OT101: HISTORY OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY

1700-1899

Age of Reason / Age of Enlightenment

- logical thinking was most trustworthy way of knowing was gaining dominance
- leaders in several European countries embraced the idealism (The theoretical position that
phenomena and events exist only in so far as they are perceived as ideas. The idealist believes
that thoughts are prior to actions, and that the mental or cognitive world is more important than
the material world.) and egalitarian views (A social doctrine that emphasizes the goal of equality
among all members of a society—or, indeed, all humanity.) that were prevalent and instituted
reforms to strengthen their nations.
- goals of progress, increased tolerance, and dedication to removal of the historical abuses of
church and state, such as persecution and corruption.
- beginning of the Industrial Revolution, methods of mass production led to the printing and wide
distribution of books, helping to spread ideas broadly

18th Century --- Moral Treatment

- the “insane” were creatures of reason and therefore must be treated with compassion
- also applied to physical illness because health and illness were viewed as related to patient
character and spiritual development

HULL HOUSE - settlement house in Chicago started by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
- poor people living in urban areas of Chicago. Volunteers often lived in the communities
and taught practical skills of living
- help people escape poverty and become productive, self-reliant members of society

People who Influenced OT

JOHN LOCKE, a physician and philosopher who lived in the late 17th century and died in 1704, is
vancing many ideas like SENSORY LEARNING
credited with and
advancingmany ideas that later influenced the philosophy and practices of
only sa OT but asta sad sa Philosophy
occupational therapy, including sensory learning (having sense organs that when stimulated,
produce “ideas of sensation.” These ideas of sensation, in turn, are operated on by our minds to
produce “ideas of reflection.” Thus, ideas come to us via our senses, which in turn can be turned
into new ideas via reflection.) and pragmatism (an approach that assesses the truth of meaning
of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application.)

PHILIPPE PINEL, superintendent of the Bicetre and Salpetriere asylums in Paris, reportedly ordered the
s sa mga inmates.. that's why siya ang pioneer
removal of humanitarian
of chains from sometreatment
of
the inmates held in these places and is widely regarded as a
pioneer of a more humanitarian treatment of the insane. His actions are repeatedly described as
emblematic of the societal movement known as moral treatment.

WILLIAM TUKE, an English businessman and philanthropist who founded the York retreat, is credited
nt didto.. he gipa remove ang mga restraints
with beingandthephysical
fatherpunishments and encourage
of the moral treatmentto do work activitiesTuke
movement. insteadwas
sa mga patients by
appalled parathe
maka learn og self-control &
inhumane
conditions he observed at the York lunatic asylum and sought a radical, more compassionate
approach to mental health treatment. He eliminated restraints and physical punishment and
 encouraged conditions where patients could learn self-control and improve self-esteem through
participation in leisure and work activities.

ADOLF MEYER was a Swiss-educated physician who emigrated to the United States in 1892 seeking an
academic appointment at the University of Chicago. Unable to get a faculty appointment, Meyer
al programs and teaching. Mao nay naka influence sa iyang thinking nga naa diay connections and OCCUPATION og MENTAL ILLNESS.
landed at the Eastern Illinois Asylum at Kankakee, a large mental institution typical of those
during the era. As the head alienist (a term used for psychiatrists of the day), Meyer introduced
an individualized approach to treatment and in so doing began a decades-long career of
innovation and leadership in American psychiatry. While on a trip to the Chicago World’s Fair
in 1893, Meyer injured his leg and, during a brief convalescence in the city, visited Hull House
and was impressed with the practical programs of activity and teaching that were used there. It
is likely that this experience influenced Meyer’s thinking about the connections between
occupation and mental illness, concepts to appear in an important paper (the philosophy of
occupation therapy) he would deliver three decades later an early meeting of the newly created
American Occupational Therapy Association.

1900-1919
treatment and a patient-centered... in this decade TB is the prominent disease. The aim
n the community Emmanuelism, started by an Episcopal minister named Elwood Worcester in Boston as part of
an effort to provide community-based treatment for indigent persons with tuberculosis
(Quiroga, 1995). The Emmanuel movement was patient centered, holistic, community
based, and comprehensive, involving social services and lay practitioners.

Herbert J. Hall adopted a work-based approach to treating neurasthenia, a functional nervous

disorder
para kana nga sakit.. Hall's work cure seeks to makeresulting in fatigue
patients engage actively inand listlessness
arts and thought
crafts ... some to bybeskilled
are taught caused by the stress of
artisans.
societal change and the cultural emphasis on productivity and efficiency. Hall agreed
that the rest cure was the wrong treatment for neurasthenia. Instead, Hall’s work
cure at the Marblehead sanatorium in Massachusetts sought to actively engage patients
in arts and crafts such as weaving, basketry, and pottery taught by skilled artisans.
First Occupational Therapist Susan E. Tracy works in a hospital in Massachusetts as a trainer of nurses and use work cure.

William Rush Dunton Jr., a psychiatrist practicing at the Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Asylum in
rking in the Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Asylum. Siya angto
Baltimore, in teach
charge of
hisprograms in occupation
own course and later wroteand
on occupations his own book on
recreations
for nurses working
there. In 1912, Dunton was placed in charge of programs in occupation and later wrote
his own book on occupational therapy.

Eleanor Clarke Slagle social work students in a course called curative occupations and
recreations believed that the principles taught there could be applied usefully to idle
patients in the state mental hospital at Kankakee.

One of the patients (or students of Worcester) was an architect, George Edward Barton, who
was recovering from tuberculosis and hysterical paralysis and suffered during work
assignments
eating his tuberculosis... he studied nursing in the Western
and opened CONSOLATION houseUnited
which heStates.
hoped of Barton wascurative
the emerging so influenced by his personal
occupation philosophy.
experiences with the work cure that he became a zealot for using occupations in the
recovery of physical illness. On his discharge, he studied nursing at the sanitarium’s
school and opened “Consolation House,” a convalescence center in which he hoped to
apply the ideas of the emerging curative occupation philosophy.
 March 1917, the first organizing meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Occupational
Therapy was hosted by George Barton at Consolation House in Clifton Springs, New
York. In attendance at that meeting were Barton, his secretary Isabel Newton, William
Rush Dunton Jr., Eleanor Clarke Slagle, Thomas Kidner, and Susan Cox Johnson.

Developments in OT momentum
pation workers from the mental hygiene movement.
World War I - The need for occupation workers in asylums had received significant impetus from
thebecause
apon sila in placement of their trained aides mental hygiene
some physicianmovement,
seen OT reform efforts in mental health, and for patients
es nabutang sa hospital-- attitues began to change.
recovering from physical injuries and chronic illnesses such as tuberculosis.

Despite the success in recruiting and training qualified reconstruction aides for the war effort,
the initial placement of these trained aides proved to be difficult because some
physicians viewed occupational therapy as a fad, failing to appreciate that it may have a
worthwhile role in the reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts. However, after
occupational therapy reconstruction aides were assigned to a base hospital in Bordeaux,
France, attitudes began to change when the benefits of their services became fully
apparent.

Dr. William Dunton Jr. succeeded Barton as president in 1917, and his friend, Eleanor Clarke
Slagle, succeeded him in the role.

1920-1939
cial application of PT and that, two discipline should merge.
standardizing educational programs

forced idleness during convalescence was not only morally wrong but also disorienting and physically
debilitating.

Frank H. Krusen, MD had a clear influence on the practice of occupational therapists in rehabilitation.
Krusen believed that occupational therapy was simply a special application of physical therapy
(Krusen, 1934) and that the two disciplines should merge. This point of view had adherents in
Canada, where training programs combined the theory and practices of both professions and
produced graduates who could be dually credentialed.

1940-1959
f mental illness plagued not only of the clients but also of their families.
World War II - treat veterans returning from war

Mental health institutions were overcrowded and the rate of alcoholism and juvenile delinquency
skyrocketed (Dworkin, 2010). As the stigmatizing effects of mental illness plagued the decade,
patients and their families began organizing, and efforts were made to address concerns not
only of the clients but also of their families. Deinstitutionalization

With battlefield medicine focused on saving severely wounded soldiers, the development of prosthetics
and orthotics gained momentum during this period. Occupational therapists became involved in
prosthetic training, which often entailed the use of adapted tools and involved strengthening
and conditioning.

Karl and Berta Bobath - physiotherapists who developed the popular neurodevelopmental treatment
(NDT), originally designed for persons with cerebral palsy but later applied to others with various
for patients with cerebral palsy, but later on naka discover sila nga pwede diay ma apply sa lain nga neurodevelopmental disorders. This intervention uses normal play enviro

neurological deficits and developmental conditions. Although the technique originally used
manual techniques to control tone and movement patterns, once they noticed a lack of
generalization, the Bobaths expanded their intervention to use normal play environments and
natural contexts to encourage neurological development.

Ruth A. Robinson, an army colonel, helped create occupational therapy educational programs for those
preparing to serve in the military. Robinson proposed an accelerated training program to meet
the needs for expansion during the Korean War.

Margaret Rood stressed the importance of reflexes in early development and emhasized the use of
facilitation and inhibition techniques.

1960-1979

New medicines, more neurodevelopmental disorders

Mary Reilly, clinician in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, famously proclaimed, “Man, through the
use of his
hands as they are energized by mind and will, can influence the state of his own health”

A. Jean Ayres develop her practice model of sensory integration. MSI

Gail Fidler emphasized the use of occupation as a means for emotional expression.

Elizabeth Yerxa emphasized the importance of advancing theory to the benefit of practice. She asserted
the need for occupational therapists to take steps toward professionalism, produce research,
and focus on the unique assets of the profession, including purposeful activity and the practice
of authentic occupational therapy.

1980-1999

Outside of physical medicine, advances in psychiatric rehabilitation were influenced by a paradigm shift
away from an expert model toward inclusion of the consumer in treatment decisions. Within
mental health, the recovery model emerged, highlighting the importance of skill training,
consumer empowerment, and the development of cooperative alliances in psychiatric
rehabilitation. Within this model, concepts of self-determination are emphasized along with
empowerment, consumer rights, and community involvement. Goals of mental health recovery
included reduced symptoms, enhanced quality of life, and emphasis on personal meaning,
purpose, and values.

Legislations for PWDs were signed into law.

2000-Present

In occupational therapy education, the growth of clinical doctorate programs escalated during the
period. Online and hybrid educational programs also increased, offering a significant portion of
curricular content to be delivered over the Internet. This trend accelerated with the growth of
online social networking and the development of new digital learning technologies and the
advent of mobile wireless smartphones and tablet computing devices.
OT in the Philippines
PCAU 1
1945 - the Philippine Civil Administration Unit I General Hospital (Mandaluyong Emergency Hospital) was
created to care for the Filipino and American military and civilian casualties of WWII

ANDRE ROCHE – French therapist introduced OT He introduced OT in the PH

1948 - Conchita M. Abad was given a fellowship grant to study OT in the Philadelphia School of OT at
the University Of Pennsylvania under the recommendation of Andre Roche, UN consultant in
OT in the Philippines

1949 - Charlotte Aspuria graduated BSOT in Milwaukee Downer College, University Of Wisconsin after
a year of training in New York Goldwater Memorial Hospital. She was the first Certified Filipino
OT in the United States

1950 - Conchita M. Abad was granted a certificate in OT and returned to the Philippines to spearhead
the reirganization of OT sections in Hospitals

1959-1961 - Charlotte Aspuria-Floro and Conchita M. Abad collaborated to produce an OT curriculum

SAMP
November 1962 - School of Allied Medical Profession was established. It was the first school in Asia to
offer a baccalaureate degree in OT.
OTAP
1965 - On September, the Occupational Therapy Association of the Philippines was established.

1968 - OTAP was admitted as full member organization of the WFOT during the 8th council meeting in
Sweden, with 22 member nations

June 21, 1969, the Republic Act 5680, Act of Creating a Board Exam for OT and PT was sponsored by Rep
Jose M. Aldeguer and was chaired by the president of OTAP, Fe Isaac Saño.

1970 - Philippine Decade of Rehabilitation was declared (1970-80) PDR

June 1973 - 1st OT board exam was given

1980 - American Occupational Therapy Certification Board Exam was made available in the Philippines

1992 - Velez started the BSOT program, first batch graduated in 1997.

Prepared by

Nikki Y. Pestaño, OTRP, RYT

OT101 Course Coordinator