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Eurocode 1 2.2 PDF
Eurocode 1 2.2 PDF
1991-2-2:1996
Eurocode 1:
Basis of design and
actions on structures —
Part 2.2: Actions on structures exposed
to fire —
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
National foreword ii
Foreword 2
Text of National Application Document iii
Text of ENV 1991-2-2 7
© BSI 03-2000 i
DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996
National foreword
This Draft for Development has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1 and is
the English language version of ENV 1991-2-2:1995 Eurocode 1: Basis of design
and actions on structures — Part 2.2: Actions on structures exposed to fire, as
published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This Draft for
Development also includes the United Kingdom (UK) National Application
Document (NAD) to be used with the ENV in the design of buildings to be
constructed in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
ENV 1991-2-2:1995 results from a programme of work sponsored by the
European Commission to make available a common set of rules for the structural
and geotechnical design of building and civil engineering works.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
An ENV is made available for provisional application, but does not have the
status of a European Standard. The aim is to use the experience gained to modify
the ENV so that it can be adopted as a European Standard.
The values for certain parameters in the ENV Eurocodes may be set by individual
CEN members so as to meet the requirements of national regulations. These
parameters are designated by [ ] in the ENV.
During the ENV period reference should be made to the supporting documents
listed in the National Application Document (NAD).
The purpose of the NAD is to provide essential information, particularly in
relation to safety, to enable the ENV to be used for buildings constructed in
England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The NAD takes precedence over
corresponding provisions in the ENV.
The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document A 1992, draws attention to
the potential use of ENV Eurocodes as an alternative approach to Building
Regulation compliance.
Users of this document are invited to comment on its technical content, ease of
use and any ambiguities and anomalies. These comments will be taken into
account when preparing the UK national response to CEN on the question of
whether the ENV can be converted to an EN.
Comments should be sent in writing to the Secretary of Subcommittee B/525/1,
BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, quoting the document reference,
the relevant clause and, where possible, a proposed revision, within 2 years of the
issue of this document.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to xii,
the ENV title page, pages 2 to 32 and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
ii © BSI 03-2000
DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996
National Application
Document
for use in the UK with
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
Contents of
National Application Document
Page
Introduction v
1 Scope v
2 References v
3 Partial safety factors and other values to be used in ENV 1991-2-2 v
4 Reference Standards v
5 Additional recommendations vi
Annex A (normative) Description of occupancies ix
Annex B (normative) Thermal properties of typical compartment linings x
Figure 1 — Definition of building height vii
Table 1 — Values to be used in referenced clauses in place of
ENV boxed values v
Table 2 — Reference in ENV 1991-2-2 to other publications vi
Table 3 — Fire test correlation factor vi
Table 4 — Factors quantifying consequences of failure (*q1) to be used
in equation (1) vii
Table 5 — Factors quantifying risk of failure (*q2) to be used in
equation (1) viii
Table 6 — Active protection factor viii
Table 7 — Characteristic variable fire load densities viii
Table 8 — Conversion factor viii
List of references xi
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c) Annex E (5)
The ventilation factor, defined by wf in equation
(E.3), shall be limited to values between 0.5
and 3.0.
Annex A (normative)
Description of occupancies
Occupancy is a means of describing the use classification of a building or (where the building is sub-divided
into compartments) to a compartment. The occupancy description should describe the main use of the
compartment. Where a building contains more than one compartment, with differing occupancy, each
compartment may be treated individually, with due regard in each compartment of the possible increased
risk from adjacent compartments. In all cases, due regard shall be given to the relevant guidance contained
in National Building Regulations with regard to provision of the fire-resisting (separating) function.
Occupancy Description
Flats Flat, maisonette.
Dwellings Dwellinghouse.
Institutional Hospital, nursing home, home for old or children, school with living
accommodation, place of detention, where such persons sleep on the premises,
hotel, boarding house, residential college, hall of residence.
Offices Offices or premises used for the purposes of administration, clerical work,
handling money, communications, radio, television, audio or visual recording
or performance (not open to public).
Shops Shops or premises used for a retail trade or business (including sale to
members of the public food or drink for immediate consumption on the
premises), and premises to which the public is invited to deliver or collect
goods in connection with their hire, repair or other treatment.
Assembly & recreation Place of assembly, entertainment and recreation; including bingo halls,
broadcasting, recording & film studios open to the public, casinos, dance halls,
entertainment–, conference, exhibition & leisure centres, funfairs &
amusement arcades, museums & art galleries, non-residential clubs, theatres,
cinemas, concert halls, educational, establishments, dancing schools,
gymnasia, swimming pool buildings, riding schools, skating rinks, sports
pavilions, sports stadia, law courts, churches & other buildings of worship,
crematoria, libraries open to the public, non-residential day centres, clinics,
health centres & surgeries, passenger stations & termini for air, rail, road and
sea travel, public toilets, zoos & menageries.
Industrial Factories and other premises used for manufacturing, altering, repairing,
cleaning, washing, breaking-up, adapting or processing any article, generating
power or slaughtering livestock.
Storage Place of storage or deposit of goods or materials.
Car parks (open) Car parks designed to admit and accommodate cars, motor cycles and
passenger or light goods vehicles weighing no more than 2 500 kg (gross), with
no basement storey. Each storey is to be naturally ventilated by permanent
openings having an aggregate vent area not less than 5 % of the total floor
area, at that level, of which at least 50 % should be on opposing walls.
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DD ENV 1991-2-2:1996
Annex B (normative)
Thermal properties of typical compartment linings
Thermal Inertia
Nature of Compartment Linings
(J/m2s1/2K)
Bounding structures of ordinary concrete 2 400
Brickwork 1 500
Bounding structures of lightweight concrete (density = 500 kg/m3) 700
50 % of bounding structures of ordinary concrete and 50 % lightweight concrete 1 500
Ordinary plasterboard 750
Vermiculite plaster 650
Bounded with 33 % lightweight concrete and 67 % plasterboard (2 ×13 mm thick) stud 1 000
partition
50 % bounding structures of lightweight concrete, 33 % ordinary concrete and 17 of 1 200
plasterboard (13 mm thick) on blockwork
80 % bounding surfaces of sheet steel and 20 % ordinary concrete 2 000
20 % bounding surfaces ordinary concrete and 80 % double plasterboard (2 ×13 mm 1 320
thick) stud partition
Wood 450
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Normative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
Other publications
DoE/WELSH OFFICE. The Building Regulations 1991, Approved Document B, Fire Safety; 1992 Edition.
London: HMSO.
NORTHERN IRELAND. The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1990. SRNI 1990. No. 59.
Belfast: HMSO. CONSIEL INTERNATIONAL DU BATIMENT (CIB). A conceptual approach towards a
probability based design guide on structural fire safety. Report of a CIB W14 Workshop. Structural Fire
safety. January 1983, published in Fire Safety Journal; No. 1, Vol 6. Elsevier. 1983, ISSN 0379-7112
CONSIEL INTERNATIONAL DU BATIMENT (CIB). Design guide — Structural fire safety, published in
Fire Safety Journal. No. 1, Vol 9. pp 77–136. Elsevier, 1986.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Council Directive (89/106/EEC), The Approximation of laws, regulations and
administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products. 21st December 1988.
Official Journal of the European Communities, Vol 32. 1989. ISSN 03786978.
LAW M. and O’BRIEN T., Fire safety of bare external steel, Constrado, 1981.
© BSI 03-2000 xi
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EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD ENV 1991-2-2:1995
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
February 1995
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM
ICS 91.040.00
English version
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europäisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© 1995 All rights of reproduction and communication in any form and by any means reserved in all
countries to CEN and its members
Ref. No. ENV 1991-2-2:1995 E
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
2 © BSI 03-2000
ENV 1991-2-2:1995
Matters specific to this Prestandard (21) The Structural Eurocodes deal with specific
aspects of passive fire protection in terms of
(16) The scope of Eurocode 1 is defined in designing structures and parts thereof for adequate
clause 1.1.1 and the scope of this Part of Eurocode 1 load-bearing capacity and for limiting fire spread as
is defined in 1.1.2. Additional Parts of Eurocode 1 relevant.
which are planned are indicated in clause 1.1.3. (22) Required functions and levels of performance
(17) This Part is complemented by a number of are generally specified by the national
annexes, some normative and some informative. authorities — mostly in terms of standard fire
The normative annexes have the same status as the resistance rating. Where fire safety engineering for
sections to which they relate. assessing passive and active measures is accepted,
(18) The general objectives of fire protection are to requirements by authorities will be less prescriptive
limit risks with respect to the individual and and may allow for alternative strategies.
society, neighbouring property, and where required, (23) It is recognized, however, that fire safety
directly exposed property, in the case of fire. engineering calls for more general fire models than
(19) Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC included in this document. Such fire models may be
gives the following essential requirement for the given in future supplements, which will be prepared
limitation of fire risks: after prenormative research is completed.
“The construction works must be designed and built (24) On the other hand it is also recognized, that the
in such a way, that in the event of an outbreak of fire acceptance of fire models by national authorities
differs throughout Europe and that present national
— the load-bearing capacity of the construction
regulations may only allow for a design for standard
can be assumed for a specified period of time;
fire resistance requirements.
— the generation and spread of fire and smoke
(25) Therefore this document mainly covers thermal
within the works are limited;
actions arising from the standard temperature-time
— the spread of fire to neighbouring construction curve and other nominal temperature-time curves.
works is limited; Physically based (parametric) thermal actions are
— the occupants can leave the works or can be only dealt with where simplified analytical models
rescued by other means; or direct design data are available; they are given in
— the safety of rescue teams is taken into informative annexes. The field of application for the
consideration”. various thermal actions and design procedures,
including national supplements, will be specified by
(20) According to the Interpretative Document
the national authorities.
“Safety in Case of Fire” the essential requirement
may be observed by following various fire safety (26) Application of the thermal actions according to
strategies, including passive and active fire this Part and the design of structures according to
protection measures. the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999 is illustrated in Table 1.
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Contents Page
Annex F (normative) Basis of design —
Page supplementary clauses to ENV 1991-1 for
Foreword 2 the structural analysis in fire design
Objectives of the Eurocodes 2 situations 30
Background to the Eurocode programme 2 Figure C.1 — Deflection of flame by wind 21
Eurocode programme 2 Figure C.2 — Flame dimensions, no through
draught 21
National Application Documents (NAD’s) 2
Figure C.3 — Deflection of flame by balcony 23
Matters specific to this Prestandard 3
Figure C.4 — Flame dimensions, through or
Section 1. General
forced draught 24
1.1 Scope 7
Figure C.5 — Deflection of flame by awning 25
1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991 — Eurocode 1 7
Table 1 — Design procedures 4
1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-2 Actions on
Table D.1 — Net calorific value Hu of
structures exposed to fire 7
combustible materials 28
1.1.3 Further Parts of ENV 1991 7
Table D.2 — Format for fire load classification
1.2 Normative references 7 of occupancies 29
1.3 Distinction between principles and Table E.1 — Conversion factor kb depending
application rules 8 on the thermal properties of the enclosure 30
1.4 Definitions 8
1.5 Notations 10
Section 2. Design procedure and classification
of actions 12
Section 3. Fire design situations
3.1 Accidental situations 13
3.2 Design fire 13
3.3 Exposure to fire 13
3.4 Post-fire situations 13
Section 4. Actions for temperature analysis
(thermal actions)
4.1 General rules 14
4.2 Nominal temperature-time curves 14
4.2.1 General 14
4.2.2 Standard temperature-time curve 15
4.2.3 External fire curve 15
4.2.4 Hydrocarbon curve 15
4.3 Parametric fire exposure 15
Section 5. Actions for structural analysis
(mechanical actions) 16
Annex A (informative) Parametric fire
exposure 17
Annex B (informative) Parametric
temperature-time curves 17
Annex C (informative) Thermal actions for
external members — simplified calculation
method 18
Annex D (informative) Fire load densities 26
Annex E (informative) Equivalent time of
fire exposure 29
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ENV 1991-2-2:1995
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
1.1.1 Scope of ENV 1991 — Eurocode 1
(1) P ENV 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with
ENV 1992-1999.
(2) It may also be used as a basis for the design of structures not covered in ENV 1992-1999 and where other
materials or other structural design actions are involved.
(3) ENV 1991 also covers structural design during execution and structural design for temporary
structures. It relates to all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance.
(4) ENV 1991 is not directly intended for the structural appraisal of existing construction, in developing
the design of repairs and alterations or, for assessing changes of use.
(5) ENV 1991 does not completely cover special design situations which require unusual reliability
considerations such as nuclear structures for which specified design procedures should be used.
1.1.2 Scope of ENV 1991-2-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
(1)P This Part is concerned with actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended for use in conjunction
with the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999 which give rules for designing structures for
fire resistance.
(2) Thermal actions given in the main text of this document are mainly confined to nominal thermal
actions. Some data and models for physically based thermal actions are given in informative annexes.
(3)P This Part provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works and shall be used in conjunction with ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design”, other Parts of
ENV 1991 and ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999.
(4)P Application of this Part and the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999 is only valid, if
the normal temperature design of structures is in accordance with the relevant Structural Eurocodes.
(5) This Part also covers structural design for temporary structures relating to the subjects mentioned
in 1.1.2 (1)P. It relates to all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance
in fire exposure.
1.1.3 Further Parts of ENV 1991
(1) Further Parts of ENV 1991 which, at present, are being prepared or are planned are given in 1.2.
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1.4 Definitions
For the purposes of this Prestandard, a basic list of definitions is provided in ENV 1991-1, “Basis of design”
and the additional definitions given below are specific to this Part.
1.4.1
configuration factor 9 [–]
ratio between the solid angle by which, from a certain point of the member surface the radiating
environment can be seen, and 2 ;
1.4.2
convective heat transfer coefficient !c [W/m2·K]
convective heat flux to the member related to the difference between the bulk temperature of gas bordering
the relevant surface of the member and the temperature of that surface
1.4.3
design fire
a specified fire development assumed for design purposes
1.4.4
design fire load density qd [MJ/m2]
the fire load density considered for determining thermal actions in fire design; the value of qd makes
allowance for uncertainties and safety requirements
1.4.5
effects of actions E
moments, forces, stresses, deformations (as compared to action effects S: Only forces and moments.)
1.4.6
external fire curve
a nominal temperature-time curve intended for the outside of separating external walls, which can be
exposed to fire from different parts of the facade, i.e. directly from the inside of the respective fire
compartment or from a compartment situated below or adjacent to the respective external wall
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1.4.7
external member
structural members located outside the building enclosure which may be exposed to fire through openings
in the building enclosure
1.4.8
fire compartment
a space within a building extending over one or several floors which is enclosed by separating members
such that fire spread beyond the compartment is prevented during the relevant fire exposure
1.4.9
fire load Q [MJ]
the sum of calorific energies which are released by combustion of all combustible materials in a space
(building contents and construction elements)
1.4.10
fire load density q [MJ/m2]
the fire load per unit area,
related to the floor area: qf
related to the surface area of the total enclosure, including openings: qt
1.4.11
fire resistance
the ability of a structure or part of a structure or a member to fulfill required functions (load bearing
function, and/or separating function), for a specified fire exposure and for a specified period of time
1.4.12
fire wall
a wall separating two spaces (generally two buildings) which is designed for fire resistance and structural
stability, including resistance to horizontal loading such that, in case of fire and failure of the structure on
one side of the wall, fire spread beyond the wall is avoided
1.4.13
fully developed fire
the state of full involvement of all combustible surfaces in a fire within a specified space
1.4.14
hydrocarbon fire curve
a nominal temperature-time curve for representing hydrocarbon type fire loads
1.4.15
indirect fire actions
thermal expansions, thermal deformations or thermal gradients causing forces and moments
1.4.16
load bearing function
the ability of a structure or a member to sustain specified actions during the relevant fire, according to a
defined criteria
1.4.17
net heat flux hnet [W/m2]
energy per unit time and surface area absorbed by members
1.4.18
normal temperature design
ultimate limit state design for ambient temperatures according to Part 1.1 of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999 for the fundamental combination (see Part 1 “Basis of design” of ENV 1991)
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1.4.19
resultant emissivity ¼ [–]
the ratio between the actual radiative heat flux to the member and the net heat flux that would occur if the
member and its radiative environment are considered as black bodies
1.4.20
separating function
the ability of a separating member to prevent fire spread by passage of flames or hot gases (integrity) or
ignition beyond the exposed surface (thermal insulation) during the relevant fire exposure
1.4.21
separating members
structural and non-structural members (walls or floors) forming the enclosure of a fire compartment
1.4.22
standard fire resistance
the ability of a structure or part of it (usually only members) to fulfill required functions (loadbearing
function, and/or separating function), for the standard fire exposure — for a stated period of time.
Normally, standard fire resistance requirements are expressed in terms of periods of time such as 30, 60
or more minutes
1.4.23
standard temperature-time curve
a nominal curve for representing mainly cellulosic type fire loads
1.4.24
structural members
the load-bearing members of a structure, including bracings
1.4.25
temperature analysis
the procedure of determining the temperature development in members on the basis of the thermal actions
(net heat flux), the thermal material properties of the members and of protective surfaces, where relevant
1.4.26
temperature-time curves
gas temperatures in the environment of member surfaces as a function of time. They may be
— nominal, in terms of conventional curves, adopted for classification and verification of fire resistance,
e.g. the standard temperature-time curve;
— parametric, determined on the basis of fire models and the specific physical parameters defining the
conditions in the fire compartment.
1.4.27
thermal actions
actions on the structure described by the net heat flux to the members
1.5 Notations
(1) For the purpose of this Prestandard, the following symbols apply.
NOTE The notations used are based on ISO 3898:1987.
(2) A basic list of notations is provided in ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design” and the additional notations below
are specific to this Part.
Latin upper case letters
A action from fire exposure
Aind indirect fire action
E effect of actions
G permanent action
Q variable action
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where:
tfi,d design value of the standard fire resistance
tfi,requ required standard fire resistance time
Rfi,d,t design value of the load bearing resistance for the fire situation
Efi,d,t design value of the relevant effects of actions for the fire situation
Gd design value of material temperature
Gcr,d design value of the critical material temperature
(4)P Actions on structures from fire exposure are classified as accidental actions, see ENV 1991-1.
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NOTE For structures, where the national authorities comprehensively specify structural fire safety requirements, it may be
assumed in the design that the relevant fire design situations are accounted for by the requirements.
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where:
9 configuration factor [–]
¼res resultant emissivity [–]
Gr radiation temperature of the environment of the member [°C]
Gm surface temperature of the member [°C]
5,67 · 10– 8 Stefan Boltzmann constant [W/m2°K4]
(4) Where the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999 give no specific data, the configuration
factor should be taken as 9 = [1,0].
(5) For the resultant emissivity ¼res relevant for nominal temperature-time curves, see 4.2.
(6) The radiation temperature Gr may be represented by the gas temperature Gg, see 4.1 (11).
(7) The surface temperature Gm results from the temperature analysis of the member according to the fire
design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and 1999, as relevant.
(8) The convective heat flux component per unit surface area should be determined by:
·
hnet,c = µc·(Gg – Gm) [W/m2] (4.2)
where:
!c coefficient of heat transfer by convection [W/m2°K]
Gg gas temperature of the environment of the member in fire exposure [°C]
Gm surface temperature of the member [°C]
(9) For the coefficient of heat transfer by convection !c relevant for nominal temperature-time curves,
see 4.2.
(10) On the unexposed side of separating members, heat flow due to radiation may be neglected and for
convection !c = [9] [W/m2°K] may be adopted.
(11) Gas temperatures Gg may be:
— adopted as nominal temperature-time curves, see 4.2;
— specified in terms of physical parameters, see 4.3.
where:
·
hnet,c is given by equ. (4.2)
·
hnet,r is given by equ. (4.1)
¾n,c factor to account for different national types of test and equals [1,0]
¾n,r is equal to [1,0] as ¾n,c
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where:
¼f emissivity related to fire compartment, usually taken as [0,8]
¼m emissivity related to surface material; where the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and
ENV 1999 give no specific data, ¼m should be used as [0,7]
where:
Gg gas temperature in the fire compartment [°C]
t time [min]
where:
Gg gas temperature in the environment of the [°C]
member
t time [min]
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Annex A (informative)
Parametric fire exposure
A.1 General
(1) Gas temperatures for calculating the net heat flux should be determined on the basis of physical
parameters considering at least:
— the fire load density;
— ventilation conditions.
A.2 Fire models
(1) Calculations should be based on the assumption that the relevant fire load is burnt out — except where
national specifications allow for limited periods of fire resistance in parametric exposure.
(2) For fire compartments with approved extinguishing systems — for which structural fire design is
nevertheless required — the design fire load density may be adapted according to Annex D, D.1.
(3) With reference to 4.1 of the main text the following applies:
— For external members, the radiative heat flux component should be calculated as the sum of the
contributions of the fire compartment and of the flames emerging from the openings;
— For internal members only the contribution of the fire compartment to the radiative heat flux needs
to be considered.
(4) For internal members of fire compartments, gas temperatures may be calculated in accordance
with Annex B.
(5) For external members exposed to fire from openings in the facade, Annex C may be used.
(6) Where internal members are designed according to prescriptive rules or tabulated data for the standard
temperature-time curve, an equivalent time of fire exposure may be used, see Annex E.
Annex B (informative)
Parametric temperature-time curves
(1) The following temperature-time curves may be used in accordance with the national field of application.
They are valid for fire compartments up to 100 m2 of floor area, without openings in the roof and for a
maximum compartment height of 4 m.
(2) If fire load densities are specified without specific consideration to the combustion behaviour
(see Annex D), then this approach should be limited to fire compartments with mainly cellulosic type fire
loads.
(3) The temperature-time curves in the heating phase are given by:
Gg = 1 325 (1 – 0,324 e–0,2t* – 0,204 e–1,7t* – 0,472 e–19t*) (B.1)
where:
Gg temperature in the fire compartment [°C]
t* = t·+ with [h]
t time [h]
+ = [O/b]2/(0,04/1160)2 [–]
where b = ( @c2 ) should observe the limits: 1 000 k b k 2 000 [J/m2s1/2K]
O opening factor: Av h /At with the following limits: 0,02 k O k 0,20 [m1/2]
Av area of vertical openings [m2]
h height of vertical openings [m]
At total area of enclosure (walls, ceiling and floor, including openings) [m2]
@ density of boundary of enclosure [kg/m3]
c specific heat of boundary of enclosure [J/kgK]
2 thermal conductivity of boundary of enclosure [W/mK]
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(4) To account for enclosures with different layers of material b = ( @c2 ) should be introduced as:
(B.2)
where:
si thickness of layer i
ci specific heat of layer i
2i thermal conductivity of layer i
bi = ( @i ci 2 i )
(5) To account for different materials in walls, ceiling and floor b = ( @c2 ) should be introduced as:
b = CbjAtj/CAtj (B.3)
where:
Atj area of enclosure including openings with the thermal property bj
(6) The temperature-time curves in the cooling phase are given by:
Gg = Gmax – 625 (t* – td*) for td* k 0,5 (B.4)
Gg = Gmax – 250 (3 – td*)(t* – td*) for 0,5 < td* < 2 (B.5)
Gg = Gmax – 250 (t* – td*) for td* U 2 (B.6)
where:
Gmax maximum temperature in the heating phase [°C] for t* = td*
td* = (0,13 · 10–3 qt,d · +)/O [h]
qt,d design value of the fire load density related to the surface area At of the enclosure whereby
qt,d = qf,d·Af/At [MJ/m2] the following limits should be observed: 50 k qt,d k 1 000 [MJ/m2]
qf,d design value of the fire load density related to the surface area Af of the floor [MJ/m2]
(7) The resultant emissivity ¼res and the coefficient of heat transfer by convection !c should be in accordance
with 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 of the main text.
Annex C (informative)
Thermal actions for external members — simplified calculation method
C.1 Scope
(1) This method allows the determination of:
— the maximum temperatures of a compartment fire;
— the size and temperatures of flame from openings;
— radiation and convection parameters.
(2) This method considers steady-state conditions for the various parameters.
C.2 Symbols and units
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(C.1)
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(2) When there are windows on more than one wall, the ratio D/W has to be obtained as follows:
(C.4)
where
W1 width of the wall 1, assumed to contain the greatest window area;
Aw1 sum of window areas on wall 1;
W2 width of the wall of the fire compartment, perpendicular to wall 1.
(3) When there is a core in the fire compartment, the ratio D/W has to be obtained as follows:
— Definition given in C.3 (6) applies;
— C1 and C2 are the length and width of the core;
— W1 and W2 are the length and width of the fire compartment:
(C.5)
(4) In an external wall, the window is all the part of this wall not having the fire resistance (REI) required
for the stability of the building.
(5) The total area of the window in an external wall is:
— the total area, according to (4), if it is less than 50 % of the area of the relevant external wall of the
compartment;
— firstly the total area and secondly 50 % of the area of the relevant external wall of the compartment
if, according to (4), the area is more than 50 %. These two situations have to be considered for
calculation. When using 50 % of the area of the external wall, the location and geometry of the open
surfaces have to be chosen to lead to the worst case.
(6) The size of the fire compartment should not exceed 70 m in length, 18 m in width and 5 m in height.
(7) The flame temperature has to be taken as uniform across the width and the thickness of the flame.
C.4 Effects of wind
C.4.1 Mode of ventilation
(1) If there are windows on opposite sides of the fire compartment or if additional air is being fed to the fire
from another source (other than windows), the calculation must be done with forced draught conditions.
Otherwise, the calculation is done with no forced draught conditions.
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(1) Flame from an opening has to be assumed to be leaving the compartment fire (Figure C.1):
— perpendicular to the facade;
— with a deflection, due to the wind effect, of + 45° and – 45° with the facade.
C.5 Characteristics of fire and flame
C.5.1 No forced draught
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(C.6)
(C.7)
(C.8)
Comment:
With Ô = 0,45 kg/m3 and g = 9,81 m/s2, this equation may be simplified to give:
R 2/3
z = 12,8 ---- – h (C.9)
w
where:
I axis length from window to the point where the calculation is made
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(13) If an awning or balcony (with horizontal projection: ha) is located at the level of the top of the window
on its whole width, for the wall above the window and h k 1,25 w, the height and horizontal projection of
the flame should be modified as follows:
— the flame height z given in (3) is decreased by h a 2 ;
— the horizontal projection of the flame x given in (6), is increased by ha.
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(C.22)
Comment:
With u = 6 m/s, z = 11 R/Aw1/2 – h
Comment:
with u = 6 m/s, x = 1,33 (z + h)/h0,22
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[K] (C.27)
Where:
l axis length from the window to the point where the calculation is made
(10) Emissivity of flame:
¼ = 1 – e–0,32 (C.28)
Comment:
With u = 6 m/s, ! = 0,0098 (1/d)0,4 (R/Aw + 3,75)0,6
(12) Effect of balcony or awning: After being deflected horizontally by a balcony or awning, the flame
trajectory is the same as before, displaced outwards by the depth of the balcony, but the value of X is
unchanged.
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Annex D (informative)
Fire load densities
D.1 Values for calculation
(1) The fire load density used in calculations should be a design value, based on measurements or in special
cases a nominal value, based on fire resistance requirements of regulations.
(2) The design value may be determined:
— from a national fire load classification of occupancies and/or,
— specific for an individual project by performing a fire load survey.
(3) The design fire load density is defined as:
qd = *q · *n · qk (D.1)
where:
qk fire load density determined
— from a fire load classification of occupancies and/or
— for a specific project;
*q safety factor depending on the consequences of failure and frequency of fires, according to national
specifications;
*n differentiation factor accounting for active fire protection measures (if not considered in the fire
model) — according to national specifications; for approved fire extinguishing systems *n = [0,6]
may be used.
D.2 Determination of fire load densities
D.2.1 General
(1) All combustible building contents and construction elements, including linings and finishings should be
accounted for.
(2) The following clauses of D.2 apply for the determination of fire load densities
— from a fire load classification of occupancies (see D.3) and/or
— specific for an individual project (see D.4).
(3) Where fire load densities are determined from a fire load classification of occupancies, fire loads are
distinguished as
— fire loads from the occupancy, given by the classification;
— fire loads from the building (construction elements, linings and finishings) which are generally not
included in the classification and are then determined according to the following clauses, as relevant.
D.2.2 Definitions
(1) The characteristic fire load is defined as:
Qfi,k = C Mk,i · Hui · mi · ?i = CQfi,k,i [MJ] (D.2)
where:
Mk,i amount of combustible material [kg], according to (3) and (4)
Hui net calorific value [MJ/kg], see (D.2.4)
[mi] optional factor describing the combustion behaviour, see (D.2.5)
[?i] optional factor for assessing protected fire loads, see (D.2.3)
(2) The characteristic fire load density qk per unit
area is defined as:
qk = Qfi,k/A [MJ/m2] (D.3)
where
A floor area (Af) of the fire compartment or reference space, or inner surface area (Af) of the fire
compartment, giving qf,k or qt,k
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(3) Permanent fire loads, which are not expected to vary during the service life of a structure, should be
introduced by their expected values resulting from the survey.
(4) Variable fire loads, which may vary during the service life of a structure, should be represented by
values, which are expected not to be exceeded during 80 % of time.
D.2.3 Protected fire loads
(1) Fire loads in containments which are designed to survive fire exposure need not be considered.
(2) Fire loads in non-combustible containments with no specific fire design, but which remain intact during
fire exposure, may be considered as follows:
The largest fire load, but at least 10 % of the protected fire loads are associated with ?i = 1,0.
If this fire load plus the unprotected fire loads are not sufficient to heat the remaining protected fire loads
beyond ignition temperature, then the remaining protected fire loads may be associated with ?i = 0,0.
Otherwise, ?i-values need to be assessed individually.
D.2.4 Net calorific values
(1) Net calorific values should be determined according to ISO 1716.
(2) The humidity of materials may be taken into account as follows:
Hu = Huo (1 – 0,01 u) – 0,025 u [MJ/kg] (D.4)
where:
u moisture content in % by weight
Huo net calorific value of dry materials
(3) Net calorific values of some solids, liquids and gases are given in Table D.1.
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Annex E (informative)
Equivalent time of fire exposure
(1) The following approach may be used in accordance with the national field of application. In contrast
to Annex B this approach is intended for use where the design of members is by tabulated data or other
simplified rules, related to the standard fire exposure.
(2) If fire load densities are specified without specific consideration of the combustion behaviour
(see Annex D), then this approach should be limited to fire compartments with mainly cellulosic type fire
loads.
(3) The equivalent time of fire exposure is defined by:
te,d = qf,d kb·wf
= qt,d kb·wt [min] (E.1)
where:
qd design fire load density according to Annex D
kb conversion factor according to (4)
w ventilation factor according to (5), whereby
wt = wf At/Af
(4) Where no detailed assessment of the thermal properties of the enclosure is pursued kb may be adopted
as:
kb = 0,07 [min · m2/MJ] when qd is given in [MJ/m2] (E.2)
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otherwise kb may be related to the thermal property b = ( @c2 ) of the enclosure according to Table E.1. For
determining b for multiple layers of material or different materials in walls, floor, ceiling, see Annex B (4)
and (5).
Table E.1 — Conversion factor kb depending on the
thermal properties of the enclosure
b = ( @c2 ) kb
[J/m2s1/2K] [min · m2/MJ]
where:
!v = Av/Af area of vertical openings Av in the facade related to the floor area of the compartment
where the limit
0,025 k !v k 0,25 should be observed
!h = Ah/Af area of horizontal openings Ah in the roof related to the floor area of the compartment
bv = 12,5 (1 + 10 !v – !v2) U 10,0
H height of the fire compartment [m]
For small fire compartments [Af < 100 m2] without openings in the roof, the factor wf may also be calculated
as:
wf = O–1/2 – Af/At (E.4)
where:
O opening factor according to Annex B
(6) It shall be verified that:
te,d < tfi,d (E.5)
where:
tfi,d design value of the standard fire resistance of the members, assessed according to the fire Parts of
ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999
Annex F (normative)
Basis of design — supplementary clauses to ENV 1991-1 for the structural
analysis in fire design situations
F.1 General
(1) In principle the general format given in ENV 1991-1 for design procedures is applicable.
(2) This annex provides supplementary guidance applicable to structures exposed to fire regarding the
simultaneity of actions and the combination rules.
F.2 Simultaneity of actions
F.2.1 Actions from normal temperature design G, Q
(1) P Actions shall be considered as for normal temperature design, if they are likely to act in the fire
situation.
(2) Representative values of variable actions, accounting for the accidental situation of fire exposure,
should be introduced in accordance with F.3.
(3) Decrease of imposed loads due to combustion may not be taken into account.
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(4) Cases where snow loads need not be considered, due to the melting of snow, should be assessed
individually.
(5) Loads resulting from industrial operations are generally not taken into account, e.g. horizontal forces
from a braking crane.
F.2.2 Additional actions
(1) Depending on the accidental situations according to 3.1 to be considered in design, additional actions
may need to be applied during fire exposure, e.g. impact due to collapse of structural elements or heavy
machinery.
NOTE Design values Ad are specified by the authority or in consultation with the client.
(2) For fire walls a horizontal impact may need to be considered. They should sustain horizontal impact
with a design energy, Ad = 3 000 Nm.
F.3 Combination rules for actions
F.3.1 General rule
(1)P For obtaining the relevant effects of actions Efi,d,t during fire exposure, the mechanical actions shall be
combined in accordance with ENV 1991-1 “Basis of design”, using the following accidental combination
(given in symbolic form):
C *GA·Gk + ?1,1·Qk,1 + C ?2,i·Qk,i + C Ad(t) (F.1)
where:
Gk characteristic values of permanent actions
Qk,1 characteristic value of one (the main) variable action
Qk,i characteristic values of the other variable actions
Ad (t) design values of actions from fire exposure according to sections 4 and 5, as relevant
*GA = [1,0] partial safety factor for permanent actions in the accidental situation
?1,1, ?2,i combination coefficients for buildings according to ENV 1991-1.
where:
Ed the design value of the relevant effects of actions from the fundamental combination according to
ENV 1991-1 (including partial factors *F)
Efi,d,t the corresponding design value for the fire situation
)fi = (*GA + ?1,1·K)/(*G + *Q·K) is a reduction factor, depending on K = Qk,1/Gk, which is the global ratio
between the main variable and permanent actions applied to the structure
(4) Relevant values for )fi are given in the fire design Parts of ENV 1992 to 1996 and ENV 1999.
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where:
Rd the loadbearing resistance of the member, determined according to the Parts 1.1 of ENV 1992
to 1996 and ENV 1999
)fi,t the load level for fire design.
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DD ENV
1991-2-2:1996
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