s 1. (axby" =a xb” Quadratic Equation: Ad 4+Bx+C=0 Quadratic Formula Note: 1. Itstarts with x* and ends with y', 2. The power of x decreases by 1 while the power of y increases by 1. 3, The sum of the powers of x é& y in any term is always n. ‘There will be n + 1-terms in the expansion. If the coefficient of a term is multiplied by the ‘power of x in that term and then the product divided by the power of y increased by 1, the resulting number is the coefficient of the next term. 4, 5. 1 Term of Binomial Expansion. r™ term in (x+y)" =C(n.m)x""y" —B+\B°-4AC xe 7 Roots of Quadratic Equation : B+ VBF4ac 2A ~B-yB"-4AC 2A Pa x= Properties of Roots B Sum of the Roots: 2, +; =—— Product of the Roots: jx; = £ Binomial Theoret: | wdyl g a (xayl at ae ey {DED ps senaty ay" where m= r~1and C(n, Age-related Problems If x= present age of a person x=3 = age of the person 3 years ago x+5 = age of the person 5 years hence Note: ‘The age-difference of two persons is constant at any time, Clock-Related Problems: If the minute hand of the clock will describe an are x minute spaces ong, then during the same. time span, the hour hand will also describe an arc x/12 minute spaces long, In short, to identify” the corresponding movement of the hour hand, always divide the movement of the minute hand by 12. Problems: 4. If 8" =y, then what is 2°? equal to in terms of y? Answer 7/8 2. If the product of the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 2atx +a =0 is equal to 3a +6, find the sum of its roots. Ansoer 18 3. What is the valué of kin the equation kx?+ 9x + 8 =0 if the equation is to have only one root? 3 Arwen: 81/32 4, Find the quadratic equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of the equation Ax? + Bx +C=0. Ansver: C+ Br + A= 0 5. Find the 6% term in the expansion of (21° + 94)! Answer: 6: Pd Gis cabin team tthe expacaion ol e+ mys, Ase: 5.005, 7, Find the sum of the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (4x ~ 74) ‘Ascer: Bt 8. Four years ago, the sum of the ages of A and B was 45. Six years from now, twice B's age ‘be 28 years more than A's age by then. How old. is A now? Answer 28 yrs old 9. Atpresent, the sum of the parents’ agesis twice ages was 4 times the Fifteen years from children are there? 111930, the following question was proposed: A man’s age at death was Gne twenty-ninth of the year of his birth. How old was he in the year 1900? Arner yal ALA businessman left his office for an appointment and noticed the hands of the wall clock at past 8 o'clock. After more than two hours he returned and noticed that the hands of the clock were interchanged. At what time did he leave and at what time did he return? 10. 5 Scanned with CamScannerAnster: left = 8:58:44; came back = 1154453 ~ 42, Itis now past 4PM. Four minutes from now, the minute hand of the clock will be directly opposite the position of the hour hand & minutes ago. What is the time now? 43927 13, At what time between three and four o'clock is 14, the minute hand the same distance from VIII as the hour hand is from XII? 32308 A meeting of several transport group leaders was held to decide whether they should strike or mot. It was arranged that during the counting, those in favor should remain standing and those against should sit down. In due, course, the acting chairman announced that the motion is carried by a majority equal to exactly a quarter of the opposition. A man protested, saying some of them could not sit down because there were not enough chairs. So, the chairman decided that those who wanted to sit down but couldn’, will raise their Tight hand. He counted a dozen and then announced the motion is lost by a majority of 1, How many transport leaders were in that meeting? 207 Practice: How many significant digits are there in Answer? Solve for x from the following: zy = 12; yz = 20; ze. Answer: 7-8" ‘Simplify: ‘Answer: 10/3 plify: a y Solveforx from x*" =10 Ansver 1.26 Solve forx from ro reed =5 Arar: 20 Mike saves 20%, of his income. If his expenditure is increased by 35%, how many percent must his income be increased so that he may save 10% of it? Ans: 20% 7. Two students attempted to solve a problem which reduces into a quadratic equation. One, in simplifying, made a mistake in the constant term and had -2 & 6 for his roots. The other * made a mistake in the coefficient of the first- degree term and had -3 & 5 for his roots. What is the correct quadratic equation? ‘Answers? =42- 150 © 8. A boy is 25 years younger than his father. In 10 ‘years, his father will be twice his age. Find the age of the boy. Ans 15 8. Mang Andoy has lived one-fourth of his life as a boy, one-fifth as a youth, one-third as a man, and has spent 13 years in his dotage. How old ishe? Ans:60 410. In the equation kx? ~ 5x + 3200, find the value of kif one root is 8 times the other root. Ans:9 44. It is now between 3 and 4 o'clock and in 20 minutes the minute’hand will be as much ahead of the hour hand as it is now behind it, What is the time now? ‘Ancver: 30636 412, What time between 2 and 3 o'clock will the angle between the hands of the clock be bisected by the line connecting the center of the clock and the3 o'clock mark?’ Answer: 218276 Situation 4, What time after 3:00 o'clock will the ‘minute-hand and the hour-hand of the clock be 413. together for the first time? 316218 44. perpendicular for the first time? 332836 45. instraight line for the first time? 349.054 Situation 2. How soon after 5:00 o'clock will the hhands of the clock form... 16. a 60-degree angle for the first time? ~ 5:64 417, a 60-degree angle for the second time? 5382 48. a 150-degree angles? 5545 19, Betweeri 3:00 and 4:00, Kathreen looked at her watch and noticed that the minute hand was between and 6. Later, Kathreen looked again and noticed that the hour hand and the minute hand had exchanged places. What time was it inthe second case? 51720 20. If it were two hours lat long until midnight asi hour later. What time is 24 A year ago, Lea got a crush with Rodel, where the product of their. ages was 156. Fortunately, they are now both sweethearts; and they plan to marry 12 years after, where the product of their ages will be 650. Knowing that Rodel is ‘older than Lea, find the present age of Lea. Ans 13 22, Find two numbers such that their sum multiplied by the sum of their squares is 5500, and their difference multiplied by the difference of their squares is 352. One of the numbers is... Answer: 13 23. When Lamas old as my father is now, I shall be five times as old as my daughter is now. By then my daughter will be eight years older than Tam now. The combined ages of my father and myself are 100 years. How old is my daughter now? Ans 1B 24, In a mixed company of Malaysians, Vietnamese, Singaporeans, , Thais, and Filipinos, the Malaysians are one less than 1/3 of the Filipinos; and three less than half the Vietnamese. The Filipinos and Thais, outnumber the Singaporeans and Vietnamese by 3. The Singaporeans and Filipinos form one Jess than half the company, and the Singaporeans and Vietnamese form 7/16 of the company. How many Filipinos were there? ‘Answer: 4 28, Solve for y from the following system of equations: x-yz=3 © Equation(1) -z24 © Equation (2) Bexye3 © Equation@) ‘Ansoer 1/6 Scanned with CamScannerMixture Problems: 2. A given alloy contains 20% copper and 5% tin. How many pounds of copper and of tin must be melted with 100 Ib of the given alloy to produce another alloy analyzing 30% copper and 10% tin? All percentages are by weight. ‘Ansar: 175 ib copper & 73 Ib tin 2, What percentage of a mixture of sand, gravel, and cement containing 30% cement should be replaced by pure cement in order to produce a - mixture that is 40% cement. Answer: 43% 3. In what ratio must tea costing P240 per kg be mixed with tea costing P340 per kg so that a Profit of 20% is made by selling the mixture at 360 per ke? Answer 23 Work Problems: 4, An elevated concrete tank is filled through its then is emptied through its outlet time of 9 hours. If water enters inlet pipe and is simultaneously to fill the tank if the outlet is closed? 5.- Working together, observation planes A, B and Ccan map a certain region in three hours. After working for one hour, A developed engine + trouble and had to stop. As a consequence, B and Chad to continue working for the next four hours to complete the job. It turned out however that half of the photographs taken by A were spoiled. The following day, C was sent to photograph that part of the region for which A's photographs were spoiled. It took C one and a half hours to complete the task. How long will ittake each plane to map the region alone? ‘Answer: A= 6h, B = Shr, C= 18 hs 6. A job can be done by 20 laborers'in 30 days. To finish the job earlier 25 men were hired. However, after working for 20 days, 10 men quitted and were not replaced. Find the total number of days to finish the job. Answer: 26% Proportion Problems: 7. Thesides ofa triangle are in the continued ratio vice the longest side decreased by half ‘sum of the other two sides is 30cm. Find the the triangle, ‘Answer: 45cm ryan and Carl are partners who share ‘the ratio of their capital. Albert’s P5M and Bryan's is P25M. In 2018, the PLM. Find Carl's capital Variation Problems: xvaries directly as y rey or x=ky x varies inversely as y pei xi(2) ¥ ¥, x varies jointly as y and 2 xwye or x=kyz 9, The electrical resistance of a cable varies directly as its length and inversely as the square of its diameter. Ifa cable 600m long and 10mm, in diameter has a resistance of 0.1 ohm, find the length of a cable 20 mm in diameter with a resistance of 0.15 ohn. ‘Answer: 3600 ma. 40. The stiffness of a beam varies jointly as its breadth and depth and inversely as the square of its length. Find the change in stiffness if each of the three dimensions is increased by 10%. Answer: 0 The Remainder Theorem & Factor Theorem: + Ifa polynomial f(x) is divided by, x - r, the remainder (R) is equal to tr). + If f(z) is a polynomial and r is a real number, then x ~ risa factor of (x) if and only if f(r) = 0, 11, When a certain polynomial fx) is divided by (x = 1), the remainder is 12. When the same 42. A box contains 8 white balls, 15 green polynomial i divided by (x4) the remainder cd the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x~ 4). Answer: 3x +13 e black balls, 8 red balls, and 13 yellow balls. How many balls must be drawn to ensure that there will be three balls of the same color? Answer 11 A proposal was lost in which 600 persohs voted; the same persons having voted again on the same proposal, it was carried by twice as many as it was before lost by and the new majority is to the former as 8:7. How many changed their minds? ‘Anse 150 For Practice: 4 a 3, Kevin can finish Find the quotient when x! ~ 10x? = 9x ~ 20 is divided by.x- 4. Ans:2°+ 42+ 6x24 + 40/(2-8) Find the remainder when 2:3 ~ 4x? is divided by x43: Anse. 90 The remainder when fix) is divided by (x - 1) is equal to the remainder when f(x) is divided by Qx +1). If fix) = ax + 6x7 + 12x +d, find the value of a Answer: -20 When a polynomial fix) is divided by (x ~3) the remainder is -9 and when divided by (2x ~ 1). the remainder is -6. Find the remainder when Aix) is divided by (x -3)(2r-1). ane-3@e+9/5 in 8 hours. Melvin can do it in 5 hrs. If Kevin worked for 3 hours and then Melvin was asked to help him finish it, how long will Melvin have to work with Kevin to finish the job? Answer: 192 hes ‘A job could be done by eleven workers in 15 days. Five workers started the job. They were reinforced with four more workers at the beginning of the 6th day. Find the total humber of days it took them to finish the job. Ans: 2050 Arman and a boy can do in 15 days a piece of work which could be done by 7 men and 9 boys Scanned with CamScannerin 2 days, In how many days could one man finish the work alone? Answer: 70 days 8. How much water must be evaporated from a iter 12% dye solution to obtain a solution 20% dye? Assume that the total amount of dye is not affected by the process of evaporation. Acer 6 ters 9. Arradiator has 25 liters of 30 percent antifreeze solution. How much of this should be drained and then replaced with pure antifreeze material to make 45% antifreeze? Arsrer 536 liters 10, In an. organization there ‘are CE’s, GE's and ‘ME's, The sum of their ages is 2160; the average age is 36; the average age of CE’s and GE's is 39; the average age of GE's and ME's is 32 and 8/11; the average age of the CE’s and ME's is36 and 2/3. Ifeach CE had been 1 year older, each GE 6 years and each ME 7 years older, their average age would have been greater by 5 ‘years. Find the number of CE in the group and their average ages. Ans: 16, average age = 45 yrs 44, A and Bruna 15-kilometer race. In the first heat, A gives B a start of 11 meters and beats him by 57 seconds. In the second heat, A gives B a start of 81 seconds and is beaten by 88 meters. Find the rate of Ain km/hr, Ansc152 12, If 4, 2, 5, and 18 are added respectively to the first four terms of an ariththetic progression, the resulting series is a geometric progression. What is the common difference of , the arithmetic progression? Ansar: 7 23. A man covers the distance A to B in5 hours and 30 minutes, During the second half of the distance he traveled 1/2 km less per hour than during the first half. In the return trip from B to A, by traveling 1 km/hr faster than during the first half of his trip from A to B, he consumed 3 and 3/4 hours, Determine the distance AB. Answer 15 ken 44, A battleship started on a 500-mile voyage but was brought to full stop an hour after starting for military reasons, delaying it for full hour, after which reduced velocity former rate. The it was desired for the ship to arrive one hour and a quarter sooner, how far from the destination should the ship have been ordered stopped? Aster: 23.24 mi. 15, A man passed one-sixth of his life in childhood, cone-twelfth in youth, and one-seventh more as a bachelor. Five years after his marriage, a son ‘was born who died four years before his father at half his father's final age. What was the man's final age? Annwer: 84 16. A marksman fires a target 420 m away and hears the bullet strikes the target 2 seconds after he pulled the trigger. An observer 525 m away from the target and 455 m away from the ‘marksman hears the bullet strikes the target 1 second after he hears the report of the rifle. ty of the bullet? Ans:525 m/s tance of 350 km in exactly the car travels a distance of 600 kph faster than the bus, how ‘Ans: 70 kph 148, In what time would A, B and C together do a work if A alone could do it in six hours more, B fast was the bus? alone in one hour more, and C alone in twice the time? “Answer 40 minutes 419. Mary is 24 years old. Mary is twice as old as ‘Ann was when Mary was as old as Ann is now. How old is Ann now? Anser:18 20, Two planes leave Manila for Tokyo, a distance 0900 miles. The four-motored plane A travels at a ground speed of 90 mph faster than the two-motored plane B. Plane A arrives in Tokyo 2 hr 15 min ahead of plane B. What is the ground speed of plane B? ‘Answer: 150 mph 24. A chemist has three different acid solutions. The first acid solution contains 15% acid, the 30% acid, and the third He wants to use all three solutions to obtain a mixture of 216 liters containing 25% acid, using 2 times as much of the 75% solution as the 30% solution. How ‘many liters of the 15% acid solution should be used? ‘Ans: 168 liters 22, What time after 4 o'clock will the angle between the minute-hand and the hour-hand of a clock be bisected by the 5 o'clock mark? An: 427415 23. Ifx +y=5 and xy = 6, find the value of x + y?. ‘Answer 353 24, The sum of the first terms of a series is 3**? - 6. Find the fifth term of the series. Ans: 1.458, 25, The sum of the reciprocals of two consecutive integers is 17/72. Find the sum of the integrat numbers, ‘Arsuer: 17 26, A and B compete ina race. A runat a constant rate of 126 m/min while B runs 145 m the first minute, 143 m the second minute, 141 m the third minute and soon. When will A and 8 be together again? ‘Answer 20 mun 27. Find the term that is independent of x in the expansion of (2+3/x)(x- 2/2). Ansuwr:-140 28, Robert is 15 years older than his brother Stan. ‘However, y years ago, Robert was twice as old ‘asStan, IfStanisb years old now and b> y, find the value of b- y. 29, The side of a square is 10 m. A second square is formed by joining, in the er order, the midpoints of the sides of the first square. A third square is formed by joining the midpoints, of the second square, and so on. Find the sum of the areas of all the squares if the process will continue indefinitely. Aster 200 nt 30, After 8:00 pm, a ride in a cab cost P25.00 plus 3.00 for every fifth of a kilometer traveled. If ‘a passenger traveled x kilometers, what is the cost of the trip in pesos, as a function of x? ‘Answer 25+ 1S Ansa: 15 Scanned with CamScannerPartial Fractions: Resolve the following into partial fractions a 32 +32x-51 @-NE-2@+3) a ios tas? -20 422 (4 1)(x* +4)(8 - 245) Permutation and Combination: Fundamental Principle of Counting: Wg can be done in any of m different ways can be done in any of follows that the number of and the second can be done different ways, ther ways in which the fi ismxn. Permutation: an arrangement of objects in a definite order” Theorem1: The number, of permutations on 1 different objects taken rat a time is nt @=n! P(njr)=nPr= “Theorem 2: The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time in which of the objects are alike, nz are alike, nyare alike, and s0 on, is... fl p=—* mimi my! Theorem 3: The number of ways of partitioninga set of 1 objects into r cells with m elements in the first cell, rt elements in the second cell, and soonis, nt P= ml gl nyt Combination: wee differs from permutation in that it does not involve the arrangement of objects nor the order of selection . Theorem 4: The number of combinations of n objects taken rata time is Cinr)=nCr= ur) =nCr = = Theorem 5: The number of combinations of n objects 3. 4, * 4b, Ifa certain 2 persons refuse «taken 1 at a time, 2 ata time, 3 at atime, and so ‘on until 2 at a time is Ne 2-4 In how many ways can 5 different trees be ‘planted 3a, ina row? 3b, ina circle? How many ways can 6 people be lined up to get ona bus? 4a. If a certain 3 persons insist on following each other, how many ways are possible? follow each other, how many ways are possible? 5. How many three-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,4, Sand 6 if each digit, ‘can be used only once? Sa, how many are greater than 330? How many different permutations can be made of the letters in the word MISSISSIPPI? 1 How many ways can 7 people be assigned to 1 triple and two double rooms? Acommittee of 5S members is to be formed from. ‘a group of 5 lawyers, 4 engineers and 3 accountants. 8a, In how many ways can the committee be formed? ‘8b. What if ‘there must ‘be 2 lawyers, 2 engineers and 1 accountant in the committee? ‘The HR Manager of Ayala Land Corporation is to hire three out of ten equally qualified applicants. How. many ways can the HR Manager choose? 40. A shipment of 12 television sets contain: defective sets. In how many ways ¢an a ho purchase 5 of these sets and receive at least 2 the defective sets? 44. Of 12 points in a plane, no 3 points lie on the same line except 5 points which all belong tc the same line. How many lines can be determined by these 12 points? 12 How many diagonals can you form in a polygon of nsides? 43, In,how many ways can you colér a poster if there are 5 different colors available? For Practice: 4. “Resolve in to partial fractions: x42 6 5 dns Fone di, SisTee8! Re x(a +2) (ers PRE a or 4 3 te, Bet =198 +6004 “ote +64 (ear +4)? ted Stes Me Tad ae 2. Calculate the value of E in the following: 2x4 430 7241010 ABC, OKE (08 3F sate 3 Assoc 2 3, In how many different ways can you arrange four identical Algebra books, one Calculus book, and three identical Mechanics books in a shelf by taking all the books in each arrangement? Answer: 20 4, In how. many ways can the books in math, hydraulics and structural engineering be arranged on a shelf if math has 3 volumes, hydraulics has 2- volumes and structural ‘engineering has 4 volumes? Books of the same subject must be altogether. ‘Ansuer 1728 Scanned with CamScanner5. If repetitions are not permitted, how many three-digit even numbers can be formed from , 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9? How many digit integers can be formed if be greater than 6000? How many different numbers can be formed from the given integers if they are to be greater than 900000 and of different digits? Ans 90; 380; 5760 6. There are 6 people lining up to pay telephone bills. If two persons don’t want to follow each other, how many different line ups is possible? Ansver: 480 7. In how many ways can 5 engineers and 4 nurses be arranged in a round table if the nurses insisted to be sitting side by, 8. ‘There are 36 lines that can be drawn from an n- cornered convex polygon. How are there all in all? 9, In how many ways can a panel of 5 judges declare a winner ina beauty contest? Ans: 16 10. Four married couples have bought 8 seats in a row for a concert. In how many ways can they be seated. 20a. at random? Answer 40320 0b. if each couple isto sit together? Ans:384 0c. if all men sit together to the right of all women? ‘Answer 576 44, How many arrangements canbe made from the letters of the word MATHEMATICS if the consonants are tobe together? Arsuer:75600 12. What is the coefficient of the Sth term of the expansion of (2x? + 3y3)10? How about the sum of the exponents of the terms in the expansion? ‘Anrwer 1088.640;275 43. Find the sum of the coefficients of the expansion (x + 2). Answer 65 44, A and B working together can do a job in 4 days, Band C together can do the job in3 days, and A and C together can do it in 24 days. In how many days can A do the job working alone? Ansve:6 48. From a tank filled with 240 gallons of alcohol, 60 gallons are drawn off and the tank is filled up with water. Then 60 gallons of the mixture are removed and replaced with, water, ete. How many gallons of alcohol remain in the tank after 5 drawings of 60 gallons each are made? ‘Answer: 57 gallons 16, The kinetic energy E of a body is proportional to its weight W and to the square of its velocity v. AnB Ib body moving at 4 ft/sec has 2ft-b of kinetic energy. Find the kinetic energy of a 16000 Ib truck speeding at 88 ft/sec. ‘Arser: 725,000 feb 17. An army of troops is marching along a road at 5 kph. A messenger on horseback was sent from the rear of the column and retw being 10 minutes. If the messenger rides at the rate of 10 kph, determine the length of the column. Answer: 62 m 48, Amanand his wife invite 8 of theit friends toa dinner, They are to be seated around a round table. How many arrangements can be made if the man and his wife are to sit side by side? Answer: 80.40 19. What time between 2 and 3 o'clock will the + angle between the hands of the click be bisected by the line connecting the center of the clock and the 3 o'clock mark?” Answer: 218276 20. It takes 2 hours to row 9 miles with the current and 6 hours to return against the current. Determine the rate of the current. Ans:1.5 mph 24. Two years ago, a man was six times as old as * his daughter. In 18 years, he will be twice as, old as his daughter. How old is his daughter? ‘Answer: 7 ys old 22. 1f8 men take 12 days to assemble 16 machines, how many days will it take 15 men to assemble 50 machines? ‘Ansuer-20 23, Divide 253 into 4 parts proportional to 2,5, 7, 9 Whot isthe value of largest part? Answer: 99 24, What is the angle between the hands of a clock at 3:35 pm? ‘Ansiver: 1025" ig body, starting from rest, falls 16 1M second, 48 ft during the 24 second, 80 ft during the 3+ second, etc. Calculate the distance it falls during the 15% second. Answer 464 ft 26, Franco is a tile installation contractor. He estimated that one of his two tilers would take 9 hours to complete a certain floor area and the other 10 hours. He knew from experience that when these two tilers worked together, 10 fewer tiles got laid per hour. Since he has a deadline put both men on the job continue indefinitely. 28, How many five-digit even numbers greater than 40,000 can be made using the digits 1,2,3, - 4, and 5 exactly once each? Anscoer:18 (29, The amot on make a 10-grams alloy amounts of gold silver, and lead. How many grams alloy B should be used? Answer 2grams 30, Solve for x in the following equation: x + 4x + 7x + 10x + + 6x = 1430 Anson? Scanned with CamScannerPROBABILITY p = —humber of favorable outcomes number of all possible of outcomes If an event can happen in ft ways and can fail in f ways and all these are equally likely to occur, then the probability of its happening is p = h/(h + f) and the probability of its failing is q = f/(h + /) and that p+qel ‘Mutually Exclusive Events: ‘events are mutually exclusive if it is impossible for mote than one of them to happen in a single trial. Independent Events if the happening of one does not affect the probability of happening of the other Dependent Events if the happening of one affects the probabjlity of happening of the other ‘The Addition Rule The probability that events A or B will occur, P(A or B), is given by P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)—P(A and B) If events A and B are mutually exclusive, then the rule can be simplified to P(A or B) = P(A) +P(B) This simplified rule can be extended to any number of mutually exclusive events. Conditional Probabilty the probability of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred. The conditional probability of event B occurring, event A has occurred is denoted by ‘Tho Multiplication Rule The probability that two events A and B will occur in sequence is, P(A and B)= P(A)x B(B/ A) Ifevents A and B are independent, then the rule can be simplified to P(A and B) = P(A) P(B) This simplified rule can be extended for any number of independent events. ‘At Least One Condition ‘The probability thatan event will occur at least once inn trials is P=1-Q where Q is the probability of the event to totally fail. Serge Probleme: ‘A.coin is tossed twice. What is the probability that at Teast one head occurs? Ansoer'3/4 2. Suppose you toss a coin and then roll a die. What is the probability of obtaining a tail and then rolling a1? “Answer: 1/12 3. A die’is loaded in such a way that an even number is twice as likely to occur as an odd number. Find the probability that if this die is rolled, a number less than 4 occurs. Anzu: 4/9 4. What is the probability of drawing a Queen or a diamond froma standard deck of cards? “Ansar 6/13 5. Ina poker hand consisting of five cards, what ~ is the probability that... Sa, all 5 are diamonds? Answer: 33 /66,640 ‘Sb. 2are clubs and 3-are hearts? Ams: 143/16,660 6. If six cards are selected at random from a standard deck, what is: the probability that there will be no pairs? Answer 03452 7. Given a class of 12 girls and 10 boys. What is the probability that a committee of five, chosen at random from the class, consists of: ‘Answer 0.08 Arce: 08 8. Ina room of 23 people, what is the probability that at least 2 people have the same birthday? Assume birthdays are uniformly distributed across the year and there is no leap year complication. Arscver: 0307 9. A real estate agent has 8 master keys to open several homes. Only 1 master key will open any given house. If 40% of these homes are usually left unlocked, what is the proba real estate agent can get into a 5 before leaving the office? The probability. that a doctor correctly t the patient enters a lawsuit is probability that the doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis and the patient sues? Ansicer 027 44. Um 1 contains 5 white balls and 7 black balls. Um 2 contains coin is flipped. urn 1 is drawn; drawn. Suppose a white ball was selected. ‘What is the probability that this ball was taken from Um 2? ‘Answers 12/37 12. Gunfighters A, B, and Care to All know tt misses. They are to fire at their choice of target order of A, B, and C, ‘A. Shoots B first B, Shoots the ground © Shoots C first D. Shoots himself Scanned with CamScannerFor a 2 Practice A face of a coin is either head or tail. If three coins are tossed, what is the probability of getting three tails? ‘Answer 1/8 ‘A bag contains 3 white and 5 black balls. If two 2a, both balls are black? 2b. both are white? 2c. one is black and the other is white? 2d. both have the same color? Ans: 13/28 One bag contains 4 white balls and 3 black balls, and a second bag contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls. One ball is drawn at random the second bag and is placed unseen in the first bag, What is the probability that a ball now drawn from the first bag is black? Ans: 29/64 + 4, The probability that a family owns a washing ~ a VCRis 0.71. The probability s . A spider eats three flies a day. Until machine is 0.78 and the probabi a washing machine and a VCR. the probability that a randomly selected family ‘owns washing machine ora VCR? Aus: 0810 The pont that both eages of x worstage missile will function correct! probability that the correctly is 0.98, What isthe probability that the second stage will function correctly given that the first one does? Ansver: 0968 When 100 coins are tossed, what is the Ans 008 probability that exactly 50 are heads? From a box containing § White balls, and 10 black balls, one biue or white? ‘quota, he hasan even chance of catching any fly that attempts to pass. A (ly isabout to make the attempt. What are the chances of survival, ‘given that five flies have already made the attempt today? Answer: 3/4 9. To encourage Elmer's promising tennis his father offers him a prize if he wins two tennis sets in a row in a three-se be played with his father and the club champion alternately: Series A: FATHER-CHAMPION-FATHER or ‘Series B: CHAMPION-FATHER-CHAMPION according to Elmer's choice. The champion is a better player than his father. Which series should Elmer choose? A, Series A B, Series B . Either A or B 10, From where he stands, one step toward the cliff would send the drunken man over the edge. He takes random steps, either toward or away a step away is 2/3, of a step towai /3. What is his chance of escapi An 42, In a family of five children, what is the chance that there are three boys and two girls? ‘Arawer: 5/16 43, A store has three kinds of toys given in every purchase, What is the probability of getting all three toys in five purchases? Anrwer:06173 expect to live to age 60, while 57.062% can live to age 80. Given that a woman is 60, what i the probably that she lives to age Anever 852% 18. Three marksmen simultaneously shoot and hit _a rapidly spinning spherical target. What is the probability that the three points of impact lie an the same hemisphere? + Ansett 47. Which of the following events is more likely: thata person gets. ‘A. at least 1 six when 6 dice are rolled B. atlea c sixes when 12 dice are rolled 3 sixes when 18 dice are rolled D. all of the above are equally likely ‘Ansoer LA 48, A bin contains 25 light bulbs, 5 of which is 040; and the probability that both th filter need changing is 0.14. 28a. If the oil had to be changed, what is the probability that a new oil filter is needed? 8b. If a new probability that the oil has to be changed? ‘Answer 035 20. Luis takes a 20-question multiple-choice exan ‘Where each question has five answers. Some of the answers he knows, while the others he gets right just by making lucky guesses. Suppose that the conditional pro of his knowing, the answer to a randomly selected question given that he ight is 092. How many of the 20 questions was he prepared for? Ans: 14 ‘24. The probability that a house in art urban area will be burglarized is 85%. If 45 houses are randomly selected, what is the probability that four of the houses will be burglarized? “Answer: 0.2088 Scanned with CamScanner¢ ‘Binomial Probability Distribution Features of a binomial experiment: There are fixed number of tri + The ntnals are independent and repeated under identical conditions. Each trial has only two outcomes: success (5) and failure (FL For each individual trial, the probability of success is the same. The probability of success is denoted by p and that of failure as q. ‘The central problem of a binomial experiment is to find the probability of x successes in 1 trials Fornuta for Binomial Probability Distribution: Geometric Distribution A geometric dstnbution is a discrete probability distribution of a random variable x that satisfies the conditions: repeated until a success occurs * The repeated trials are independent of each other ‘The probability of success p is constant foreach trial. ‘The probability that the first success will occur on trial number xis Pays gtp where q=1-p. Polsson Probability Distribution Experiments yielding number of outcomes during a given time interval or in a specified region are often called Poisson Experiments. The given time interval may be of any length, such as minute, a day, a week, a month, or even a year Conditions to Apply Poisson Probability Distribution The following three conditions must be satisfied to apply Poisson probability distribution: xis discrete random variable © The occurrences are random f0) eee «The occurrences are independent The probability of occurences in an intervals, wet Pa) HE where p is the mean number of occurrences in that interval, Normal Probability Distribution The normal probability distribution is the most important and widely used of all probability distributions, When plotted, it gives a bell-shaped curve such that * the total area under the curve is 1.0, + the curve is symmetric about the mean, and + the two tails of the curve extend indefinitely co 1 PCS) =P(xa) = Area to the right of a Plasx 2 RY given person will ibout life é death is 0.8. What is that the $8 person to hear it is believe it? ‘Ansaer: 01638 ‘Twenty percent of all auto parts manufactured at a company are defective, Four auto parts are selected at random. What is the probability that three of these four auto parts are good? ‘Ansoce 0096 4a. The company in the previous problem shipped 25 auto parts to a dealer. Later it was found that five of those parts were defective. By the time the company manager contacts the dealer, 4 auto parts from that shipment have already been sold. What is the probability that three of those four parts were good?’ Answer: 0.4505 Assume the probability that you will make a 0.19. Find the Arsoer: 0.0818 Bb. make your fist sale on the 1%, or 24, or 391 call. Answer: 14586 Ge. do not make a sale on the first three calls. ‘Ansoer: 05314 A washing machine in a laundry shop in Sampatoc breaks down an average of three limes per mointh. Using the Poisson probability distribution formula, find the probability that during the next month this machine will have... Ge, exactly two breakdowns 6b. ut most one breakdown The probability that a patient recovers from a rare blood disease is 0.6, It is known that 100 people have contracted this disease. It is desired to find the probability that less than one-half survive. For easier computations, normal distribution is used to approximate this, binomial distribution. Find the value of the standard deviation to be used. in the ‘computation. Anwver 49 Answer 0224 Answer: 0.1991 8, The lengths of steel girders produced in factory are normally distributed with a mean length of 125 m and a standard deviation of 2 cm. Girders need to be between.12.47 and 1253 meters to be used in construction. Find the proportion of girders which cannot be used in construction. Anwar BAS. 9. The life span of a calculator manufactured by Lenovo Corporation has a normal distribution with a mean of 54 months and a standard deviation of 8 months. The company guarantees that any calculator that starts ‘malfunctioning within 36 months of ‘the purchase will be replaced by a new one. About - what percentage of such calculators made by this company are expected to be replaced? “Arsen 12% 40, A teller at Metrobank Morayta branch serves, on an average, 30 custoniers per hour. Assume that the service exponential proba n 103. What is the probal wat the next ccastomer will take five minutes or more to be served? ‘Aste, 00821 40b, What is the probability that the next customer will take two' minutes or less to taken by a terminal fee collector to terminal fees from passengers ent NAIA is an exponential distribution mean of 23 seconds. What is the probability that a random passenger will be processed in 25 seconds or more? ‘Anse: 4337 ForPractice: ; 4. Avbox contains 5 defective and 195 non- defective cell phones. A quality control engineer selects 2 cell phones at random wit placement, What is the probability 1 is defective? Answer: 00490, 2. Abinomial probability distnibution involves 60 tials with a probability of failure of 026 Find the standard deviation of this probability “distribution. ‘Anscer 34 3. A box of electronic items contains 16 which, pass international product standards and 4- which do not. If three items are selected at randbm from the box, what is the probability that all three pass international product standards? ‘Answer 0492 4, Acandom sample of 15 persons is taken from a populatio ch 42% are Muslims. What is the probability that exactly 6 persons in the sample are Muslims? Ansoer O21 & A pump has a failure, on the average, once in every 5,000 hours of operabons. What 1s the. probability that no failure will occur in 10, hours of operation? Awsver 0, 6. IQ scores have a normal distribution mean of 100 and a standard deviat What two IQs separate the middle the remainder of the distribution? ‘Anse 73.38 M1267 7. Four cards are drawn at random from a deck of 52 cards, What is the probability that all tour are face cards? Arson 9/3415 8. Smith and Jones, both 50% marksmen, devide duel in which they exchange alternate shots until one is hit. What ate the odds in favor of the man who shoots first? 9, The probabilities that three men huta target are 1/6, 1/4, and 1/3, respectively. Each shoot once at the target. If only one of them hits the target, find the probability that it was the first man. Ansar 6/31 40. The weight’ of stone cladding from a large shipment averages 15 kg with a standard deviation of 0.162 kg. If these weights are normally distributed, what percent of these cladding would be expected to weigh between 1S kg and 1.8 kg? Ars 458%, Asser 27% Scanned with CamScannerMeasures of Central Tendency Central tendency is the typical value of a set of data The most comm: measures of central tendency are the mean, iaeficn and mode. ———— The Mean ‘The mean is the sum of all the values divided by the number of values, ‘The Median ‘The median is the middle value when the values are arranged in order. The Mode ‘The mode is the most commonly occurring value. Measures of Spread or Variability Spread or variation describe how similar or varied the set of observed values are for a particular variable. The most common measures of variability are the range, variauce, and standard deviation. The Range ‘The range is the difference between the largest and the smallest number in the set. ‘The Variance The variance of a set of data is defined as the average of the squared distances from the mean. a ot oro? = 2h oe Another version of the formula that is generally easier to work is gy oro? 2 N y ‘The Standard Deviation mn the square root of the wre of how dispersed the set in the same tnit as the data, FRACTILES: Percentiles, Deciles, and Quartiles are numbers that partition, or divide, an ordered data set into equal parts. Percentiles Percentiles are values that divide a ‘set of observation into’ 100 equal parts. These values, denoted by Pi, Pz, ..., Py, are such that 1% of the data falls below P,, 2% falls below Pz ..., and 99% falls below Pr. Decites Deciles are values that divide a set.of observation denoted by Di, D:, lata falls below Dy . and 90% falls below Ds. 20% falls below Ds... Quartites ‘Quartiles are values that divide a set of observation into 4 equal parts. These values, denoted by Qi, Qu, and Qs are such that 25% of the data falls below Qs, 50% falls below Qz, and 75% falls below Qs ‘The Interquartile Range (IQR) ‘The IQR indicates the spread of the middle 50% of values. TQR=Qs-Qs PROBLEMS: 4. A group of students were given a short mental _ arithmetic test. Their scores were 7, 6, 7, 5, 6,8, 5,7,8,9. For this group, calculate (a) the mean; (®) the median; (c) the mode. ‘Answer: wean = 68, wnedion = 7, node *7 2. Find the mean and standard deviation of the following set of data: 11, 13, 14, e ‘Answer: mean ™ 14,0 242 }- The heights of 142 plants are recorded below. |. The frequency table below shows the number of children that 45 women have. Number of Children, x Frequency, aH =| Scanned with CamScanner |. The number ‘of working days lost due to accidents for each of the 12 months in a one- . The scores of a group of students in a short ‘mental test (from Problem 1) were, in order, 5, 5, 6,6,7,7,7,8,8,9. Calculate (a) the quartiles; © the interquartile range. ‘Answer Oh 6, r= 7.Qr~ 8 IQR 2 . The ages of 45 persons are shown in the grouped frequency table ind the median age, Anse. 27.7 yrsuld (©) Determine the modal age. Ansuer. 258 yrs old Frequency er 0-65 if = 70 37 7-75. 34 75=80- 28 30-85. 3 90. 1 #) the mean and (B) the variance. Ansver mean = 719,02 = 300