Sustainable Sanitation

Is
Smart Sanitation

GERARDO F. PARCO March 3, 2008

University of San Carlos, Cebu
Sustainable Coastal Tourism
in Asia
(SCOTIA) – Philippines

GERARDO F. PARCO
Sustainable Coastal Tourism in Asia
SCOTIA
• Promote Sustainable Tourism practices in the
following areas
– Sanitation- Wastewater Management
– Solid Waste Management
– Coastal Resource Management
• Proactive Technical Assistance
• Project end: August 31, 2007 (extension 10 months)
SCOTIA sites
Sanitation Intervention
• Panglao, Bohol
• Mactan, Cebu
• Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro
• El Nido, Palawan
• Balayan Bay, Batangas
• Moalboal, Cebu
Puerto Galera
El Nido, Palawan
Water Useage
Use Percentage %
Kitchen 15
Drinking 5
Shower 10
Laundry 20
Toilet Flush 40
Others -Car Wash, watering 10
garden
The waste
generator
Human Waste Generation

• Urine 500 liter/cap/annum

• Feces 50 kg/cap/annum
 Human Impact of Pathogens in Wastewater
Disease Agent Comment

Infectious Hepatitis recently isolated Due to transmission by water,

milk and food including oysters
and clams
Poliomyelitis Poliovirus Just one of a group of 100
enteic viruses found in
wastewater
Dracontiasis Ringworm

Nematodes Ascaris spp

Schistosomiasis Schistosoma spp. Helminths

Tapeworms Taenia spp

 Human Impact of Pathogens in Wastewater
Disease Agent Comment

Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Spores are resistant to

treatment
Cholera Vibrio cholera Initial wave of epidemic
cholera is waterborne.
Secondary cases and
endemic cases are by
contact, food and flies.
Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi Principal vehicles are water
and food.
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Wastewater is possible
mode of transmission
Microscopic Picture of Pathogen
Impacts of Domestic Waste Discharge

• Coliform in the water

• Turbidity
• Algal Bloom
• Distinct Odour
• Septic Conditions
Other Contaminants

• Detergent
– Surfactants
– Phosphorus
• Oils and Greases
• Silt
Our Past Coastal Tourism Hot Spots
• 1920’s Tondo White Beach
• 1950’s – Cavite
– Lido Beach
• 1970’s – Talisay, Cebu
– Tangke
• 1980’s – Matabungkay / Nasugbu
Boracay Pollution Event
• One article in the Philippine Daily
Inquirer
• Feud between DENR Sec. Vic Ramos
and Tourism Sec. Mina Gabor
• PTA steps in.
• Capital Cost approx. P 300 M
• Full Sewerage and Central Treatment
Green Algae of
Boracay
Conventional Western Solution
Sewerage
• Collection of Wastewater for Treatment in a
Centralized System

Collection

Treatment
 MAJOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

• Manila – 10% sewered

• Baguio – 45% sewered
• Areas in Manila
- Makati
- Dagat-dagatan area
- Sta. Ana / Roxas Blvd / Tondo
- Alabang Village
- Fort Bonifacio
• Boracay
 SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Existing discharge points of combined sewerage system of Olongapo

City.
 OLONGAPO CITY Kalayaan IMHOFF
SCHEME 1: CENTRAL Treatment Tank
(Primary Treatment)
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN
SBMA Central

Binictican Aerobic Digester

Enron IMHOFF Treatment Tank (Primary Treatment)
(Primary Treatment)

PROPOSED CENTRAL STP

Service Area:

• SBMA Central
• Industrial Park
• Olongapo City
• Kalayaan Housing Area
• Binictican & Bayani Village Housing Area Binictican Clarifier Digester
• Subic International Airport (Primary Treatment)
• Formerly Naval Air Station (NAS) Area
• Hospital

Cubi Hospital IMHOFF

(Primary Treatment)

SCHEME 1: CENTRALIZED SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

 Low Cost

Wastewater Treatment
Source Facility
CONVEYANCE
 Low Cost

Wastewater Treatment
Source Facility
CONVEYANCE
 Low Cost

Wastewater Treatment
Source Facility
CONVEYANCE
 Low Cost

Wastewater Treatment
Source Facility

On Site
Systems
Sanitation - Philippines

• Systems built on-site to treat or partially treat

wastewater
– Septic Tanks
– Pit Latrines
Water Sealed Toilet with Septic Tank

Bantayan Island, Cebu

 Major Trends
Common infrastructure:

Pour-Flush
Toilet
Pit Lining Scum

Pit Clear Zone

Sludge

Pour flush pit latrine Septic tank

Septic Tank – Leaching Field

Scum

Clear Zone

Sludge
Scum

Clear Zone

Sludge
Septic Tank – Leaching Field

Scum

Clear Zone

Sludge
 Major Trends

Overhung Latrine
Wooden
lining

Fish Pond

Unsanitary pit privy Overhang Latrine

Local Practices
Squat toilet Sit toilet wipers/washers

Negros: 16 % Negros: 53 % Negros:

no answer 28%
washers 53 %
wipers 19%

Bohol:
no answer 7%
both 14 %
washers 62 %
Bohol: 45 % Bohol: 44% wipers 17 %
How do we design more
sustainable and smarter
options?
Are we stuck with either
septic tanks
or
complete sewerage
collection?
New ideas / solutions

• Engineered Reed Bed Systems

• Water Garden Treatment Units
• Decentralized systems
• Ecological Sanitation / Dry Sanitation
• Vegetated Swales
Reed Bed Systems

• Natural Treatment System

• Low operating cost
• Land requirement
Typical Reed Bed Construction
Engineered Reed Beds

• Low operating and maintenance cost

• Aesthetic appeal
• State of the art – Natural Treatment System
Philippine Reed Bed systems

• Fishermen’s Village, Bayawan City

• Alchohol distillery, Nasugbu, Batangas
• Laba eh, Nasugbu, Batangas
• Shell station, Dasmarinas, Cavite
• Buri Resort, Puerto Galera
• Oops Bar Resort, Panglao
• Ayala IT Park Cebu City
Local reed (Phragmytes Karka)
Tambo
Alcohol Distillery
Alcohol Distillery
UP student thesis
Whyalla, Australia
Coke Oven Effluent
Bayawan City Fishermen’s Village
Gawad Kalinga
700 households
183 m3 per day
2700 m2
Buri Resort, Puerto Galera
Sa Baybayon
Restaurant
Cordova, Cebu
Lagen Resort
El Nido
Palawan
Pangulasian
Island
El Nido
Palawan
CPDRC
Cebu
CPDRC terraced cascading reed beds
Other Sites with Engineered Reed
Beds
• Oops Bar, Panglao
• Dive Solana, Mabini Batangas
• Locsin Residence – Puerto Galera
• Annanyana Resort – Panglao (proposed)
• Amarela Resort – Panglao
• Badian Slaughterhouse
• Moalboal Public Market and Slaughterhouse
 1 x HOUSEHOLD UNIT

Internal Dimensions – 4mlong x 1.5mdeep x 2mwide

SEWAGE & WASTE-WATER TREATMENT by Roots + Microbes

Outward Appearance.. Lush Garden

4m Decorative
internal capping

dry sand

gravel
1.5m

limestone

Domestic unit x 4 person (western*) household

*total - black & grey water 500litres/person/day

Septic Reinforced Concrete Structures

tank
1. Anaerobic (septic) Tank 2m x 2m x 2m
2. Garden Tank 4mlong x 1.5mdeep x 2mwide
Village Scale System
Cheap & Productive!
ECOSAN – Ecological Sanitation

• Closing the loop

• Reuse Human Excreta as a resource
• Pollution Prevention in the household level
• New paradigm in sanitation for Developing Countries
• Low water useage
• Low energy input
ecosan
Panglao ecosan - GTZ
Bulking material

• Ash
• Rice Hull
• Saw Dust
• Soil
• Lahar
• Soil / Sand
Drum with
Saw dust
Ecosan Toilet
in San
Fernando, LU
SMART Solutions to Sanitation

• Anaerobic Treatment Systems

– Optimize pretreatment
• Natural Treatment Systems
– Engineered Reed Bed Systems
• Water Garden Concept – soil based systems
• Swales
Acknowledgements
SCOTIA – USAID
BORDA
GTZ
Mark Mulingbayan
Noel Saratan
 Thank you
Good Afternoon