CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE AUTO MOBILE

The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based
on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior
styling, size, and utility preferences.
In 1768, the first steam powered automobile capable of human transportation was
built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot
In 1807, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal
combustion engine fueled by hydrogen.
In 1886, the first petrol or gasoline powered automobile, was invented by Karl
Benz This is also considered to be the first "production" vehicle as Benz made several
other identical copies.
At the turn of the 20th century electrically powered automobiles appeared but
only occupied a niche market until the turn of the 21st century.
In modern world the living status were developed and developing more equipped.
The automobile takes a great part in the development, since it plays one of a major
key in daily life.
An automobile (or automotive) is a vehicle that is capable of propelling itself.
Since seventeenth century, several attempts have been made to design and construct a
practically operative automobile.

1.1.1 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOMOBILES

The different types of automobiles found on roads are presented in Chart in a
comprehensive manner. There are in general three main classifications of the various
types of vehicle. They are:

1. The single-unit vehicles or load carriers.

2. The articulated vehicles.
3. The heavy tractor vehicles.

1
1.1.2 THE SINGLE-UNIT VEHICLES OR LOAD CARRIERS
These vehicles are conventional four-wheel types with two-axle design in
which the front axle is a steering non-driving axle and the rear axle is the driving axle.
With the advancement, many changes have been incorporated in the number of axles
as well as the driving system.

1.1.3 THE ARTICULATED VEHICLES

A larger powered three-wheeler with single steering wheel in front and a
conventional rear-driving axle falls in this category. It can be turned about its own tail
due to the three-wheel construction and has a greater handling ability in unusual
places. The coupling mechanism between semi-trailer and tractor in most of these
vehicles is designed for automatic connection\and coupling up. A lever is provided
within the driver’s approach or coupling operation. A pair of retractable wheels in
front can be raised or lowered automatically along with the coupling and uncoupling
operation.

2
1.1.4 THE HEAVY-TRACTOR VEHICLES
To move heavy loads tractor or independent tractor vehicles are used. They
commonly operate in pair either in tendon or as puller or pusher. The latter
arrangement provides stability while descending appreciable gradients. The digital
figures like 4×2, 4×4, 6×4 etc. are commonly used in the classification of vehicles,
where the first figure represents the total number of wheels and the second figure the
number of driving wheels. By increasing the number of axles, the load per axle can be
reduced which protects the type from overloading and the road surface from damage.
Wheel axles are called “live” if drive and called “dead” if non-drive. A live axle
supports the payload and provides driving attractive effort, whereas a dead axle just
supports the load.

1.2 CAR VS MOTORCYCLE

CHEAPER TO RUN
Motorcycles usually use less half the petrol a car would. A motorcycle saves
money you would otherwise burn up in smoke. It also saves your country money, as if
a more people rode motorcycles, our dependence on foreign oil would reduce.
Motorcycle riders are leaders in conservation

EASIER TO MAINTAIN
Motorcycles are easier to repair. Firstly the engine is more accessible. You go
to the bike, pull off a side cover or seat, and there is the engine. Secondly, there is less
to maintain, e.g. two wheels not four. In many ways, a motorcycle is only half a car. If
your costs for routine maintenance are not less than for a car, consider a new garage.
Finally, many repairs you can do yourself, like changing spark plugs or fitting a new
battery

EASIER TO PARK
Motorcycles are easier to park than cars. people who take half an hour to get to
work, may take just as long to find a park. What if you could ride right up to your

3
building, get off, and walk in For most motorcycle riders this is the case. A bike parks
in a third of the space of a car, so you can angle park a hundred bikes where only 30
cars will fit. Even in the busiest of places, there is usually a spot to park a bike.

HARDER TO TOW
Being towed is a reality of life (along with death and taxes). If you are the
wrong place at the wrong time you will be towed. For cars, they just lift the front or
back, and tow it off. Towing a big bike is little more difficult. They can't just drag it
away. It must be winched onto a trailer, and then carted off. If you chain the bike to a
fixture, like lamppost, it is even more difficult to tow, as the chain must be cut.
Towing a bike can be a drag. However it is not impossible, so be careful

CAN STOP ANY WHERE

The ability to pull over anytime is a real bonus. Imagine cruising a big city on
a bike, and you get lost. On a bike you can pull over anytime, look around, read road
signs and check map directions. In a car, stopping in a city will usually block the
traffic flow. When a bike pulls over, traffic flows around it, but in a car, the traffic
flow forces you on, even in directions you don’t want to go! Sometimes people end up
miles from where they want to be, simply because they could not stop and review
their situation. Even on narrow city streets, a motorcycle can pull onto the sidewalk,
for a brief “reconnaissance”. Riders can stop and look around, when a car must press
on. This is great for sightseeing and looking around new places.

FLEXIBLE IN TRAFFIC
It is a terrible feeling of helplessness, being in a stationary line of cars with
some block up ahead. Maybe someone had a crash. In a car, you have to wait,
however long it takes. You don’t even know how many miles the line stretches ahead.
However in jams, a motorcycle can usually wend its way forward, which is why
traffic police in many cities have returned to using motorcycles, some after not using
them for many years.

Traffic flexibility is why many cities are bringing back motorcycle police -
they can go where cars canot. A motorcycle needs only half the space of a car to

4
move. Another city situation is when drivers move into an intersection center when
they can’t move out the other side. When the lights change, they just sit there,
blocking the other way drivers, who honk them. However a motorcycle can move
forward through the gaps (and also honk them). It is a rare case where a motorcycle
has no movement options at all - after all, you can even get off the bike and walk it
along!

LESS BORING
The main cause of car accidents is inattention. Falling asleep at the wheel,
often momentarily, happens more often than most people think. A car is comfortable,
so if you are tired, your body tells you it is time to take a nap. Unfortunately, even a
brief mini-nap can put you into oncoming traffic. In contrast, motorcycles wake you
up, as on a bike you feel the wind, the wet, and the cold! So you are less likely to nod
off “at the handlebars” than at the wheel. Riding can be unpleasant, but boring it is
not, and this is an advantage.

LOOKS COOL
The bad-boy rider certainly has appeal, but riding to look cool, and attract the
opposite sex, is a poor reason to ride, as “showing off” makes you do stupid things,
that defy common sense, like "wheelies". You already have two wheels instead of
four, why cut it down to one

If you want get girls, get a car. Girls are more comfortable in a car for a start.
There is not much conversation on a bike (some guys find that a plus). Putting on a
helmet messes up hair and make-up. Riding picks up road dirt. Those spare gloves can
smell If it rains, forget taking your girlfriend on a bike – unless it is a test of love.
What girl wants to arrive at a party looking like the thing from the swamp

10 Reasons motorcycles are better than cars

Cars are neat, I like them a lot and I’ve been fortunate to have had a few nice
ones, but motorcycles have a long list of advantages over their 4 wheel cousins.

In my experience, if you like bikes, there’s a good chance you appreciate cars,
trucks, boats and airplanes, too, not all to the same degree but a particularly nice

5
example of any motor driven vehicle can bring on a smile. Eventually, though, most
of us have to choose among the categories if we’re going to invest our resources on
one or two vehicles (or more) and when the choice has to be made, motorcycles have
a lot to offer.

1. You can fit 3 or 4 bikes into the space occupied by one car. Make maximum use of
a small garage, buy motorcycles.

2. Motorcycles use less gas. 30 miles per gallon is on the low end and smaller engines
can get triple digit mileage.

3. Motorcycles outperform cars. Sure, some exotic cars can keep up with a Hayabusa,
but not many and the cost is usually 10 or 20 times the cost of the bike, or more.

4. You can rebuild a motorcycle if you’re mechanically inclined, you don’t have to do
very much body work. Not being particularly skilled in body and paint, I appreciate
this one.

5. Motorcycles cost less. Even classics and collector bikes can often be purchased for
the price of a very plain used car.

6. Motorcycle riders are safer they don’t text on their phones while riding.

7. Motorcycle riding can be really cozy. If you want to be a little closer to your
passenger, brake a little quicker for the next stop.

8. Motorcycle riding gets you out in the fresh air. Smell real pine trees, not the scent
of a pine shaped deodorizer hanging from the mirror.

9. Motorcycle riding develops your coordination and balance. Brake and clutch levers
for your hands, brake and shift gears with your feet, learn to balance at slow speeds,
many drivers could never do it.

10. Best of all, there has never been a recall for unintended motorcycle acceleration.

6
1.3 SOURCE OF ACCIDENTS IN MOTOR CYCLE

BICYCLE HELMET
Bicycle helmets are designed to withstand the force of a heavy impact. All
helmets are built featuring two essential protective components – a hard outer
protective shell and a soft inner lining. The inner lining of a helmet is not only
designed for comfort, but also to prevent brain injury. In fact, the primary purpose of
a helmet is not to prevent a skull fracture, but rather, to keep the brain from moving
violently within the skull and causing a closed head injury.

In cases where a defective helmet is used, the helmet fails to properly insulate
the brain from internal injury.

FRONT DISC BRAKES.

Therefore in this era of speed and pacecerta in structural and design changes in
the vehicles have been recently introduced, especially in the motorcycles i.e. the Front
Disc Brakes Motorcycle accidents constitute a big part of vehicular accidents. Injuries
to the ride involve not only one but multi organ system and are usually more
extensive and sever than those sustained by victims in other vehicular accidents was
found

No %
Type of break

Motor Cycle with Disc

Brakes ( Front wheel) 139 60.96

Motor Cycle without

89 39.04
Disc Brakes

TOTAL
228100

7
MOTORCYCLE LANE SPLITTING

Lane splitting occurs when a motorcycle drives between two lanes of stopped or
slowly moving cars, usually in traffic jams. Lane splitting is a common cause of
motorcycle accidents due to several factors:

∑ the close proximity of the cars to the motorcycle

∑ the reduced space the motorcycle has to maneuver, and
∑ the fact that the cars don't anticipate that any vehicle or motorcycle will be passing
them in slowed or stopped traffic.

If an accident occurs while a motorcycle is lane splitting, whether the motorcycle

or car is at fault depends on whether lane splitting is permissible in that state, the
views of the police officer and judge on lane splitting, and the actions of both the
driver of the car and motorcyclist prior to the accident. To learn more about lane
splitting, including factors contributing to fault and how to more safely lane split, see
Nolo's article

CARS MAKING LEFT-HAND TURNS

The single most dangerous situation for motorcyclists occurs when cars are
making left-hand turns. These collisions account for 42% of all accidents involving a
motorcycle and car. Usually, the turning car strikes the motorcycle when the
motorcycle is:

∑ going straight through an intersection

∑ passing the car, or
∑ trying to overtake the car.

These types of accidents are common between two cars as well, but the
motorcycle's smaller size makes it even less visible to the turning vehicle.
Motorcycles that pass cars within the same lane are even more vulnerable --cars don't
expect, and are often surprised by, such motorcycle maneuvers.

8
 Almost always, a vehicle that hits another vehicle while making a left-hand turn
will be found at fault for the accident. However, if the motorcyclist was speeding or in
the wrong lane, the motorcyclist may be partly at fault for the accident. In most states,
this means the motorcyclist will get less compensation from the driver of the car for
injuries and damages caused during an accident. In a few states, the motorcyclists
behavior could bar recovery altogether. (To learn more about the law when both
drivers are partially at fault, see Nolo's article

WHEEL DEFECTS

A vehicle’s wheels require careful design and assembly in order to be safe and
secure. Sometimes wheels are assembled incorrectly or carelessly during the
production process. In other wheel defect cases, the wheels have been modified with
custom rims or other features. With custom rims and wheels, the wheels are usually a
different size and width than the original wheels, which can lead to stability issues.

Other types of wheel defects, in which the materials used to construct the
wheels is weak or inferior, can cause wheel rims and tires to explode, resulting in
shrapnel injuries or chain reaction accidents.

TIRE DEFECTS

The most common tire defect is tread separation. You may remember the
Firestone defective tire recall in 2000. It was due to tread separation. Other leading
types of tire defects include tire side wall failure and tire bead failure. Premature tread
wear is another potential tire defect. All of these issues can lead to sudden tire
collapse, loss of tire pressure, and tire blowouts.

One reason tread separation occurs so frequently is that it’s an inherent by-
product of steel belted radial tires, which are the most common tires on the road today.
Rubber does not adhere to steel, so tire manufacturers coat the steel with brass, which
rubber does stick to, but brass wears down quickly, leading to other issues. Problems
(i.e. defects) arise when steel belted radial tires aren’t built correctly and carefully.

9
SIDE STAND

The side stand plays major roll while the vehicle is in rest position. The side
stand is used for supporting a parked Motorcycle it has some disadvantages takes
place as while the driver starting the motorcycle, there may be possibility of forget to
release the side stand this will caused to unwanted troubles. then the undistracted
stand hitting the ground and affected the riders control during the turn.
While the two-wheelers is concerned accidents occurs due to riding the vehicle
in high speed, ignores to use helmets, does not maintains the speed limit and forgets
to lift the side stand while riding the vehicles. These are the major source for
accidents. Forgetting to lift the side stand causes huge accidents in rural areas partly in
urban areas too, because all the other source of accident has preventive measure, but
accident due to side stand do not have proper preventive measure. If you see the
accident status 36% of the accidents occur due to this problem

S.NO During The Reason For The Accident %Of Accidents

Year

1. 2012-2015 Forgetting to lift side-stand 36%

2. 2012-2015 Does not maintain speed limit 38%

3. 2012-2015 Does not obey traffic rules 22%

4. 2012-2015 Other problems 04%

10
1.4 INTRODUCTION TO THE SIDE STAND

A side stand is a device on a bicycle or motorcycle that allows the bike to be

kept upright without leaning against another object or the aid of a person. A side stand
is usually a piece of metal that flips down from the frame and makes contact with the
ground. It is generally located in the middle of the bike or towards the rear. Some
touring bicycles have two: one at the rear, and a second in the front.

HISTORY

The earliest known side stand was designed by Albert Berruyer in 1869, and
since then sidestands have been independently reinvented many times. It was mounted
below the handlebars so was much longer than more recent designs. A shorter model
was patented by Eldon Henderson in 1926.In the 1930s, a "smaller, more convenient"
side stand was developed by Joseph Paul Treen. In 1891, Pardon W, Tilling hast
patented a design for a stand which was mounted on the pedal, but folded up flat
under the pedal when not in use.

Side stands on bicycles fell out of fashion in the 1970s, as the bicycles became
lighter, and many riders were concerned about extra weight.

A side stand is a device on a bicycle or motorcycle that allows the bike to be

kept upright without leaning against another object or the aid of a person. A side stand
is usually a piece of metal that flips down from the frame and makes contact with the
ground. It is generally located in the middle of the bike or towards the rear.

We may have witnessed motorcycle accidents because of the surface

hindrance of retracted positioned side stand. One of the most common problems that
are encountered in using the side stand is negligence or carelessness to kick back the
side stand The negligence may be due to absence of mind, urgency, divergence in
concentration and few other reas position released position "ailure to kick back the
side stand for any of the reasons stated above may hit lead to accident of the vehicle
and riders involve in the accident, sometimes fatal. To ensure safety of the rider,
during absence of mind, negligence, urgency or

11
carelessness the side stand lock link help sin knowing the state of side stand prior to
movement of vehicle

TYPES OF STANDS

SIDE STAND
A side stand style side stand is a single leg that simply flips out to one side,
usually the non drive side, and the bike then leans against it. Side stands can be
mounted to the chain stay sight behind the bottom bracket or to a chain and seat stay
near the rear hub. side stand smounted right behind the bottom bracket can be bolted
on, either clamping the chain stays, or to the bracket between them, or welded into
place as an integral part of the frame

Fig 1.1 Side stand

12
CENTER STAND
A centre stand side stand is a pair of legs or a bracket that flips straight down
and lifts the rear wheel off the ground when in use. entre stands can be mounted to the
chain stays right behind the bottom bracket or to the rear dropouts. &any motorcycles
feature centre stands in addition to side stands. The centre stand is advantageous
because it takes most of the motorcycle's weight off its tires for long term parking,
and it allows the user to perform maintenance such as chain adjustments without the
need for a motorcycles, but are omitted on most high performance sport bikes to save
weight and increase ground clearance.

The side stand lock link relates to the field of automobiles industry, especially
for two wheeler vehicles using side stand apart from the aim centre stand provided
therein for the resting of the vehicle. The side stand lock link makes the contact with
the gear lever there by indicating the person handling the vehicle about the unreleased
side stand when the rider tries to apply the gear in unreleased state of stand and
prevents him from being endanger or to have unsafe ride of motorcycle. This prevents
the rider as well the vehicle to lose the center of gravity by imbalance or surface hind
range due to retracted position of side stands and there by saves life of the rider. The
side stand lock link is cheap, rugged and easier to install without traditional
installations and fittings. The side stand of a motor bike can be retracted
automatically.

13
 Fig 1.2 Center stand

1.5 EXISTING METHODS

To prevent accidents occur due this side-stand many ECU and mechanical
project had been found.

1.5.1 MODERN ECU

In order to reduce accidents due to carelessness in lifting the side-stand, many
advance measures have been introduced like ECU, the modern ECU contains a 32 bit
and 40 MHz processor. It will be fast as pc’s microprocessor. The ECU decides
timing and functioning of engine and its parts. This play its role in dashboard, this
indicates the gear shifting, side stand, to wear helmet in digital display E.g, Hero
Honda’s Karizma ZMR. But the people ignore to listen those indicators and safety
rules. so for safe guard many mechanical projects have been found to retrieve the side
stand automatically.

14
1.5.2 MECHANICAL PROJECT

In existing mechanical project many ideas had been found to lift the
side-stand automatically.
i) One small flat rod is kept attached and pivoted between the gear
actuator lever and the side stand of the bike. when the gear is actuated
the side stand get lifted automatically.
ii) Small stepper motor is connected between the side stand and the
engine ,when engine is started the stepper motor gains the source of
power and retrieve side stand automatically

These are some methods to retrieve side stand automatically when the
vehicle moves but it is not implemented in practical use due to its drawback

1.6 DRAWBACK OF EXISTING METHODS

ECU methods are implemented only in costlier bikes but it does not
implemented in normal domestic bikes due to their cost.
When we come across those mechanical projects we could note some
drawbacks like wear out of gears, making injuries in legs while actuating gears.
Major drawback is it cannot use in all type of two-wheelers. So, in order to solve
this we thought and designed “AUTOMATIC-SIDE STAND RETRIEVE
SYSTEM” this system can be attached in all type of two-wheelers (mopeds,
geared, non-geared, hand geared bikes).

1.7 PROPOSED METHOD

Based on the working principle of two-wheeler ( i.e the power is
generated in the engine and it transmits power to the pinion and makes it to rotate.
The pinion transmits power to the rear wheel pinion and makes the vehicle to
move).This is the basic principle followed in all type of two-wheelers, based on
this “automatic-side stand retrieve system” is designed because this system works
by getting power from chain drive. This automatic system consists of four
 components, which is assembled as two set up which would be explained briefly
in construction and working part of this paper

1. LITERATURE REVIEW :

To make the operation of parking a two wheeler easier several attempts have
been made. For instance:

1.) "Motor cycle ride-off stand". This stand is fitted on the frame towards the front
end of the vehicle. This type of centre stand does not elevate the rear wheel off the
ground. Both the wheels remain in contact with the ground. Although this stand
offers reasonable side wise stability of a vehicle, forward movement of the vehicle
is unrestrained and therefore is not suitable for parking the vehicle in a gradient.

2) "Motorcycle stand". This stand consists of a pair of plates for attachment to the
forward part of the frame of a motorcycle providing a pair of bushings on the
transverse axis through which bearings the cross-bar of a U-shaped assembly is
passed. This device is a typical center stand for a motorcycle and the leg unit has
to be pushed down to achieve ground contact and the vehicle pulled back to
achieve a stable parked condition. Maintaining proper balance of the vehicle,
while operating the stand, is difficult and requires practice and skills.

3) "Motorcycle stand with safety switch". This device prevents starting of the
engine of a two-wheeled motorcycle, unless the stand is in an inoperative position.
A stand switch is opened by the stand when the latter is in a neutral position so
that the ignition circuit for the engine cannot be rendered operative, thereby
preventing actuation of the engine. This safety device is suitable for a side stand
but does not reduce the effort and balance required in deploying the stand or
taking the motorcycle from a parked position to a ready to ride position.
4) "Automatic side stand retreating device for motorcycle'. This device is suitable
for automatically folding a side stand of a motorcycle when the motorcycle is
started but not suitable for a centre stand of the motorcycle.
5) "Jack stand for motorcycles". In this device retractable leg assemblies are used
for raising the frame of a motorcycle from the ground to permit servicing the
motor cycle. Each leg assembly includes a pair of telescopically engaged members
having a cooperating pin and slot arrangement which enables them to be extended
and locked simply by extending and twisting the same. Latching mechanisms are
provided for release-ably retaining the leg assemblies in either the retracted
position for riding or the extended position for jacking. The motorcycle has to be
rocked side to side for extending the leg assemblies. This device enables stable
positioning of the motorcycle even in an uneven terrain but the effort required to
rock the motorcycle is beyond the capacity of most of the users.

6) "Main stand device for two-wheeled motorcycle". This device consists of a

main stand pivotally secured to the body frame, an actuator coupled with the main
stand, a drive source coupled to the rotational shaft so as only to transmit a drive
force from the source to the shaft for rotatably driving the shaft. The actuator is
manually operated to bring the stand from its closed position to a partly open
position to touch the ground. At this stage the rider has to operate a drive source to
rotate the stand by means of both the force of a drive source and the manual force
or only by the drive force to bring the main stand into a standing position. This
device has to be operated after the rider has disembarked from the vehicle and in
two stages to bring the vehicle to a stable parked state.
7) "Stand for motorcycle". This device has a housing having a telescopingly
extendible and retractable leg carried by the frame of a motorcycle. A camming
mechanism which drives the leg is secured to a reversible motor through a limited
torque coupling whereby the extension of the leg is automatically terminated upon
firm contact with the ground. Switching circuitry provides that the motor is
manually actuated by the operator of the vehicle. The disadvantage of using such
a device fitted to a two-wheeler is that two such units have to be fitted on either
side of the vehicle to achieve tilt free positioning of the vehicle.
8) "Motorcycle kick stand attachment". This device is a side stand with increased
ground contact surface area which prevents penetration of the kick stand into the
ground and does not reduce the effort involved in parking a two-wheeler.

9) "Motorcycle lift stand and actuator". This device uses upper and lower stand
units on each side of the motorcycle and linear actuator consisting of concentric
telescoping members. Ball screw linear actuators are precisely machined and
assembled units and are expensive.
10) "Automatic motorcycle stand having a photoelectric sensor". This device
consists of a gear box driven by a reversible DC motor set, a set of gears driven
by the reduction gear box to move the stand of the motorcycle. Two limit
switches and a photoelectric sensor control the sequence of operation of the stand.
Motor unit will be bulky and draw power from a battery provided on the two-
wheeler. Also brush type DC motors require frequent maintenance.
11) "Powered stand device for motorcycle". This device depends on a motorized
gear wheel transmission system to operate the stand unit. The stand unit is
dropped from its original back place and propped up by leverage on operating the
electric motor. Such a motor unit will be bulky and draw power from a battery
provided on the two-wheeler. Also brush type DC motors require frequent
maintenance and replacement of brushes.
In view of the above draw backs in the prior art there is a need to develop a better
and efficient centre stand for a two-wheeler.
2.1. Identification Of Problem.
From the history of motorcycle it is seen that several components are
optimized because of improved innovations and technology. Chassis, engine
assembly, tyre and suspension system are optimized but still there are several open
loop for different components. There are many unsafe problems associated with
the parking assembly, center and side stands Some problems are listed:
1) Ian Falloon (2003) has recorded that keeping scooter on side stand for a long
time adversely affects life time of tyre .
2) James R. Davis (2011) discussed about motorcycle safety and dynamics that
includes both center and side stand. Both these stands doesn’t restricts forward
motion completely (in case of inclined surface).In such a case the bike has to be
kept in the first gear when parked.
3) D. Kopernic (1984) in his studies waste content about retraction of side stand.
He pointed out that there is a regular problem in retraction of side stand. Side
stand is easy to apply but if forgotten to retract it can cause severe accident.
4) Zainul Huda (2009) found the reasons for failure of side stand. Due to excess
loading and corrosion phenomenon, large stresses are generated in the material.
Both side stand and main stand are conventionally manufactured by plain carbon
steel and there are also severe chances of corrosion on main stand. From this we
can conclude that material change is also a research gap for main stand.
5) On surveying, it was found that around 72% men and 28% women drive
scooters. Among those 72% men, around 20% are old people and remaining are
adults. It is found that women and old people find it difficult to apply center stand.
Large efforts are needed to retract the side stand. If the main stand can perform the
same work of side stand then there is no need of such a side stand. Hence, we are
developing an effort free automatic center stand.

Moreover, on applying side stand,

1) Fatigue is developed in the stand.
2) Increases chances of accident.
3) Requires more parking space.
4) On the application of side stand which is in contact with earth, reduces the
battery life time.
Because negative terminal of battery is connected to the body of the motorcycle
which is in tern connected to the vehicle stand, thus the battery gets grounded
through the stand.
Whereas applying center stand manually,
1) For heavy weight motorcycle, requires more efforts for application.
2) May cause back and/or leg injuries. From the above discussed factors it is found
that center stand needs more human effort and is a increased risk for women & old
people.

2.3 Solution For Above Problems

The automated centre stand assembly is more like a metallic rectangular
box. It is fixed at the same location that of the conventional stand. It has two main
parts; the lower unit and the upper unit. The upper unit is pivoted to the scooter
frame and the lower unit is joined to a curved surface for easy lifting. The linear
actuator is powered by automobile battery, controlled by toggle DPDT switch
which changes the polarities of the supply. The linear actuator is pivoted at the
centre of the stand assembly which distributes load equally on both the limbs of
the stand. A pair of interlocking racks helps to balance the scooter upright
 CHAPTER III
3.COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
3.1. SELECTION OF PNEUMATICS:
Mechanization is broadly defined as the replacement of manual effort by
mechanical power. Pneumatics is an attractive medium for low cost mechanization
particularly for sequential or repetitive operations. Many factories and plants already
have a compressed air system, which is capable of providing both the power or energy
requirements and the control system (although equally pneumatic control systems may be
economic and can be advantageously applied to other forms of power).

The main advantages of an all-pneumatic system are usually economy and

simplicity, the latter reducing maintenance to a low level. It can also have out standing
advantages in terms of safety.
3.2. PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS AND ITS DESCRIPTION
The pneumatic bearing press consists of the following components to fulfill the
requirements of complete operation of the machine.
 1) PNEUMATIC SINGLE ACTING CYCLINDER

2) SOLENOID VALVE

3) FLOW CONTROL VALVE

3.2.1PNEUMATIC SINGLE ACTING CYLINDER:

Pneumatic cylinder consists of
A) PISTON B) CYLINDER
The cylinder is a Single acting cylinder one, which means that the air pressure operates
forward and spring returns backward. The air from the compressor is passed through the
regulator which controls the pressure to required amount by adjusting its knob.

A pressure gauge is attached to the regulator for showing the line pressure. Then the
compressed air is passed through the single acting 3/2 solenoid valve for supplying the
air to one side of the cylinder.

One hose take the output of the directional Control (Solenoid) valve and they are
attached to one end of the cylinder by means of connectors. One of the outputs from the
directional control valve is taken to the flow control valve from taken to the cylinder. The
hose is attached to each component of pneumatic system only by connectors.
CYLINDER TECHNICAL DATA:

Piston Rod:
M.S. hard Chrome plated
Seals:
Nitrile (Buna – N) Elastomer
End Covers:
Cast iron graded fine grained from 25mm to 300mm
Piston:
-Aluminium.
Media:
-Air.

Piston:
The piston is a cylindrical member of certain length which reciprocates inside the
cylinder. The diameter of the piston is slightly less than that of the cylinder bore diameter
and it is fitted to the top of the piston rod. It is one of the important parts which convert
the pressure energy into mechanical power.

The piston is equipped with a ring suitably proportioned and it is relatively soft
rubber which is capable of providing good sealing with low friction at the operating
pressure. The purpose of piston is to provide means of conveying the pressure of air
inside the cylinder to the piston of the oil cylinder.

Generally, piston is made up of Aluminium alloy-light and medium work. Brass or

bronze or CI-Heavy duty.

The piston is single acting spring returned type. The piston moves forward when
the high-pressure air is turned from the right side of cylinder.
 The piston moves backward when the solenoid valve is in OFF condition. The
piston should be as strong and rigid as possible. The efficiency and economy of the
machine primarily depends on the working of the piston. It must operate in the cylinder
with a minimum of friction and should be able to withstand the high compressor force
developed in the cylinder and also the shock load during operation.

The piston should possess the following qualities.

a. The movement of the piston not creates much noise.
b. It should be frictionless.
c. It should withstand high pressure.

Piston Rod
The piston rod is circular in cross section. It connects piston with piston of other
cylinder. The piston rod is made of mild steel ground and polished. A high finish is
essential on the outer rod surface to minimize wear on the rod seals. The piston rod is

SOLENOID VALVE :

In order to automate the air flow in our system we have to provide an electrically
controlled valve. Electrical devices can provide more effective control, less expensive
interlocks having many additional safety features and simplified automatic sequencing
when a machine must operate in a hazardous area, remote actuation is a desirable. The
operator can provide satisfactory control though electrical devices from a remote point
with in a safe area, using a semi automatic system and these electrical flow control
devices are also in use in full automation by providing proper action signals.

Push and pull actuation can be priced b solenoids. These movements are used to open and
close the pop pet type valves. These actuations are done according to the signals given to
the solenoid coil when the decided by the program. The outlet of solenoid coil when the
decided by the program,. The outlet of solenoid valve is connected to a spray gun, which
is going to spray the paint.
SOLENOID OPERATED VALVES:
Solenoid valves are electromechanical devices like relays and contractors. A
solenoid valve is used to obtain mechanical movement in machinery by utilizing fluid or
air pressure. The fluid or air pressure is applied to the cylinder piston through a valve
operated by a cylindrical electrical coil. The electrical coil along with its frame and
plunger is known as the solenoid and the assembly of solenoid and mechanical valve is
known as solenoid valve. The solenoid valve is thus another important electromechanical
device used in control of machines. Solenoid valves are of two types,

Single solenoid spring return operating valve,(5/2)

Double solenoid operating valve.
In fig 1 is shown a single solenoid spring return valve in its de-energized condition. The
symbol for the solenoid and the return are also shown. The solenoid valve is shown
connected to the cylinder to help readers understand the solenoid valve action. In the de
energized condition, the plunger and the valve spool position as shown in figure 1.
 5/2 WAY VALVE

In this position of spool, port P is connected to port A and port B is connected to tank or
exhaust (i.e. atmosphere) if air is used. Spring pressure (S) keeps the spool in this
condition as long as the coil is de energized. Fluid pressure from port P through port A is
applied to the left side of the cylinder piston. Thus the cylinder piston moves in the right
direction. Now when the solenoid coil is energized, plunger is attracted and it pushes the
spool against spring pressure.
The new position of plunger and spool are shown in fig 2.
In this position of spool, port A gets connected to tank and port P gets connected to port B.
Thus pressure is applied to the cylinder piston from right and moves the piston rod to the left.
At the same time fluid in the other side is drained out to the tank. When the solenoid coil is
again de energized, the spring (S) will move the spool to its original position as shown in
figure 1. Thus, normally when the solenoid coil is de energized the piston rod remains

FLEXIBLE HOSES:

The Pneumatic hoses, which is used when pneumatic components such as actuators are
subjected to movement. Hose is fabricated in layer of

Elastomer or synthetic rubber, which permits operation at high pressure. The standard outside
diameter of tubing is 1/16 inch. If the hose is subjected to rubbing, it should be encased in a
protective sleeve

Manual operations involving heavy lifting. Pushing or pulling motions can be firing for the
operations and can induce a monotony which results in lowered production. Cylinders have
been designed to carry out these movements with a pre – determined force and stroke and can
be fitted to synchronize with operation cycles of many machines it is worth wile to examine
the existing plan and methods of movement and to consider the numerous mechanical
applications which the range of pneumatic cylinders make possible. Quality is to keynote of
air cylinder. Engineer them into you production setup to get the last ounce of power, speed
and efficiency to save time, space and money.
Piston is cylinder part which moves in a cylinder have corresponding hole on it. To make the
strokes effective there is no gap between them or with a very tiny gap, part of the micron. The
cylinder and its piston have a glazing surface where there is a contact between them for easy
motion of piston and avoiding wear and tear of both. The outer side of the cylinder have
mountings consists of plate and studs attached with it. But the of these mountings, the
cylinder and piston assembly can fitted on any place of the piston have threads on it for
fastening the other parts (or) accessories according the operating performed and the
application required. We can fit holding devices, Clamping materials or other metal cutting
and forming ports with which can be movable with the piston.

Pneumatics are used practically in every industry for a wide variety of manufacturing
process, pneumatics equipment’s are used for multiple reasons. The best reason is that it is air
powered ordinary air turns out to be very excellent as a fluid power components.

CHAPTER IV
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING

This venture work titled “Programmed PNEUMATIC STAND FOR TWO

WHEELER” has been considered having contemplated the trouble in standing any
sort of bike vehicle. Our study in the respect in a few car carports uncovered the
certainties that for the most part some troublesome techniques were embraced in
standing the vehicles in rest.
Presently the undertaking has mostly focused on this trouble, and consequently, an
appropriate water driven unit has been planned. To such an extent that the vehicles
can stand the floor arrive without utilization of any effect constrain. By squeezing the
catch in the dashboard, the solenoid valve actuates the pressure driven jack
consequently. The manufacture some portion of it has been considered with near case
for its straightforwardness and economy, to such an extent this can be obliged as one
of the fundamental apparatuses on vehicle carports.

PRESENTATION:
This gadget the bike Pneumatic remain for standing the vehicle carports has
been created to later the requirements of bike-car carports. In the vast majority of the
carports, the vehicles are remaining by utilizing spring with liver stand. This needs
high labor necessity and effect powers.
Keeping in mind the end goal to dodge every single such disservice, this bike
pneumatic stand has been composed such that it can be utilized to stand the vehicle
easily with no effect compel. The task is made be basic that even any individual can
take care of, by simply squeezing the catch.
WORKING OPERATION:
The dash cushion switch was enacted at the season of any breakdown condition. The
control flag is given to the solenoid valve when the catch is initiated. The oil is gone
from the compressor to the solenoid valve through stream control valve.
The solenoid valve is initiated at the season of dash cushion catch “ON”. The
compacted liquid (air) goes to the pressure-driven barrel. The compacted air pusses
the pneumatic chamber cylinder and push ahead. The RAM is settled toward the finish
of the single acting pneumatic barrel. The cylinder moves towards the ground and the
smash is standing the vehicle. The solenoid valve is deactivated at the season of dash
cushion catch “OFF”. The pneumatic barrel liquid (air) goes to the climate through a
solenoid valve.
ADVANTAGES:
 It requires basic support cares
 The moving parts of this framework are cooled by the oil itself utilized. Hence this
undertaking does not require any cooling courses of action.
 The stacked vehicles can be standing effectively.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION:
 As we know that the centre stand is the integral part of two wheeler vehicle. To make the
vehicle in a stable position. That is in a well balanced position we generally apply the centre
stand but it is very difficult for old women and handicap person. To use the present centre
stand so by considering all the design parameter &above condition. We notified the existing
design &make the centre stand automated. Thus it is concluded that the use of this modified
centre stand makes the human effortless and make the vehicle in were at optimum cost
balanced condition rough surfaces (uneven surfaces) at optimum cost.
REFERENCE :

a. Everett, S.A., Shults, R.A., Barrios, L.C., Sacks, J.J., Lowry, R. and Oeltmann, J.
Trend and subgroup differences in transportation related injury risk and safety
behaviors among high school students.

b. Reeder, A.I., Chalmers,D.J. and Langeley, J.D. The risky and protective
motorcycling opinions and behaviors of young on road motorcyclist in New
Zealand

c. A journal paper ‘motorcycle accidents- case study and what do learn from
them’ by Ecker, H. Viema University of Technology,

d. Hurt, H.H., Ouellet, J.V. and Thom, D.R. Motorcycle accident cause factors.

e. Grayson, G. and Hakkert, A.Accident analysis and conflict behaviour. In J.

Rothengatter and R. de Bruin (eds) Road user and traffic safety.

f. Malaterre, G. Error analysis and in- depth accident analysis.

g. Yin, R.K., case study research, Applied Social research Methods vol. 5.
London Sage Publication.

h. Frederick G.Taylor and R.L GRANSTON, “bicycle support”, U.S.patent

456,347

i. W.S. Harley and Arthur R. Constantine assignors to Harley Davidson Motor

Co., Milwau-kee, “Cycle Support”, U.S. Patent 1,675,551
33