McGill University- Faculty ofAgricultural

and Environmental Sciences

Department of agricultural engineering

SENIOR PROJECT- 336-490 D,N

Dr J. Sheppard.

Design of a flywheel
Operated
Hydraulic Hand-Pump.

Bv : Johan PERRET
15104194.
INTRODUCTION : 1

Drinking water in developing countries has been receiving an increased attention

for the past 30 years. Generally, safe water can be provided from tube wells or dug
wells and therefore, it requires the use of a pump to draw water.
In developing countries, hand pumps (simple water lifting device powered by
human energy) are most commonly used to provide an acceptable drinking water supply
to many million people in rural areas.
However, experience has shown that many existing hand pumps have been
abandoned because of their inadequate in installation, operation and maintenance. The
broken pumps make the well useless. Most current hand pumps represent pump design
that evolved over 50 years ago for family farmyards in the United States and in Europ~

whereas in India for example, a single hand pump may be used by as many as 1000
people.
Those pumps need to be durable, requiring maintenance within the limitations
of the local capabilities, easy installed and to operate, and of course inexpensive.
Therefore, the objective of this project is to design a hand pump that would be
best adapted to the above criteria. But before diving into the design aspect of the
project, let's quickly go over different existing hand pumps to observe both their
limitations and their qualities.

Hand pump classification :

If a hand pump is defmed as a water lifting device, our first ancestor who
cupped is hand to drink invented the hand pump. Generally speaking, water may be
moved up by the application of four different mechanical principles :

1 - Direct lifting :
- involves physical lifting of water into a container.

2 - Disolacement :
- involves the fact that water is incompressible and can therefore be pushed or
displaced
 2
3 - Creating a velocity head :
- involves the momentum of water propelled to a high ,speed to create a flow
or a pressure.
4 - Using buoyancy of a gas :
- air (or other gas) bubbled through water will lift a portion of water.

However, the most common manual water lifting devices rely on the ftrst two
principles that are discussed in the followings :

The direct lifting devices :

As mentioned above, those "pumps" involve the physical lifting of water m a
container. A simple form of this is a rope with a bucket. Many other water lifting
devices could be mentioned here such as the Dhone, the counterpoise, the Persian
wheel, the dragon spin, Archived screw, etc ... (see figure 1 to 6 in appendix). But even
though those system are still in use in many countries, they tend to be utilized more for
low irrigation lift or for providing water to livestock. The great majority of manually
operated pumps for village drinking water supplies is using the displacement principle.

The displacement pumps :

Water for most practical purposes is incompressible. Consequently if a closed
fitting piston is drawn through a pipe full of water, the water will be displaced along
the pipe. The displacement principle can then be applied either through the continuous
rotary or reciprocating devices. (the diaphragm pump could have been mentioned,
however this type of pump is really uncommon for pumping water from wells, thus it
will not be further mentioned ). To begin with, let's start with the rotary displacement
pumps.

Rotary vositive disvlacement vumps :

This pump utilizes the displacement principle by lifting water but achieves this
task by a rotary form of displacment. The two main rotary hand pumps presently
existing in the third world countries are the semi-rotary pump with a back and forth
movement of the handle (see figure 7) and the progressive cavity pump constiting of a
single thread helical rotor turning in a double thread helical stator (see flgure 8). The
first one can not perform deep well pumping ; it is mainly used to pump fuel under a
low static head. In the progressive cavities pump, a meshing helical surface is pushing
the liquid up with a uniform movement. This type of pump even though commonly3
used, contain many weary parts such as the gear transmitting the rotation of the handle
to the helical rotor and the thread of the rotor. This type of pump remain expensive.

ReciProcating lift pumps :

The most common and well known displacement pump is the piston or plunger
pump. It works by the up and down movement of a piston along a pipe housing. The
up stroke motion sucks the water into the cylinder through the lower check valve and
the water on top of the piston flows up into the drop pipe. In the down motion of the
piston, the lower check valve closes and the upper valve opens. The water in the piston
is trapped in the piston cylinder and is displaced through the upper valve. Once the
piston is down the all cycle starts again. As described above, a reciprocating pump
drawS water in a non-continuous manner, so the water is constantly accelerated and
decelerated by the movement of the piston. Figure 9 shows a typical reciprocating
pump. For deep well pumps, the motion of the handle or in some cases of a flywheel is
transmitted to the piston located under the water surface in the borehole using a rod.
This rod is source of many problem such as buckling, jamming against the sides of the
raising main under compression, disalignment, corrosion, and excessive weight
making the installation and extraction
really difficult and long. A repeated problem is that they often are not truly vertical and
thus, pump rods scrape the rising main eventually wearing a hole in it. Sometimes
boreholes start off straight and earth movement cause subsequent distortion of the bore.
The normal method to set up and remove this type of pump from the borehole is to
raise the entire rising main and piston rod using a tripod as shown in figure 10. This
operation as mentioned above is slow and laborious for regular and simple
maintenance manipulations such as changing the piston seals.
Therefore there is substantial pressure to fmd other methods of driving borehole
pumps than by pump rods.

Hydraulically activated hand pumps :

An alternative method of powering reciprocating pumps to pump rods is by
hydraulic transmission. Here, water under pressure is used to push water to the
surface. This works by having a pilot piston pushing water into a pipe reaching from
the ground surface down to a flexible membrane located in a pump cylinder below the
water level of the well. There are no mechanical links between the above ground parts
of the pump and the below water section.
 The pump cylinder has a conventional 'suction valve' and strainer, a pump chamber, 4
and at the top of the chamber a discharge check valve with a discharge pipe leading· up
to the surface. Instead of a piston to displace water in the cylinder there is an elastic
bladder which expands to displace water from the pump chamber when the piston
moves down.
This flexible membrane is 'hydraulically' connected to the piston cylinder through a
pipe filled with water. The membrane is encased in the pump chamber. It dilates and
collapse in response to the movement of the piston in the cylinder at the ground
surface. When the flexible membrane expands, the water is forced to the surface
through a second hose.
This .type of pump has many very interesting advantages such as a reduce
number easily worn parts that are mostly located in the above ground zone. Therefore,
maintenance of this kind of pump is expeditious and easy compared to the standard
reciprocating plunger pumps. Moreover, the flexible rubber membrane has a great
endurance. Since this sort of pump is based on a hydraulic principle, there are no
needs for alignment allowing a greater freedom of installation. However, this
transmission principle is relatively new and the pump's ·designs until now reveals that it
is awkward to operate (see figure 13) and its efficiency tends to be lower weighted
against the pump rods.

Power transmission :

Power transmissions in hand pumps rely primarily on three principles :

1- The standard pivot handle with a up and down movement around a fixed
axle.
2- The flywheel.
3- Gear transmission for rotary pumps.

Nevertheless, no matter what sort of power transmission is used, it must be

linked with human capabilities since the pump is operated by manually. Let's discuss
briefly the human power to see how it can be reasonably matched with the design of a
hand pump.
Human power and ereonomic measurements : 5

By definition the hand pump is driven by the motive force of man (woman, and
children included ! ) . The power available from human muscle depends on the
~

individual, the ambient environment and the kind and length of the work. Most pumps
for water supply are operated by many users for a few minutes to draw the desired
amount of water from the well.
On average, an output of 90 watts for several minutes is appropriate for most
operators, including women and children with an applied load of approximately 350
Newtons.
Considering ergonomic dimensions of a well designed hand pump, the height of
the handle, either for a pivot handle or a flywheel handle, should vary from 0 .8 to
1.40 meters from the soil level or plinth level. The spout of the pump should be at a
maximum height of 0.6 meters. Taking into account the pumping rate , a number of
40 stroke per minute is reasonable for most of the users.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THOSE EXISTING PRINCIPLES :

As shown in the following two tables, the differents alternatives are weighted
against the reliability, the cost, the ease of maintenace, the ease of installation ... etc.
It is observe that the flywheel power transmission and the hydraulic principle are the
most interesting solution Sas far as the above criteria are concerned. Therefore) the object
of this project will be to design a flywheel operated hydraulic hand-pump.
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Design of the flywheel operated hydraulic hand pump :

1- STUDY OF THE FORCES APPLIED TO THE PISTON :

a - Static head considerations :

The static head can be defmed as the vertical distance from the water level in
the borehole of the well to the height at which the water must be raised. In this
particular design a static head of 35 meters will be assumed considering that this height
appears to be relevant for most borehole wells. In term" of pressure, the static head
may be written as the product of the specific gravity of water denoted as 'Y ' at the
particular location of the well, and the vertical distance mentioned above represented by
'H'. Therefore, the static head can be calculated as :

Static head - Y*H Where: Y = specific gravity (N/m3).

H = Water head (m).

In the present case we will assume the specific gravity to be equal to 10

KiloNewtons/ m3
As a result, the static head can be calculated as :

Static head = 10 KN/m3 * 35 m = 350 KPa.

b- Hydraulic force :

The net hydraulic force on the piston represented by Fh is equal to the product
of the static head and the cross sectional area of the piston in the horizontal plane
denoted as A . This expression can be written as :

Net hydraulic force= Fh = Y * H * A

Where : Y*H = static head (KPa).
A = circular area of the plunger (m2).
 While considering the above equation, it should be noticed that the circular9
area of the plunger or of the piston affects directly the net hydraulic force. Here, . it is
important to consider two substantial factors to determine the cross sectional area of the
piston. Firstly, as mentioned above, the net hydraulic force; secondly, the rate of
discharge developed for an average pumping rate of 40 strokes per minute.

- Rate of discharge :

1- Theoretical rate ofdischarge :

The theoretical rate of discharge of a reciprocating piston pump in function of
the cylinder volume that is the length of the piston stroke during its downward
movement multiplied by the cross sectional area of the piston and the number of
pumping strokeSper unit time. Thus, the theoretical volume of water pumped will be
equal to the volume displaced by the piston on its down stroke. Therefore, we have the
following expression :

Theoretical rate of Discharge (m3/tinie) = Qt = V *N

Where : V = Cylinder volume (m3).

N = number Stroke I Time.
This expression can also be written as:
Qt = x/4 * D2 * N * S
Where: D = Piston diameter (m2).
S = Stroke length (m).
However, the actual rate of discharge normally vanes slightly from the
theoretical rate of discharge due to the fact the valves don't close instantaneously when
the flexible membrane changes from expansion to regression or the other way around.
This causes slippage.

2- Actual rate ofdischarge- Slippage consideration:

As mentioned above, the check valve doesn't close right away. Consequently, a small
amount of water returns to the rigid cylinder in which is the flexible hose. This is
defmed as the slippage. The slippage, calculated as % of the theoretical rate of
discharge, is therefore normally reduced by increasing the length of the stroke and
lowering static head. But generally speaking, for normal deep well valves, the slip
may vary form 5% to 35% of the theoretical rate of discharge when used with a 10
typical rate of pumping of 40 stroke/minute. Hence :

Actual rate of discharge (m3/min.) = Qa = Qt * 0.65

It is customary and adequate for deep well hand pumps to have a spout rate of
discharge of 14 liter per minute. Having on average 40 stroke/minute as a standard rate
of operation, it is now possible to calculate the cross section area of the cylinder as
follow:

Qa = (14 I I min. )*(0.001 m3/ I) = 1t/4 * D2 * 40 strokes /min. * S * 0.65

Simplifying : D2 *S = 6.856 * 10 - 4 m3

If the above expression is plotted (stroke length versus piston diameter), the
following graph is obtained :
0.6

0.6 r\.
0.4
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Stroke length

(m).
0.3
"' I'...
.........
~~
---..... r---
--
0.2

0.1
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0
0.035 0.05 0.065 0.08
Piston Diameter (m).

Graph -1-

A smaller piston diameter used requires a smaller diameter seal. This allows for less
surface area in contact with the cylinder and therefore potentially less friction. Also, a
longer piston stroke spreads the wear on the cylinder over a larger area extending the
working life of the cylinder. However, considering an ample stroke length of about 30
cm seems appropriate. Thus, a piston diameter of 5 cm can be interpreted from graph
1. It is now possible to calculate the piston cross sectional area and consequently toll
obtain the hydraulic force applied on the piston.

= A = x/4 (.05)2 = 0.00196 m2

· Piston cross sectional area (m2)
Net hydraulic force = Fh = y * H * A = 350 KPa * 0.00196 m2 = 687.2
Newtons.

c- Friction of the piston :

The friction is the force which acts between two surface as they are sliding on
each other. It is directly related to the normal stress referred to as N between the two
bodies. In the present case, this stress is due to the compression of the seal between the
piston and the cylinder. Thus, it is necessary to consider the design of the dynamic
seal.

Dynamic seal design - the 0-ring :

Seals have the major function to prevent water and air to slip between the piston
and the cylinder. The simplest type of seal in hand pumps is the leather cup washer. It
has been the material used for centuries and is still standard. However, various
synthetic seals based on plastic or rubber are preferred nowadays. These are often more
consistent and will often have a better wear resistant characteristic. One of the great
advantages of the pump proposed in this project is that, since the piston is located close
to or above the ground surface, the piston seal can be changed more frequently without
all the trouble of reaching the piston pump at the bottom of the well like normally done
in the standard plunger pumps. Of several types of dynamic seals perhaps the 0-ring is
the most versatile and useful. It is one of the few engineering components to be able to
accommodate abuse and faulty design. 0-ring are commonly made of nitrile rubber
behaving well under the twisting caused by the reciprocating motion of the piston.
These type of seals are unaffected by water, have a low friction coefficient and are very
easy and cheap to replace. Moreover, they can be found almost anywhere. Still a few
design aspects must be taken into account :

-Design of the 0-ring gland & clearance:

The groove in which the 0-ring fits on the piston is called the gland. The inside
diameter of the cylinder must be known as well as the clearance between the piston and
the cylinder. From previously, the piston diameter has been determined to be 5 cm .12
The clearance of 1 mm is appropriate. Two rules must be followed :

1- The depth of the gland should be such as to squeeze the 0-ring between 20 to
30 % of its diameter.
2- The width of the 0-ring gland should be the diameter of the 0-ring plus twice
the above squeeze.

For the present cylinder, the inside diameter is 52 mm, the outside diameter of
the 0-ring is the same that is 52 mm. An 0-ring can now be selected having a cross
sectional diameter of 6 mm. Suppose that a squeeze of 30 % is selected, then 30% of 6
mm is equal to 1.8 mm. The 0-ring must be compressed to 6 - 1.8 = 4.2 mm. Then
the depth of the gland must be 4.2 mm less the radial clearance that is 4.2 -1 = 3.2
mm. The width of the gland must be 6 + ( 2 * 1.8) 9.6 mm. =
It is now necessary to consider how rubber perform~ in compression in order to
get an idea of the normal stress acting on the seal. From a load-deformation curve for
50 durometer rubber we obtain the following :
2500

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
% defonnation over original diameter.
Graph- 2-

When under load, rubber acts like an incompressible fluid which flows from
regions of high pressure to region of lower pressure. Deformation doesn't increase in
direct ratio to the applied load, and relationship differs with different rubber
compounds. However, for 50 Durometer rubber, the· above load-deformation curve
show) that below 30 %, the deformation is almost a straight line function of the
compressive load, and that beyond that deformation the stiffness increaseS rapidly.
Assuming a deformation of about 20 % of the original diameter of the 0-ring, the
normal stress can be consider to be close to 800 Kpa (see Graph -2-). The area of13
contact between the 0-ring and the cylinder can be calculated as follow :
Area of contact = 0.006 m * 1t * 0.052 m = 9.8 * 10 - 4 m 2.

Having a normal stress of 800 Kpa, and a surface of contact of 9. 8 * 10 - 4 m 2 :

Normal Force = N = 800 Kpa * 9.8 * 10 - 4 m 2 = 784 Newtons.

As mentioned above, the force of friction is the resistance to motion which take place
when a bodies is moved over another. The relation between the force of friction and the
normal pressure is given by the coefficient offriction, generally denoted by the Greek
letter J.1 • Thus :
Force of friction (Newtons). = Fr = N * J..1

The static coefficient of friction, is generally higher that the sliding or dynamic
coefficient of friction. Typically, between steel and rubber, the static coefficient of
friction is 0.15. Therefore the force of friction will be·:

Force of friction = Fr = 784 Newtons * 0.15 = 117.6 Newtons.

If two 0-rings are used, then the force of friction can be assumed to be the
double of the above result that is 235.2 Newtons .

d - Weiwt of the piston and piston rod :

The weight of the pump rod and the piston is equal to the volume of the two
parts multiplied by the density of the material in which they are made and the
gravitational acceleration. However, this would gives us a small result since the volume
involve in those parts is insignificant bearing in mind that the piston has a diameter of
5 cm. Therefore, the weight is assumed to be negligible.

e - Friction head and dynamic load :

 The hydraulic friction between the flowing water and the wall of the drop14
pipes, the piston cylinder, the valves, and the spout, is called the friction head. Us~ally
if the piping and size of the valves are big enough the friction head losses are
negligible.
There is also the dynamic load to consider, which is the force needed to
accelerate the water mass. A reciprocating pump moves water in a non-continuous
fashion, so the water is constantly accelerated and decelerated by the motion of the
piston. Large forces can be created if long pipes containing large mass of water are
directly connected to a reciprocating pump. This is because the piston tries to force the
water in the pipelines to move more rapidly from rest to speed, and the{lback to rest.
Since the water is incompressible it will try to follow the movement of the piston.
Newton's second law of motion, state that a force is necessary to accelerate a
mass from one velocity to another. This force is equal to the mass time~ the
acceleration at any moment in time. If we assume that the piston rod moving along the
stroke S is connected to a flywheel having a constant angular velocity of m and that the
piston is driven sinusoidally then the velocity of the piston at any time t can be
calculated as :

Velocity of the piston (mls) = V = m * S * cos( m * t)

The velocity will be at its minimum when t = 1t I 2m ; and reaches its maximum at
t = xI m or t = 0. (See figure -14-). Here the angular velocity will be equal to :

m = (40 stroke I min.)* 21t *( 1 min. I 60 sec.) = 4.19 rad I sec.

Then, the maximum acceleration of the piston and thus the acceleration at which
the water is propelled will be given by the derivative of the velocity with respect to
time:

Acceleration of the piston = ap = (dvldt) = -m 2 * S * sin (m* t)

The maximum acceleration will be: a max = m2 * S

The acceleration of the water will be magnified according to the ratio of the
piston cross sectional area and the pipe cross sectional area, which as a matter of fact is
proportional to the ratio of their diameter squared. Therefore, the acceleration in the15
pipes will be equal to :

-a pipe = (Did) 2 *a piston Where : D = piston diameter.

d = pipe diameter.

The force necessary to achieve this acceleration will be equal to the product of
the mass of water flowing in the pipes, and its acceleration. The mass of water in the
pipes is the volume given by ( * d2 I 4)* L where L is the length of the pipes (
1t

about 38-meter in our case), multiplied by its density denoted by p. Hence :

Dynamic force = Fd = ( 1t * d 2 I 4) * L * p * ( D/d)2 * a piston.

The maximum dynamic force will be given by:

Maximum dynamic force = Fd -max = ( 1t * d 2 I 4) * L * p * ( Dld)2 * m 2 *S

If a diameter of 3 cm pipe is taken, and assuming that the density of water is

1000 Kg I m3:
Fd -max = ( 1t * (.03 m) 2 I 4) * (38 m) * (1000 Kg I m3)* ( 513)2 * (4.18 ) 2 * (0.3
m)

Fd -max = 391 Newtons.

In other words, there is a peak reaction force due to the water in the pipe of 391
Newtons due to the sinusoidal acceleration, under the conditions described. The length
of pipe L is 3 8 m corresponding to the length of pipe from the pump chamber to the
spout, since the first portion of pipe that is from the piston to the flexible will not take
the shocks assuming that the flexible membrane has a negligible stiffness. In reality,
IS
even this 38 m pipe~ flexible and will expand slightly reducing the dynamic load on
the piston. This load can therefore be approximated to 350 Newtons.

SUMMARY OF THE FORCES APPLIED TO THE PISTON :

Piston rod analysis :

Obviously the piston rod must have a sufficient strength to wistand this peak
stress. Pumping starts when the piston begins its downward movement,
instantaneously, the piston rod compression increase. As the piston moves downward,
the inertial forces required to accelerate the water from rest cause the maximum
compression. With the Euler column formula we can define the geometrical properties
of the piston rod and the material in which the rod should be made. The Euler formula
is given by:

F critical = ( C * 1t 2 * E * I ) I I2

Where: C = constant defmed by the end conditions of the rod ( C =2 in our case)
E = elastic modulus of the rod ( 207 * 10 9 Pa for steel, alloy).
I = moment of inertia. I = ( 1t d 4) I 64 for a rod of diameter d.
I = the length of the rod.

Simplifying : F critical = 2 * 10 11 *(d4 I I2)

Considering a safety factor of 2 : SF = ( F critical I F design ) = 2

or F critical = F design * 2
Hence, the following equation can be obtained :
F critical = F design * 2 = 2 * 10 11 * ( d 4 I I 2 )
Knowing that the maximum force of compression applied on the pump rod is
1272.4 Newton's :

The following expression is obtained : d 4 = 1.27 * 10 -08 * 12

 17

By plotting the above equation :

8
7
/
6
L
,/
Length of 5
the Rod in 4
L
,/
m. 3
2
./
~
0
1
..--------
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
Rod diameter in m.
Graph -3-

From graph -3-, it is easy to get an idea of what the length of the rod should be
for a particular rod diameter. For example, if the diameter is equal to 1 cm, then piston
rod shouldn't increase 0. 88 m.

STUDY OF THE MOTION OF THE PISTON ROD. CRANK & FLYWHEEL

with respect to THE TORQUE APPLIED TO THE FLYWHEEL:

The piston rod has to be connected to the flywheel via a crank. It is the usual
way to mechanize a reciprocating piston. The rotative force required to make the piston
travel back and forth will vary depending on the position of the piston. When the
piston is at the bottom of its travel referred as a on figure 15( see appendix), the
rotational force acting on the flywheel will be zero since the piston rod is acting in
alignment with the center of the flywheel. Similarly, this torque will be zero on the top
half its path reaching another dead center. However, as it rotates to the horizontal
position referred as b, the rotational force will increase sinusoidally to a maximum
equal to the force required to lift the piston up times half of the displacement S, that is

Tmax = l: F up* S/2 = F friction* S/2 = 235.2 N * (0.3 m) I 2 = 35.28 N.m.

Then it will reduce sinusoidally again to the top dead center c . As the flywheel
rotates to d, the torque will follow the same pattern but reaching a maximum of :
 Tmax = :E F down* S/2 = ( F h + F f + F d ) * S/2 = 1272.4 N *(0.3 m) /2 18
= 190.86 N.m
The following the sketch illustrate the variation of torque with the crank shaft
position :
200
180
160
140
120
Torque in N.m 100
80
60
40
20

Revolution
Torque versus rotation.
Figure -19-

The momentum of the flywheel will smooth out these fluctuations by slowing
slightly during the peak torque and accelerating during the dead center positions. It is
customary for flywheel design to assume that the cyclic torque will be smoothed out to
almost a steady level approximately equal to the sum of mean value of half the sine
wave. The mean value of half a sine wave is roughly equal to the peak value divided
by x. Thus:

Mean torque on the flywheel (N .m) = ( 35.28 + 190.86 ) I 1t = 72 N. m

FLYWHEEL DESIGN :

The object of a flywheel is to equalize the energy exerted and the work done &
prevent any sudden changes of speed. When the flywheel absorb energy from a variable
driving force, the velocity diminishes, that is in other words, when the force on the
piston increase the speed of the flywheel reduces. In our case, the speed of rotation is
40 stroke I min that is, as calculated above, equal to 4.19 rad /sec. Considering a
change in the angular velocity of 15 % due to the force of the piston, the maximum19
angular veloctity will be 4.82 radls whereas the minimum will be 3.56 radls.
The work done by the crank is equal to the force multiplied by the distance
through which the forces moves. It is also equal to the torque times the angular distance
measured in radians. Thus, the work done in one revolution will be:

Work Crank = 2 * 1t * T = 2 * 1t * 72 N.m = 452.38 N.m or 452.38 Joules per

revolution

The energy or work given out by the operator at 40 stroke I min. and 90 watts
will be:
Work Operator = 90 J Is* (60s I 40 stroke) = 135 Joules per revolution.

Hence, the flywheel must provide the difference, that is equal to :

Work Crank -Work Operator = 317.38 Joules.

Recalling that kinetic energy is 112 m v 2 for linear motion, and 112 m m 2 for
rotational motion, it is evident that the flywheel inertia must be such that :

317.38 = 11 2 * I *( CD max 2 -CD min 2 )

Knowing that ro max = 4.82 rad Is and that ro min =3.56 radls, we can solve for
the momemt of inertia of the flywheel :

317.38 = 11 2 *I *(4.82 2-3.56 2) or I = 60.11 Kg.m 2

Now that the moment of inertia of the flywheel is known, it is possible to figure
out what should be the dimensions. The standar dimensions of a flywheel are shown in
figure 16.
The moment of inertia for a hollow cylinder is :

I = (m *d2)I 8 = 1t * (d o 4 - d i 4 )* L * p I 32

Where p is the mass density of steel that is 7700 Kg I m3 . Then, by substituting values
for this design :
 20

I = 60.11 Kg.m 2 = x * (d 4- (0.8*d) 4 )* (0.2* d)*( 7700 Kg I m3) I 32 .

Solving ford :

Design summary

H = water head = 35 m

• S =stroke length = 30 cm
• Piston diameter = 50 mm
• Piston cylinder = 52 mm
• Clearance = 1mm
• 2 0-ring of 6mm outside diameter
• Pipe diameter = 3 cm
• Piston rod = 1.5 cm -with L< 2m
• Handle = 0.8 m to 1.4 m
• Flywheel diam. = 0.92 m
• Flywheel width = 0.18 m

Economical Analysis :

As shown in table 3 (see appendix), the total of cost of the main components of
the hand pump is 1028.17 $. The pump body cylinder represents 27 % of this total
cost. The pump body cylinder ( or pump chamber) has been selected to be made of
stainless steel since this part of the pump will remain under the water surface and
therefore migth rost if made of steel. However, further study for material selection
should be made to see if some plastic materials being able to wistand high pressure
fluctuations could be used since their cost would be much lower that stainless steel . In
this cost analysis, there is no consideration of the concrete plinth supporting the21
pump stand.

CONCLUSION :

The hydraulic principle for the design of a hand pump is cumulating many
advantages such as a reduced number of easily worn parts that are located mostly in
the above ground zone being as a result relatively simple to replace or to maintain.
Moreover there is no need for alignpment allowing a greater freedom of installation.
The flexible membrane has proven to be really reliable. The flywheel, storing kinectic
energy, smoothes out the torque fluctuations making the pumping task more regular
and easier for the operator. Thus, the combination of the flywheel and a hydraulic
transmission appears to be relevant and encouraging for more design consideration.
However, this type of pump would remain expensive specially taking into account that
the investment capabilities of the third world country communities are limited.

References :

1- Adams, G. Water lifting devices. Washington : Arco 1974.

2- Brace Institute, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.

3- Montegean, R. Manual Pumps, Edum : Soracum, 1983.

4- Vergnet S. A Hydropump, U ngre- France, 1985.

5- Wates L. Mechanics hand book. New-York, Wiley 1958.

22
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