NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KARNATAKA,

SURATHKAL

PROJECT REPORT
ON

PENDULUM BASED WATER PUMP

SUBMITTED TO: Dr SHARANAPPA JOLADARASHI

Submitted by:

16ME159 Rohan S Sapru

16ME102 Aadil P M

16ME107 Ajmal Abdul Rasheed

16ME103 Abhishek Kumar

16ME126 Hoysala S G

14ME103 Abelson V Tenny

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to Dr
SHARANAPPA JOLADARASHI for giving us an opportunity to convert our ideas into
reality. Through the course of this project we learned to cooperate and work together as a
team. We would like to thank our seniors for pointing out our mistakes and helping us build
on them. In addition we take this opportunity to thank our parents and everyone else for their
continuous support and motivation. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to
time shall carry me a long way in the journey of on which we are about to embark.
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CONTENTS

S. No: TITLE PAGE NO:

1 ABSTRACT 4
2 INTRODUCTION 5
3 HISTORY 6
4 THEORY 7
5 FORCE ANALYSIS OF A 8
PENDULUM
6 COMPONENTS USED 10
7 CAD MODEL OF 17
ASSEMBLY
8 ANALYSIS 18
9 APPLICATIONS 20
10 ADVANTAGES 21
11 LIMITATIONS 21
12 FUTURE SCOPE 22
13 CONCLUSION 22
14 REFERENCE 23
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ABSTRACT

The main scope of our project explains the solution for hand pump by saving
the energy. It is easy enough to move pendulum with the finger instead of large swings where
it saves the human effort. The study explains the effect of creating the free energy in the
device made of:

a) Oscillating pendulum lever system.

b) The system for initiating and maintaining the oscillation of
the pendulum.

c) System which uses the energy of the device by damping the

oscillations of the lever.

Due to the pendulum oscillation the linear movement is obtained in the lever which
is connected to the piston. So that the movement of piston from higher head to lower head is
pumping the water from the sump. Based on the oscillation the vertical movement varies and
also the outlet of the water varies.
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INTRODUCTION

Most people when they think of agriculture will picture a tractor. The humble water
pump, however, chugging or humming away in a shed, uses as much or more energy and
is likely to be just as essential to production. Pumps are used extensively in agriculture
to move water from the water source, which could be a river, dam or bore, through pipes to
either a point of usage or a storage facility, such as a water tank or an irrigation system.

A pump is a device that can be used to raise or transfer fluids. Pumps are selected for
processes not only to raise and transfer fluids from one point to another, but also to meet
some other criterion. This other criteria may be to obtain a constant flow rate or constant
pressure according to the requirement.

Hand pumps are manually operated pumps; they use human power and mechanical advantage
to move fluids or air from one place to another. They are widely used in every country in the
world for a variety of industrial, marine, irrigation and leisure activities. There are many
different types of hand pump available, mainly operating on a piston, diaphragm or rotary
vane principle with a check valve on the entry and exit ports to the chamber operating in
opposing directions.

The innovated idea over the classic hand water pump, with a pendulum - provides alleviation
of work, because it is enough to move the pendulum occasionally even with a little finger to
pump the water, instead of large swings. The innovation reduces the work load applied on it.
Work is alleviated because easier, long-lasting and effortless use of the hand water pump has
been enabled. Input energy for starting the process of pumping, in form of occasional pushing
of the pendulum, is much less than with typical hand pumps. Hand water pump with a
pendulum for pumping water from wells or reservoirs consists of a cylinder with a piston,
lever system, a seesaw, a pendulum, a reservoir and output water pipe. To get the water
running out of the pump, the pendulum needs to be out of balance. After that, based on
gravitational potential, the piston starts oscillating and the continuous stream of water is
coming out of the output pipe. The pendulum should be occasionally pushed, to maintain the
amplitude i.e. the stream of water.
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HISTORY

In the year 1999, Sir Veljko Milkovic invented the two-stage oscillator mechanism.
It was a new concept at that time. The highlight of the mechanism was the amount of energy
input proved to be less than the energy obtained. The statement seems to be hypothetical but
this was explained by carrying out various kinds of experiments. Nebojša Simin explained the
phenomenon of increasing the input energy by operation of the pendulum-lever system . Sir
Jovan Bebic and Lujbo Panic also developed a relation between output and input energy of
the system and found that the system has efficiency greater than unity .Jovan Marjanovic
discussed the theory of gravity machines .The logic of this theory was also used to explain
the two-stage mechanical oscillator of Veljko Milkovic and pointed out a way to improve its
behavior. He also stated that the pivot point should have some lag before moving up or down
until pendulum comes in position such that its pivot point and bob move in opposite
directions. Jovan Marjanovic analyzed the factors affecting the free energy of the pendulum
and various other factors . He concluded that output energy was solely based on the mass of
the bob of pendulum.

Figure 1: Pump Development Timeline

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THEORY

Initially the pendulum is moved with the help of hand. Thus the pendulum
oscillates to and fro. This oscillating motion is converted in to reciprocating motion to the
lever. Thus force on handle of the water pump causes vertical movement of pump rods that
are connected to the piston. When the piston of the pump moves upwards, the piston valve
closes and a vacuum is created below the piston valve, Piston valve causes water to be drawn
into the cylinder through the foot valve, which opens. Simultaneously, water above the
piston, held up by the closed piston valve, is displaced upwards. In a suction hand pump
water flows outward through the delivery outlet; in a hand pump with a submerged cylinder it
is forced up the rising main. When the piston moves downwards in hand pump, the foot valve
closes to prevent back flow of water and the piston valve opens to allowing the piston to
move down through the water in the cylinder.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a pendulum pump

Oscillation period of the pendulum is twice bigger than the period of the lever oscillation.
Piston of the pump has reverse effect on the lever and damps its oscillation. Damping of the
lever motion causes damping of the pendulum, but the work of the force damping the
pendulum is less than the work of the forces which damp the lever. Equilibrium position of
the lever is horizontal, and the equilibrium position of the pendulum is vertical.
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FORCE ANALYSIS OF A PENDULUM

The pendulum is acted upon by a restoring force. The restoring force causes it to
slow down as it moves away from the equilibrium position and to speed up as it approaches
the equilibrium position. It is this restoring force that is responsible for the oscillation. So
what forces act upon a pendulum bob? And what is the restoring force for a pendulum? There
are two dominant forces acting upon a pendulum bob at all times during the course of its
motion as shown in figure 3. There is the force of gravity that acts downward upon the bob. It
results from the Earth's mass attracting the mass of the
bob. And there is a tension force acting upward and
towards the pivot point of the pendulum. The tension
force results from the string pulling upon the bob of the
pendulum. We will ignore the influence of air
resistance - a third force that always opposes the
motion of the bob as it swings to and fro. The air
resistance force is relatively weak compared to the two
dominant.

The gravity force is highly predictable; it is always in

Figure 3: FBD of a pendulum the same

direction (down) and always of the same

magnitude - mass*9.8 m/s2. The tension force is considerably less predictable. Both its
direction and its magnitude change as the bob swings to and fro. The direction of the tension
force is always towards the pivot point. So as the bob swings to the left of its equilibrium
position, the tension force is at an angle - directed upwards and to the right. And as the bob
swings to the right of its equilibrium position, the tension is directed upwards and to the left.
Figure 4 diagram below depicts the direction of these two forces at five different positions
over the course of the pendulum's path.
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Figure 4: The direction forces at different positions in the pendulum's path

From the diagram when the bob is displaced to its maximum displacement to the right of the
equilibrium position. This is the position in which the pendulum bob momentarily has a
velocity of 0 m/s and is changing its direction. The tension force (F tens) and the perpendicular
component of gravity (Fgrav-perp) balance each other. At this instant in time, there is no net force
directed along the axis that is perpendicular to the motion. Since the motion of the object is
momentarily paused, there is no need for a centripetal force.

Second, observe the diagram for when the bob is at the equilibrium position (the string is
completely vertical). When at this position, there is no component of force along the tangent
direction. When moving through the equilibrium position, the restoring force is momentarily
absent. Having been restored to the equilibrium position, there is no restoring force. The
restoring force is only needed when the pendulum bob has been displaced away from the
equilibrium position. You might also notice that the tension force (F tens) is greater than the
perpendicular component of gravity (Fgrav-perp) when the bob moves through this equilibrium
position. Since the bob is in motion along a circular arc, there must be a net centripetal force
at this position.
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COMPONENTS USED

1. Single acting reciprocating pump

It is a positive displacement pump. It operates on the principle of actual
displacement or pushing of liquid by a piston or a plunger that executes a reciprocating
motion in a closely fitting cylinder.

Pump Specifications: Bore diameter (d) =9.5cm=950mm

Stroke length= 165cm

Total cylinder length=200cm

Weight of the piston +rod= 500g

Average frequency of the pump=45 strokes/min

Materials Used: Cylinder-Mild Steel

Piston and Rod-Cast iron

Figure 5: Pump
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Figure 6: Projected Views of Pump

2. Spring

Spring Specifications: Helical Compression Type

No: of coils=75

Mean diameter=250mm

Diameter of the coil=3cm

Material Used: Mild Steel (Hard drawn)

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Figure 7: Spring

Figure 8: Projected views of Spring

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3. Pendulum

Figure 9: Pendulum

Figure 10: Projected views of Pendulum

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To calculate the weight of pendulum

π d2
Area of the cylinder= A= = 7.088x10-3 m2
4

Volume of cylinder (V) = Area x stroke length = 0.007088x0.1651=1.134x10 -3(swept

volume)

Weight of water per stroke = 9810 x 1.134 x 10-3 =11.126 N

Spring scale k= d4G/8iD3= 1.28N/mm

(G=75GPa for mild steel

i is the no: of active coils which is now assumed to be total no: of coils in the spring

D=Mean diameter of the spring=250mm)

∴Load acting along the length of the spring (F) = k x y

Where y is the axial deflection of the spring

F= 1.28 x 90=115.2N

Frictional force (Ff) between cylinder and piston=µ x R

µ is the coefficient of friction between piston and cylinder =0.15 for cast iron and mild
steel

Ff = 0.15 x (11.126 + (9.81 x 0.5)) =2.4N

Net force acting downward during suction stroke =2.4+11.126+4.905+115.2=133.631N

Now considering the lever, since the load arm = effort arm,

The minimum weight of the pendulum required=13.62 kg

This weight of the pendulum will keep the system in equilibrium condition. But to make the
pumping feasible, the weight needs to be increased due other factors and additional losses.

∴Actual weight of the pendulum taken =20 kg

Arm length of the pendulum=40cm

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Material Used: Cast Iron

4. Frame

Figure 11: Frame

Figure 12: Frame

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Material used: Mild Steel

5. Lever

Figure 13: Lever

Figure 14: Projected views of Lever

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Material Used: Mild Steel

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CAD MODEL OF ASSEMBLEY

Figure 15: Assembly of pendulum pump

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ANALYSIS

Let the suction head (Hs) and delivery head

(Hd) be 1m and 1.5m respectively.

∴Eout=Work done by the pump=Change in

gravitational potential energy

=m x g x H (H= Hs+ Hd) Figure 10: Various positions of pendulum

= (11.126 x 9.81 x 2.5)/9.81=27.815J

Pout=16.689 x 45/60=20.8W

The input energy of the pump i.e. the energy obtained from the pendulum varies with its
oscillatory motion which is shown in figure. Input energy is given by the following equation

Ein= F x S

Where F is the tension at the pivot point and S is the displacement of the pivot

Tension T=mg (3cosΨ-2cosΨo) where m is the mass of the bob.

From the above equation it can be observed that energy is directly proportional to the product
of displacement of the Pivot Point (S), mass of the Pendulum (m ) and the acceleration due to
gravity (g). If the pendulum is dropped from position 2 as shown in Figure, then maximum
input energy would be obtained.

Now let us consider the energy obtained from pendulum during its different stages of motion.

Case1: Pendulum in initial position (Ψ=0)

Pin=m x g x r x 45/60 (r is the length of the pendulum arm)

=20 x 9.81 x 20 x 10-2 x 0.75 =29.43W

Efficiency of the pump=Pout/Pin=70.88%

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Case 2: Ψ=30 degrees

Pin=2 x m x g x r x 45/60 (r is the length of the pendulum arm)

=2 x 9.81 x 20 x 10-2 x 0.75 =58.86W

Efficiency of the pump=Pout/Pin=35.44%

Case 3: Ψ=90 degrees

Pin=3m x g x r x 45/60 (r is the length of the pendulum arm)

=3 x 9.81 x 20 x 10-2 x 0.75 =89.49W

Efficiency of the pump=Pout/Pin=23.30%

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APPLICATIONS

1. Swing Set Irrigation System :

A “Swing sets water pump” is a mechanism used to power or supply water with the
help of swing set in garden or farms which acts as a pendulum. In this system when a person
start swing on its play set with the help of Grasshopper Law a link is connected to water
source from when they suck the water through a inlet valve and flow out through an exit
valve.

Figure 11: Swing Set Irrigation System

2. Drainage:

It can be used to control the level of water in a protected area.

3. Sewage:

It can be used in the collection and treatment of sewage.

4. Chemical Industry:

It can be used to transport fluids to and from various sites in the chemical plant.
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ADVANTAGES

1. Hand water pump with pendulum can be widely used in rural areas. As the installation
cost of hand water pump with pendulum is low it is useful for poor people. It can be installed
in all the public places. It can be operated by children or old people as the force required by
the pump is low.

2. It uses the minimum of human strength in comparison to present classic hand water
pumps.

3. In comparison to the hand pumps the energy required to initiate the pumping process is
significantly less for the pendulum pump.

4. It requires less water consumption.

5. Compact size, easy to relocate, less moving parts, hence less maintenance cost.

LIMITATIONS

1. Less efficiency when compared to other modern pumping devices like electric motors, etc.

2. Air leakage can affect the entire working of the whole unit.
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FUTURE SCOPE

1. It can be used where the shortage of power or electricity is a major issue.

2. From experimentation it can be concluded that the system is practically

feasible.

3. Implementing a pendulum pump setup which uses gravitational force only,

leads to large amount of energy conservation.

CONCLUSION

1. On increasing the suction head, discharge of the given pendulum system

decreases.

2. On increasing the mass of pendulum, discharge of the given pendulum

system increases.

3. On increasing the angle of swing,the discharge of the given pendulum system

increases.

4. It was concluded that human effort is considerably reduced while pumping

water by a pendulum operated pump compared to a regular pump.

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REFERENCE

1. VeljkoMilkovic – website http://www.veljkomilkovic.com

2. Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design by Richard G Budyanas and J Keith

Nisbett,9th edition

3. Design Data Hand Book by K Mahadevan and K Balaveera Reddy,3rd edition

4. A research article on two stage oscillating mechanism by Dr SP Bansal

5. A scientific paper of NejbosaSimin on “FREE ENERGY OF OSCILLATING

PENDULUM LEVER SYSTEM”