Dynamic Loading

 Impact Loading
 Also called shock, sudden or impulsive load
 Eg: Driving a nail with a hammer, Automobile collisions, etc.

 Time of loading is less than half the natural period of

vibration
 If the time of loading is greater than three times the natural
period of vibration, the load is classified as a static load
 A stress impact factor is normally used in design
( = 4.0 while designing automotive suspension parts)
 Parts subjected to impact are designed to absorb energy
 Statically loaded parts are designed to carry loads
 Impact Stresses
 Consider a freely falling mass of weight W, impacting a structure
 The structure may be idealized as a spring since all structures
have some elasticity
 Assume –
 Mass of the structure is negligible
 Deflections within the mass are negligible
 Damping is negligible
 Change in potential energy = Strain energy stored

δ′
 Impact Stresses (Contd...)
1 1
Energy equation W (h + δ ′) = Feq δ ′ = Aσ ′δ ′ (1)
2 2
δ′ = Maximum deflection; Feq = Equivalent force; σ′ = Maximum stress
W Feq
Define, σ = = σ st σ′=
A A

W Feq Feq σ′ Feq A

Then, = =k and δ′ =δ =δ =δ
δ δ′ W W A σ

 σ ′
2σ  h + δ 
2W ( h + δ ′)  σ 
From (1), σ′= i.e. ′
σ =
Aδ ′ σ′
δ
σ
W
Where, δ = δ st = ; k = spring stiffness
k
 Impact Stresses (Contd...)
 2h 
 Solving, σ ′ = σ 1 + 1 + 

 δ 
 2h 
Therefore, Feq = W 1 + 1 + 

 δ 

 2h 
Also, δ ′ = δ 1 + 1 + 

 δ 

Wl W 2hEA 
For direct load , δ = σ ′ = 1 + 1 + 
Wl 
; So,
AE A
 Impact Stresses in Bending

 Change in potential energy

= Strain energy stored
 This leads to a similar kind of
equations

 2h 
y ′ = y 1 + 1 + 

 y 

 2h 
σ ′ = σ 1 + 1 + 
 y 

Wl 3
y is the static deflection at the load y= for a cantilever beam
3EI
 Impact Stresses in Torsion

 Change in potential energy = Strain energy stored

 2h 
θ ′ = θ 1 + 1 +  ; r is the moment arm of load W
 rθ 

 2h 
τ ′ = τ 1 + 1 + 
 rθ 
 Example

A 10 N load drops from a height of 250 mm to impact the

free end of a horizontal cantilever beam 300 mm long.
The beam has a circular cross section. If the maximum
allowable bending stress is 90 MPa, find the diameter of
the beam. Also determine the maximum deflection if the
Young’s modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.