PRACTICUM (3RD QUARTER) 1.

Poor sanitation is linked

to transmission of
HYGIENE AND SANITATION
diseases such as
 CLEANLINESS – quality or cholera, diarrhea,
state of being clean ; the dysentery, hepatitis A,
practice of keeping oneself or typhoid, and polio
one’s surroundings clean exacerbates STUNTING
 HYGIENE – refers to 2. INADEQUATE
behaviors that can improve SANITATION is
cleanliness and lead to good estimated to cause
health, such as frequent 432,00 diarrheal
handwashing, face washing, deaths annually
and bathing with soap and 3. In 2010, the UN
water General Assembly
recognized access to
*50% of diarrheal disease safe and clean drinking
associated deaths could be water and sanitation as
reduced by washing hands with a human right
soap and water  FOOD HYGIENE – the
*400,000 die of diarrhea each year conditions and measures
necessary to ensure the
 TINEA PEDIS (ATHLETE’S safety of food from
FOOT) – fungal infection production to consumption ;
 RINGWORM – around the food can become
body contaminated at any point
 JOCK ITCH (HADHAD) – during slauthering or
singit and thigh harvesting, processing,
 PUBIC LICE/ “CRABS” storage, distribution,
 DECUBITUS ULCER transportation and
preparation
BENEFITS OF IMPROVING
 SANITATION – effective use SANITATION:
of tools and action that keep
our environment healthy ; Benefits of improved sanitation
these includes toilets to extend well beyond reducing the
manage waste, food risk of diarrhea,
preparation, washing
 Reducing the spread of
stations, effective drainage,
intestinal worms,
and other such mechanisms
schistosomiasis and
trachoma, which are
neglected tropical diseases
 ACCORDING TO WHO:
 that cause suffering for SHITSUKE – SELF-DISCIPLINE –
millions SARILING KUSA
 Reducing the severity and
impact of malnutrition

TYPES OF WASTE IN MOTHER AND CHILD

HOSPITAL
WHAT IS MATERNAL AND
 GENERAL (plastic, gasa, CHILD?
etc.)
- the care of childbearing
 INFECTIOUS (infected like
(pregnancy and childbirth)
tissue)
and childrearing (upbringing
 PATHOLOGICAL (galling sa
of a child) families
body)
 SHARPS (needle, syringes) COVERAGE OF MATERNAL
 PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHILD NURSING
(expired na gamot)
 GENOTOXIC (malalason,  PRECONCEPTUAL
poisoning, cancer) HEALTH CARE – not yet
 CHEMICAL WASTE pregnant ; family planning
(laboratory sa loob ng  CARE OF WOMEN
hospital) DURING THREE
 PRESSURIZED CONTAINER TRIMESTERS OF
(oxygen tank, lalagyan PREGNANCY AND THE
anesthesia) PUERPERIUM
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE  CARE OF CHILDREN
(chemotherapy, radiation) DURING PERINATAL
PERIOD – fetus stage
WHAT IS A GOOD  CARE OF CHILDREN
HOUSEKEEPING? FROM BIRTH THROUGH
Housekeeping is not just ADOLESCENCE
cleanliness. It includes keeping  CARE IN SETTINGS
work areas neat and orderly.
 REPRODUCTIVE
5’S OF HOUSEKEEPING DEVELOPMENT –
SEIRI – SORT – SURIIN physiologic readiness for
childbearing begins during
SEITON – SEGREGATE – intrauterine life
SALANSANIN XX = F XY = M
SEISO – SANITIZE – SIMUTIN  INTRAUTERINE
DEVELOPMENT – sex of an
SEIKETSU – STANDARDIZED – individual is determined at
SIGURUHIN
 the moment of conception by – 12 weeks – external
the chromosome information genitals in male is
of the particular ovum and visible and with no
sperm present testosterone
 GONAD – body organ that for female, the labia
produce sex cells (ovary & minora forms
testis)
 PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT
*MESONEPHRIC DUCT = M
– secondary sex changes
(WOLFFIAN)
emerge
*PARAMESONEPHRIC DUCT = F  GIRLS (AGE 9-12)
(MULLERIAN) begins dramatic
development and
 PRIMITIVE GONADAL maturation
TISSUES – formed  BOYS (12-14) usually
approximately week 5 of undergoes puberty
intrauterine life. In both later than girls
sexes, two undifferentiated
ducts are present ROLE OF ANDROGEN:

*BY WEEL 7 OR 8 produced by the adrenal cortex,

testis, and ovaries,
 CHROMOSOMAL MALE
– gonadal tissues  EFFECTS:
primitive testes and
 increases speed of muscular
begins formation of
development
testosterone
 increases sebaceous gland
EFFECTS OF
secretion (both sexes)
TESTOSTERONE:
 appearance of the male pubic
o Mesonephric duct
hair
begins to develop  laryngeal enlargement
into the male  maturation of spermatozoa
reproductive organ
o Paramesonephric ROLE OF ANDROGEN:
duct regresses triggered at puberty by FSH ;
ovarian follicles begins to excrete
 CHROMOSOMAL FEMALE high level of estrogen
– if testosterone is not yet
present by week 10, the COMPONENT OF ESTROGEN:
GT differentiates into
 Estrone, E1
ovaries
 Estradiol, E2
– paramesonephric
 Estriol, E3
develops into female
reproductive organ GIRLS:
  Development of uterus – an extension of the
 Fallopian tubes abdominal muscle and
 Vagina it contracts and pulls
 Breast development the testes neared to
(thelarche) the body
o TESTES
– male gonads
– oval organs each about
4-5 cm long
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
– outer part of the testes
FUNCTIONS: consists of thick white
connective tissue
1. MALE
capsules
 production of sperm
– extension of the
cells
capsules project into
 sustaining and transfer
the interior of testes
of the sperm cells to
and divided each testis
the female
into lobules
 production of male sex
– within the lobules are
hormones
seminiferous
TESTES, GLANDS, SERIES OF tubules/lobules, in
DUCTS (EPIDIDYMIS, DUCTUS which sperms develop
DEFERENS/ VAS DEFERENS,
URETHRA), DARTOS(muscle in SEMINIFEROUS
the scrotum) TUBULES
↓
o SCROTUM RETE TESTIS
– saclike structure ↓
containing the testis EFFERENT DUCTULES
– divided into left/right ↓
compartments by an EPIDIDYMIS 
incomplete connective SPERM CELLS
tissue septum MATURE
– beneath the layer of
the scrotum is a layer o DUCTUS DEFERENS/VAS
of smooth muscle DEFERENS
called dartos – emerges from the
o DARTOS epididymis and
– contracts = scrotum ascends along posterior
becomes wrinkled and side of the testis to
reduce its overall size become associated
o CREMASTER with blood vessels and
 nerves that supply the lubricates the urethra
testis and neutralize acid
o SEMINAL VESICLE
– sac-shaped gland that
produces 60% of
seminal fluid. Duct
from seminal vesicles
and ductus deferens
forms the ejaculatory
duct
– Fructose, Protein,
Prostaglandin
o PENIS
– contains three columns 2. FEMALE
of erectile tissue.  production of female
Engorgement of tissues sex cells (oocytes)
with blood causes the  reception of sperm cell
penis to enlarge and from the male
become firm (erection)  nurturing the
– CIRCUMCISION – development of and
surgical removal of the producing nourishment
prepuce (foreskin) for new individual
o PROSTATE GLAND  production of female
– consist of both sex hormones
glandular and muscular o OVARIES
tissue is about the size – small organs
of walnut suspended in the pelvic
– surrounds the urethra cavity by ligaments
and ejaculatory ducts – the outer part of
– secretes prostatic fluid ovaries is made up of
– Benign Prostatic dense connective
Hyperlasia (BPH) tissue called ovarian
o BULBORETHRAL follicle
GLANDS o UTERINE
– pair of small mucus- – location of fertilization
secreting glands – part of uterus which
located near the base extends toward ovaries
of the penis and receive ooctyes
– size of pe o FIMBRIAE
– produces mucuos – Fringe-like structures
secretion that: around opening of
uterine tubes that help
 sweep oocyte into – larger, outer folds of
uterine tubes skin
o UTERUS o LABIA MINORA
– PERIMETRIUM – serous, – thin, inner folds of skin
outermost layer o CLITORIS
– MYOMETRIUM – – small erectile structure
muscular, middle layer, located in vestibule
smooth muscle o PREPUCE
– where 2 labia minora
unite over clitoris
o VESTIBULE
– Space in which vagina
– ENDOMETRIUM –
and urethra are located
innermost layer that is
shed during
o MAMMARY GLANDS
menstruation
– FUNDUS – body of – organs of milk
uterus production, located in
– CERVIX – narrow region breasts (modified milk
that leads to vagina, production)
very muscular, – PROLACTIN (stimulates
attaches to vagina at milk production) and
the fornix OXYTOCIN (causes
o VAGINA contraction of
myoepithelial cells)
– female copulation
– consists of lobes
organ that receives
around by adipose
penis during
tissue
intercourse
– MASTITIS – skin
– allows menstrual flow
redness inflammation
– involved in childbirth
of lobes
– very acidic (low pH) to
o MENSTRUAL CYCLE
keep bacteria out
– FORNICES – serves as a – ABNORMAL (from
place for pooling of evolutionary
semen standpoint) series of
o VULVA changes that occur in
sexually mature, non-
– external female organs
pregnant females and
o MONS PUBIS
that culminate in
– fatty layer of skin
MENSES (period of mild
covering pubic
hemorrhage in which
symphysis
part of endometrium is
o LABIA MAJORA
expelled from uterus)
 – AVERAGE in 28 days  Oxytocin level rise at the
and results from onset of labor, causing
cyclical changes that regular contractions of the
occur in endometrium womb and abdominal
o MENOPAUSE muscles.
– when a woman is 40-50
STAGES OF LABOR:
years old, menstrual
cycles becomes less FIRST STAGE
regular and eventually
 Begins with the onset of
the cycles stop
regular uterine contractions
completely
and extends until the cervix
– the whole time period
dilates to a diameter about
from onset of irregular
size of the fetus head (10cm)
cycles to their
 Maximum cervix dilation is
complete cessation is
10cm
called FEMALE
CLIMACTERIC
o PREGNANCY
SECOND STAGE
– LABOR is the process
by which the fetus and  Last from the time of
the placenta leave the maximal cervical dilation
uterus. Delivery can until the time the baby exits
occur in two ways, the vagina.
VAGINALLY (through  The contraction of the
the birth canal) or by a abdominal muscles assists
CESAREAN (surgical) the uterine contraction
delivery.
o CHILDBIRTH/PATURATI THIRD STAGE
ON is the expulsion of a  Involves the expulsion of the
mature fetus from the placenta from the uterus.
uterus at term.
*Calculate the gestation
period of 280 days or 40 VITAL SIGNS
weeks from LMP to the date – important body indicators
of delivery of the fetus.
– indicates the current state of a
ROLE OF OXYTOCIN IN patient’s essential body functions
PREGNANCY:
 BODY TEMPERATURE
 If labor needs to be induced,  PULSE
a synthetic oxytocin is often  RESPIRATION
administered to “kick-start”  BLOOD PRESSURE
the process.
 WHEN TO ASSES VITAL PULSE SITE:
SIGNS:
 TEMPORAL
 Upon admission  CAROTID
 Monitoring rounds  APICAL
 Every changes in the  BRACHIAL
patient’s status that is  RADIAL
related to any of the vital  FEMORAL
signs  POPLITEAL
 Pre and post operation  DORSALIS PEDIS
 Pre and post medication  POSTERIOR TIBIAL
administration (e.g. when
giving catapres)
MATERIALS NEEDED:
 Sphygmomanometer
 Sthethoscope
 Thermometer (Mercurial is
an absolute type of
thermometer)
 Cotton balls
 70% ispropyl alcohol
ASSESING FOR PULSE

 PULSE – is a wave of blood

created by contraction of left
ventricle of the heart
TYPES OF PULSE:
1. PERIPHERAL PULSE –
pulse located away from
the heart ; foot and wrist
2. APICAL PULSE – a central
pulse also referred to as
the point of maximal
impulse (pmi)
CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING
WHEN MEASURING PULSE
RATE:
o AGE
o PRIOR ACTIVITY
o PATIENT’S HEALTH
STATUS