiator
dimension system
• Homogenous denture • Supplied in premixed sheets having a clay like
base  Low free consistency
monomer content
• Good impact strength
Disadvantages:
• High cost of
equipment
• Difficult mold design
problems
• Less craze resistance  Special flask is required
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED
DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC
RESINS
• Also known as “self-
curing” “cold cure” or
“auto-polymerizing
resin”
• Supplied as powder
(clear, pink, tooth
colored) and liquid
• Polymerize at room
temperature
USES
• For making temporary crowns and FPDs
• Construction of special trays
• For denture repair, relining and rebasing
• For making removable orthodontic appliances
• For adding a post-dam to an adjusted upper
denture
• For making temporary and permanent denture
bases
• For making inlay and post core patterns